GALILEO

ORIGIN: Italy ACTIVE YEARS: (1564-1642) 78

years DISCOVERIES: The Sun is in the the

centre of the Universe and earth and other planets revolve around it

INVENTIONS: Telescope

GALILEO

Johannes

Kepler

ORIGIN: Germany.ACTIVE YEARS: (1571-1630) 59

years.DISCOVERIES: The planets obey

natural mathematical laws in their movements around the Sun, and they don’t move randomly.

Johannes Kepler

Rene Descar

tes

ORIGIN: France.ACTIVE YEARS: (1596-1650) 54 years.DISCOVERY: Living things such as

humans and animals are just a complicated machine.

In the Universe, everything can be explained and reduced to mathematical principals.

Rene Descartes

Isaac Newto

n

ORIGIN: England. ACTIVE YEARS: (1642-1727) years. DISCOVERIES: Things also obey fixed

natural laws of science. When things fell to ground they are

obeying law of the force of gravity.

Isaac Newton

John Locke

ORIGIN: England. ACTIVE YEARS: (1632-1704) 72 years. HIS ARGUMENTS: There should be a

contract between the rulers and the people.

The King should be loyal, but if the king is unjust, the people should have the full authority to depose him.

John Locke

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

ORIGIN: France.ACTIVE YEARS: (1712-1778) 66

years.HIS ARGUMENTS: There should be a

social contract between the government and the people.

The ‘General Will’ , the will of the Majority should be given importance.

If someone disagrees with the majority, they are wrong.

People can share their personal freedoms.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Voltaire

ORIGIN: FranceACTIVE YEARS: (1694-1778) 84

years. HIS ARGUMENTS: Everyone should

be given the right of free speech.He wanted his country to adopt

the similar system of government like England.

Voltaire

Frederick the Great

ORIGIN: Prussia. RULING TIME: (1740-1786) 46

years. ACHIEVEMENTS: Made Prussia one

of the leading states in Europe. Made a strong Army. Released his own serfs and made

everyone equal under the law.

Frederick the Great

Maria Theresa

ORIGIN: Maria Theresa.RULING TIME: (1740-1780) 40

years.CONTRIBUTION: Taxation, so

everyone from higher class to lower class paid taxes.

The wealth of the monasteries and the tax money were used to build many school.

Courts and Government were fair.

Maria Theresa

Catherine the Great

ORIGIN: RussiaRULING TIME: (1762-1796) 34 yearsCONTRIBUTIONS: Reduced the power

of the church by taking their land.Set up schools and universities.Wanted the to free the serfs, but didn’t

because much of the Russian economy depended upon them at that time.

Catherine the Great