the enlightenment. enlightenment ideas classical liberalism republicanism deism religious tolerance...
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The Enlightenment
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Enlightenment ideas
• Classical Liberalism• Republicanism• Deism• Religious Tolerance• Individualism• Mercantilism
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Enlightenment Ideas
• Rationalism• Relativism• Skepticism• Social Contract• Scientific Revolution• Separation of Powers
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Benjamin Franklin
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Voltaire• Religious Toleration
• Freedom of Expression
"I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it"
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Montesquieu
Separation of Powers
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René Descartes
• “I think, therefore I am.”• Dualism
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. Those who think themselves the masters of others are indeed greater slaves than they.“
• General Will• Social contract• Popular sovereignty
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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
• Wrote Leviathan• Didn’t believe in Revolutions• Believed in Absolute Monarchy• Life in the state of nature would be “solitary,
poor, nasty, brutish, and short”
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Hobbes’ Social Contract
You would give up:LibertyIn exchange for:Security
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John Locke
• Wrote Two Treatises of Government • Believed in Natural Rights that come from nature or God • Those rights include: Life, Liberty (freedom), and Property • Believed in Limited Government that protected people’s
Natural Rights
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Locke’s state of nature
• Tabula Rasa • You have natural rights in the state of nature:• Rights to life, health, liberty, and property• Right of self-preservation• Right to execute the law of nature• Not a state of war
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Locke’s Social Contract• Problem: finding an impartial
arbitrator— who shall be judge?
• You would give up:
• Your right to execute the law of nature
• You gain
• Impartial judgment
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Natural and social rights
• Rights to life, health, liberty, and property are natural— you have them in the state of nature
• You do not give them up in the social contract• You can’t give them up they come from nature• Slavery would be wrong even if voluntary
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Natural vs. Civil Rights
• Some rights are natural, independent of government• Government derives its power from the rights individuals allow
the government to control
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The Glorious Revolution
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America, post French & Indian War