The Era Between the The Era Between the WarsWars1918-1939

United States in the United States in the 1920’s1920’sIsolation or Not? Isolation or Not? I. World War I Conclusion

◦A. Versailles Treaty 1. 14 Points 2. League Fight at Home 3. Resolution (treaty with Germany)

◦B. Bolshevik Revolution (1917) 1. Wilson’s response 2. Response from Versailles

◦C. Results 1. Human 2. Economic 3. Executive Power 4. Power of Foreign Affairs

II. Isolationism in the 1920’s◦ A. Return to Traditions◦B. Cult of Business

1. Government/Business/Foreign Policy 2. Europe’s financial dependence 3. Webb-Pomerane (1918) 4. Edge Act (1918)

◦C. Disarmament 1. Washington Conference

◦a. 5 Power Treaty◦b. 4 Power Treaty◦c. 9 Power Treaty

2. London and Geneva Conferences 3. “Spirit of Lacarno” 4. Kellog-Briand Pact

Pomerane

Edge

Five Power TreatyFive Power TreatyWashington ConferenceWashington Conference

Tonnage limitations Country Capital Ships Aircraft Carriers British Empire 525,000 tons 135,000 tons

United States 525,000 tons 135,000 tons

Japan 315,000 tons 81,000 tons

France 175,000 tons 60,000 tons

Italy 175,000 tons 60,000 tons

London Geneva

Spirit of Locarno

Kellogg

Briand

◦D. Immigration Restriction◦E. Debts, Reparations, and Tariffs1. Europe’s instability2. U.S. Linkages3. Dawes Plan4. Young Plan5. Tariffs◦a. Fordney-McCumber (1922)◦B. Hawley-Smoot (1929-30)

Immigration RestrictionImmigration Restriction

Johnson

Reed

Dawes

Young

Smoot-Hawley

Fordney-McCumber

◦F. Foreign Policy 1. Latin America

◦a. Single crop economies◦b. Good Neighbor Policy◦c. Electoralism

2. Asia◦a. Japanese expansion◦b. Chinese nationalism◦c. Stimson Doctrine◦d. FDR’s Quarantine Speech

3. Europe

Latin AmericaLatin America

Single-Crop Economies

The Good Neighbor Policy

Electoralism

SandinoSamoza

Trujillo

The Clark MemorandumThe Clark Memorandum

Every nation, including the United States, has the right of "self-preservation". The principle of self-preservation underlies the Monroe Doctrine. The United States alone makes the decision about when to intervene on

behalf of Latin American nations. The Monroe Doctrine was not concerned with the relationship between the

United States and other nations in the Americas, except when European interference in those nations threatened the security of the United States.

The Doctrine relates to the relationship of the United States and Latin America on one side versus Europe on the other side, not of the United States on one side versus Latin America on the other side.

The primary purpose of the Doctrine was to protect Latin American nations from intervention by European powers, not to victimize or oppress Latin American nations.

The Roosevelt Corollary was not part of the Monroe Doctrine. The application of the Monroe Doctrine by the United States was beneficial

to Latin American states.

AsiaAsia

The Stimson Doctrine

Non-Recognition

Quarantine

Ex injuria jus non oritur (Latin: law does not arise from injustice)

III. An Objective Assessment◦A. Isolationism in the 1920’s1. Geographically◦a. Latin America◦b. Asia◦c. Europe

2. Ideologically◦a. Economically◦b. Politically

Growth of Isolationism in the 1930’sGrowth of Isolationism in the 1930’s

Nye Hearings

Ludlow Resolution

Neutrality ActsNeutrality Acts

1935 1936

1937

1939

Spanish Civil War

Civil Wars

Cash-n-Carry

Lend – Lease ActLend – Lease Act

Nation Amount

Britain 31.4 Billion

Soviet Union 11.3 Billion

France 3.2 Billion

China 1.6 Billion

“The Arsenal of Democracy”

DestroyersFor

Bases

Totalitarianism Totalitarianism and War Cloudsand War Clouds

ChinaChinaMao Zedong

Chiang Kai-shek

The Last Emperor

Sun Yat-sen

Mukden Incident and Mukden Incident and Japanese ExpansionJapanese Expansion

December 7, 1941December 7, 1941

Pearl Harbor

America Joins WW IIAmerica Joins WW II

ItalyItaly

GermanyGermany

Reichstag gains in 1930 and 1932Reichstag gains in 1930 and 1932

Party Vote percentage (change) Seats (change) Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 24.5% -5.3% 143 -10 National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) 18.3% +15.7% 107 +95 Communist Party of Germany (KPD) 13.1% +2.5% 77 +23 Centre Party (Z) 11.8% -0.3% 68 +7 German National People's Party (DNVP) 7.0% -7.3% 41 -32 German People's Party (DVP) 4.5% -4.2% 30 -15 Reich Party of the German Middle Class (WP) 3.9% -0.6% 23 +/-0 German Democratic Party (DStP) 3.8% -1.0% 20 -5 Christian-National Peasants' and Farmers' Party 3.1% +1.2% 19 +10 Bavarian People's Party (BVP) 3.0% -0.1% 19 +2 Christian Social People's Service (CSVD) 2.5% - 14 – German Farmers' Party (DBP) 1.0% -0.6% 6 -2 Conservative People's Party (KVP) 0.8% - 4 – Right-Wing People's Party 0.8% -0.8% 0 -2 Agricultural League 0.6% -0.1% 3 +/- 0 German-Hanoverian Party (DHP) 0.4% -0.2% 3 -1 Other 0.9% -0.8% 0 +/-0 Total 100.0%   577 +86

Party Vote percentage (change) Seats (change) National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) 37.8% +19.0% 230 +123 Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 21.9% -2.9% 133 -10 Communist Party of Germany (KPD) 14.6% +1.2% 89 +12 Centre Party (Z) 12.3% +0.6% 75 +7 German National People's Party (DNVP) 6.1% -1.1% 37 -4

The Third ReichThe Third Reich

Kristallnacht

Lebenstraum

Invasion of PolandInvasion of Poland

Adolf Hitler told his generals: “ I will provide a propagandistic casus belli. Its credibility doesn't matter. The

victor will not be asked whether he told the truth. ”

“ I can no longer find any willingness on the part of the Polish Government to conduct serious negotiations with us. These proposals for mediation have failed because in the meanwhile there, first of all, came as an answer the sudden Polish general mobilization, followed by more Polish atrocities. These were again repeated last night. Recently in one night there were as many as twenty-one frontier incidents: last night there were fourteen, of which three were quite serious. I have, therefore, resolved to speak to Poland in the same language that Poland for months past has used toward us... This night for the first time Polish regular soldiers fired on our own territory. Since 5:45 a. m. we have been returning the fire... I will continue

this struggle, no matter against whom, until the safety of the Reich and its rights are secured”

Operation Himmler

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Blitzkrieg and Phony WarBlitzkrieg and Phony War

Sigfreid Line

Maginot Line

Dunkirk EvacuationDunkirk Evacuation

DateTroops evacuated from beaches

Troops evacuated from Dunkirk Harbour

Total

27 May - 7,669 7,669

28 May 5,930 11,874 17,804

29 May 13,752 33,558 47,310

30 May 29,512 24,311 53,823

31 May 22,942 45,072 68,014

1 June 17,348 47,081 64,429

2 June 6,695 19,561 26,256

3 June 1,870 24,876 26,746

4 June 622 25,553 26,175

Totals 98,780 239,446 338,226

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain

DunkirkEvacuation

Election Election

of 1940of 1940

FranklinRoosevelt

Wendell Willkie

State Democratic % EC Republican % EC Other Total

Indiana 14 874,063 49.0 - 899,466 50.5 14 9,218 0.5 - 1,782,747 IN

The America First CommitteeThe America First Committee

Lend – Lease ActLend – Lease Act

Nation Amount

Britain 31.4 Billion

Soviet Union 11.3 Billion

France 3.2 Billion

China 1.6 Billion

“The Arsenal of Democracy”

DestroyersFor

Bases

The Four Freedoms SpeechThe Four Freedoms Speech

The speech delivered by President Roosevelt incorporated the following “ In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four

essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world.

The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way--everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want—which, translated into world terms, means economic

understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants—everywhere in the world.

The fourth is freedom from fear—which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world.

That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation. That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb.”  

— Franklin D. Roosevelt, excerpted from the State of the Union Address to the Congress, January 6, 1941

Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

What is the answer that I shall give, in your name, to this great man, the thrice-chosen head of a nation of a hundred and thirty millions? Here is the answer which I will give to President Roosevelt: Put your confidence in us. Give us your faith and your blessing, and, under Providence, all will be well.

We shall not fail or falter; we shall not weaken or tire. Neither the sudden shock of battle, nor the long-drawn trials of vigilance and exertion will wear us down. Give us the tools, and we will finish the job.

BarbarossaBarbarossa

The The Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter