Chapter 7

The Ethics of Job Discrimination

Zane Fauziah Baity / 344144Muhammad Heickal P/ 350168

Rules of The Game

1. Please sit within your group2. You need to have the highest point to get the prize3. To get points, you need to answer the questions during the

presentation and Please raise your hand when you want to answer!

4. We will give you 30 seconds to open your book before answering.

5. Good Luck!

Discrimination The wrong act of distinguishing illicitly among

people not on the basis of individual merit, but on the basis of prejudice or some other invidious or morally reprehensible attitude.

Discrimination IntentionalUnintentional discrimination Individual discrimination Institutional discrimination

What is Affirmative Action?Program designer to ensure that minorities,

women, or members of some other group are adequately represented within an organization and its various levels by taking positive steps to increase their number when underrepresented

Discrimination and the Law Civil Rights Act of 1964Executive Order 11246Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972

Controversy over Forms of Discrimination

1960Individual and Intentional

1970 Institutional and Unintentional

1980Individual and intentional

1990Institutional and unintentional

Prima Facie Indicators of DiscriminationAverage Benefits minorities and women

receive compared to othersHigh proportions of minorities and women at

lowest economic levelLow proportions of minorities and women at

highest economic level

Discrimination in Indonesia?

Increasing Problem for Women and Minorities Women and minorities make up most new

workers, but face significant disadvantagesWomen are steered into low paying jobs and

face “glass ceiling” and sexual harassmentMinorities need skills and education but lack

them

Arguments Against DiscriminationUtilitarianRight-based Justice-based

Sexual Harassment Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual

favor and other verbal or physical contact of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment : Submission to such conduct is made either

explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual’s employment

Submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual

Such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual’s work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile or offensive working environment

Moral Objections to Sexual Harassment GuidelinesGuidelines prohibit “Intimidating, hostile, or

offensive working environment” But it sometimes hard to distinguish this from

male rudeness not intended to degrade women Guidelines prohibit “Verbal or Physical contact of

sexual nature” when it has the “effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual’s work performance

But this seems to require use of purely subjective judgments

Verbal conduct that can intimidating or offensive working environment The right of speech

Other Type of DiscriminationAgeSexual OrientationTranssexual Status DisabilityObesity

Legal Status of Affirmative Action It’s used to correct racial or sexual imbalance

from previous discrimination It can be used in hiring It can be used to achieve educational diversity

and broadcast diversity It’s used to correct egregious discrimination

which is not caused by previous discrimination

Legal Status of Affirmative ActionCan’t use inflexible quotasCan’t be used layoffsCan’t overrule seniorityCan’t be used in government set aside

programs except as a last resort in an extreme case involving previous racial bias by the government

Compensation Argument for Affirmative Action It’s criticized unfair because those who benefit

were not harmed and those who pay did not injure

Discrimination has harmed all minorities and women and all whites and males have benefited from it

Equal Justice Argument for Affirmative ActionAffirmative action will secure equal opportunity

by a fairer distribution job

The Underlined Valuing and managing diverse workforce is

more than ethically and morally correct It’s also a business necessityCompanies that fail to do excellent job of

recruiting, retaining, developing and promoting women and minorities simply will be unable to meet their staffing needs.

1. A minimum weight requirement for a job

a. Intentional Discrimination

b. Unintentional Discrimination

c. Specific Discrimination

Unintentional Discrimination

Executive order is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

True False Help

False, It’s Civil Rights Act of 1964

Discrimination based on Velasquez Book?

The wrong act of distinguishing illicitly among people not on the basis of individual merit, but on the basis of prejudice or some other invidious or morally reprehensible attitude.

Read The Article 60 Seconds!!

Supposed that you are the manager of Foxcorporation, what will you do to Bill? And Whatwill you do to prevent sexual harassment?

Supposed that Mrs. Sumantia lives and works in

Indonesia. As we know that Indonesia is really

strict regarding social norm and ethics, one day

she confessed that she used to be a man and he

did transgender. All of the staff starts to talk

about her and treat her differently, because it’s

really inappropriate in Indonesia. If you’re the manager or

boss, what will you do to Sumantia? Will you fire her to

satisfy the employees or keep her working in your

company? Your company is really reputable and famous.

The Individual in the OrganizationChapter 8

Rational OrganizationA structure of formal relationship design to

achieve some goals with maximum efficiency.

Formal hierarchies of authority:1. Operating layer2. Middle management3. Top management

The glue that holds these layers together is contracts

Employee’s obligations to the firm

Work towards the goal of the firm Obedience to the superiors Avoidance of activities which might be harmful to

firm

An employee might fail to live up to this duty in several ways: act on a conflict of interest might steal outright from the firm use his position to leverage illicit benefits out of

others.

The Firm’s Duties to the EmployeeThe fairness of wageThe fairness of employee working condition

Health and safety Job satisfaction

Job satisfactionDepends upon:

Experienced meaningfulness Experienced Responsibility Knowledge of Results

Increased by: Skill variety Task identity Task Significance Autonomy Feedback

The Political OrganizationA view of the organization as a system of

competing power coalitions and formal and informal lines of influence and communication that radiate from these coalitions.

Employee RightsCorporate management is similar to a government:

A company’s management is a centralized decision-making body that exercises power.– Managements wield power and authority over employees.

Moral rights of employees are: The right to privacy The right to consent The right to freedom of speech

Right to PrivacyThe right people have to determine what, to

whom, and how much information about themselves shall be disclosed to others.

Three elements are relevant when considering this balance: Relevance Consent Methods

Freedom of conscienceMust be balanced against the legitimate rights

of the firm, its stockholders, and also employees.

employee should not be forced to cooperate in immoral activities

WhistleblowingAn attempt by a member or former member of

an organization to disclose wrongdoing in or by the organization.

Take two forms: Internal External

Employment at willThe employer has the right to decide freely

who will work for the business.The employer has the right to hire, fire or

promote the employees of the business.The employee has no right to criticize or object

on his or her decision.

Employee rights and Plant Closings

Utilitarian principles suggest that the harm caused by layoffs should be minimized.

Companies that have to close plants can minimize the harm they cause individuals and their communities by giving: advance notice severance pay health benefits early retirement transfers, retraining phasing out local taxes.

Unions and the Right to Organize

The worker's right to organize derives from the right to be treated as a free and equal person.

Unions have traditionally been justified as an important and legitimate means of balancing the power of large corporations.

Organizational PoliticsThe process by which individuals or groups

within an organization use non-formally sanctioned tactics (political tactics) to advance their own aims

Such aims are not necessarily in conflict with the best interests of the organization.

Political Tactics in OrganizationsSome of the most frequent political

tactics encountered in business organizations are: Blaming or attacking others. Controlling information. Developing a base of support for one's ideas. Image building. Ingratiation. Associating with the influential. Forming power coalitions and developing strong allies. Creating obligations.

The Ethics of Political Tactics

Approaches to the ethics of Political Tactics: Utilitarian : Are the tactics used intended to

advance socially beneficial or harmful goals? Rights : Do the tactics employed treat others in a

way that is consistent with their moral rights? Justice : Will the tactics lead to an equitable

distribution of benefits and burdens? Caring : What impact will the tactics have on the

relationship within the organization?

The Caring Organization a network of connected individuals all concerned with

each other. Problems for the Caring Organization:

The problem of caring too much leading to burnout Conflict is between the needs of others and the needs of self The needs of those for whom we care can demand a

response that conflicts with what we may feel we owe others The problem of not caring enough

because of fatigue to live up to the demands of caring self-interest disinterest

Job Satisfaction is really depending upon ……….

Experienced meaningfulness Experienced Responsibility Knowledge of Results

Mention 3 moral rights of employees!

The right to privacy The right to consent The right to freedom of speech

Supposed that you’re an employee of a company and you find out that the financial managers manipulate the data for their interest. Choose between these two conditions and why1. Will you report this to the CEO? but the

company will be collapse if investigation be hold and all of the employees (including you) will be fired. Since your report leads to investigation, you will have a whistleblower label which hamper you to find another job.

2. Be quiet

What factors can increase job satisfaction?

Skill variety Task identity Task Significance Autonomy Feedback