THE ETF PROJECT ON MIGRATION AND SKILLS: WHAT KIND OF EVIDENCE AND SUPPORT HAS ETF OFFERED?

Ummuhan Bardak, European Training Foundation (ETF)Turin, 6 March 2012

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ETF Project on Migration and Skills

Migration& skills surveys in Albania, Egypt, Moldova, Tunisia and Ukraine (2007-2009)New migration& skills surveys in Armenia, Georgia and Morocco (2011-2012) to support EU mobility partnershipsSkills recognition component of the EC Mobility Partnership with Moldova (2008-2011)Skills matching for legal migration in Egypt (2007-2010)

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ETF Migration & Skills Surveys: Objectives

To better understand the links between migration and skills through collecting evidence from the field To learn about migration and return experiences of real migrants and their families To identify the needs for support for legal migration and circular migration (pre- and post-migration)End result: input and support to the Mobility Partnerships and help achieve a ‘win-win-win’ situation for all

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ETF Migration & Skills Surveys: Methodology

Target groups included: 4000 respondents in each country • “Potential migrants” (2600 respondents) • “Returning migrants” (1400 respondents)

Sampling methods applied:• stratified random sample for potential migrants• snowball technique for returning migrants

The sample is representative with respect to: • rural/urban diversity, • gender, • education levels (low: ISCED 1-2, medium:

ISCED 3-4, high: ISCED 5-6)4

ETF Migration & Skills Surveys: Questionnaire content

Potential migration questionnaire (100 questions):educations, skills and socio-demographic characteristics;work experience: work status, work type and level, workplace, sector;intentions to migrate and propensity to migration; expectations from migration; economic and living conditions of the households.

Return migration questionnaire (130 questions):educations, skills and socio-demographic characteristics;migration history including work and training experiences;experiences and economic activity upon return;intentions to migrate again;economic and living conditions of the households.

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Main push factors for migration

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Moldova Egypt Tunisia

Key

High ISCED 5-6

Medium ISCED 3-4

Low ISCED 0-2

Education levels of emigrants

Moldova Egypt

Tunisia

Most Likely Destination - Education Egypt

3.1 3.6 1.8

13.3 14.6

6.8

7.3

4.97.0

0

5

10

15

20

25

Saudi Arabia Italy KuwaitLow Medium High

Main Destination Country - Education Egypt

6.3 7.61.4

10.6 6.6

4.6

20.2

2.7

3.9

0

10

20

30

40

Saudi Arabia Libya ItalyLow Medium High

EGYPT

Potential MigrantsSaudi Arabia: 23.4%Italy: 23.1%Kuwait: 15.9%

EGYPT

Returning MigrantsSaudi Arabia: 37.1%Libya: 16.9%Italy: 9.9%

Most Likely Destination - Education Moldova

14.17.4

17.5

12.6

4.71.3

0.9

2.9

3.8

05

10152025303540

Russia Italy SpainLow Medium High

Main Destination Country - Education Moldova

14.63.0

25.0

7.92.91.2

7.8

5.01.2

0

10

20

30

40

50

Russia Italy TurkeyLow Medium High

MOLDOVA

Potential MigrantsRussia: 35.4%Italy: 22.9%Spain: 6.9%

MOLDOVA

Returning MigrantsRussia: 47.4%Italy: 15.9%Turkey: 5.3%

Most Likely Destination - Education Tunisia

13.36.5

19.2

8.1

0.32.1

6.0

3.0

18.7

05

10152025303540455055

France Italy CanadaLow Medium High

Main Destination Country - Education Tunisia

25.217.6

4.8

8.4

8.3

1.6

5.5

0.9

0.8

0

10

20

30

40

France Italy GermanyLow Medium High

TUNISIA

Potential MigrantsFrance: 51.2%Italy: 17.6%Canada: 8.4%

TUNISIA

Returning MigrantsFrance: 39.1%Italy: 26.8%Germany: 7.2%

Returnees: Is there a correlation between education level and the jobs performed by migrants abroad?

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Unskilled worker

Skilled worker

Professional/Middle Manager

High Manager

High Med Low High Med Low High Med Low

Moldova Egypt Tunisia

Returnees: most helpful experience abroad

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Moldova Egypt Tunisia

30,3%

67,9%

40,5%

55,9%

12,2%

85,7%

KeySkills learned at workFormal education/trainingExperience in generalOther

56

41.9

14.4

58.2

38.335.5

6.5

29.5

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

ALBANIA EGYPT MOLDOVA TUNISIA

Amongst all returning migrants

Amongst returning migrants who work

% of employer and self-employed among returnees

Skills recognition component of the EC Mobility Partnership with Moldova (2009-2011)

Objective: to develop mechanisms for transparent professional qualifications and better LM and skills matching under circular migration and returnTransparency of qualifications in the labour market – 3 dimensions

• What skills at which levels are demanded by employers• What is the content of Moldovan “qualifications” (formal/non-formal) • In which sectors of the Moldovan labour market can the skills

acquired abroad be of value Fully integrated into the Mobility Partnership and part of the LM Development Component – close coordination with the EU Commission and member states

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Skills recognition component of the EC Mobility Partnership with Moldova – Main areas of work

Work with one leading counterpart (Ministry of Labour/NEA) along with Ministry of Education and social partners Operational team made of ETF and Moldovan experts to compare skill supply with the employers’ demandA new format for occupational standards elaborated in agriculture and constructionMethodology for recognition of prior learning (validation of non-formal and informal skills), particularly for returnees Building capacity for transparency and labour matching: sector committees, skills’ needs assessment, certification of adult learning

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Skills matching for legal migration in Egypt (2007-2010)

Objective: to develop European-Egyptian occupational profiles for some occupations in construction and tourism and an assessment system for the skills of legal migrants Cooperation with the Italian Cooperation Fund, Italian Ministry of Labour and ISFOL Beneficiary: Egyptian Ministry of Manpower and Migration and social partners from the sectors of construction and tourism

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Skills matching for legal migration in Egypt (2007-2010)

ETF policy report mapping all phases for skills matching for migration in Egypt and the development of few occupational profiles Model framework for matching skills for migration through a quality assured process, including skill assessment and testing of potential migrantsA field test of the methodology done by IOM for the assessment of migrants’ skills in a quality assured system Test confirmed working methodology but the low quality of the training received in the Egyptian system compared to international standards

Framework for matching skills for migration through quality assured process

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Demand for skills from abroad Identification of international occupational profile and/or qualifications

Certificate is issued

Registration in information system

Identification and validation of individual profiles

AssessmentValidation of the process

Matching the occupational profilesStandards/combined occupational profiles

Self-assessment Selection of potential migrants for assessment

Decision on need for any supplementary learning

Validation of assessment and recruitment of individuals

National occupational profiles

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Preliminary results from Armenia and Georgia: “potential migrants”

Based on fresh data of 8000 respondents from Nov/Dec 2011- Jan 2012Who are the typical migrants emigrating from Armenia and Georgia (a summary of average profile by age, gender, education and skills, jobs, region) What are the reasons of migration and most likely destination countries? What is the effect of educational level on the likelihood to migrate? Does the level of education influence the choice of destination?What is the effect of employment situation and working conditions on the likelihood to migrate? Do potential migrants anticipate to exercise their professions and to use their education/skills abroad?Are certain educational paths and/or training courses consciously pursued in order to go abroad? What is the use of pre-departure training?Are there any gender differences on these issues above?

Preliminary results from Armenia and Georgia: “returning migrants”

Based on fresh data of 8000 respondents from Nov/Dec 2011- Jan 2012Who are the typical returnees back to Armenia and Georgia (a summary of average profile by age, gender, education and skills, jobs, region)?What are the main destination countries and the main reasons for choosing these countries? What is their work experience abroad and how well did their work correspond to their education levels and skills? What are the main factors behind their return decision and how do they assess their migration experience abroad?What is their work experience upon return and how well does their work correspond to their skills? Any tendency among the returnees to be entrepreneur? Have schemes or programmes assisting people upon return eased the reintegration of the returning migrants?

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Cross-country synthesis of results

More in-depth analysis of survey results due to the wealth of rich datasets: March-June 2012 Country migration reports including detailed analyses of datasets published on the web:

• Armenia by mid-2012 (Arne Baumann) • Georgia by mid-2012 (Ummuhan Bardak) • Morocco by end-2012 (Outi Kärkkäinen)

Cross-country synthesis report for three countries, with policy conclusions and recommendations: end-2012

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