the enlightenment
TRANSCRIPT
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The EnlightenmentMid 1700’s
Note Key:
If the writing is in black WRITE IT DOWN!!!
If the writing is in White read it and think about it.
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What Was the Enlightenment?
The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18th century that led to
a whole new world view.
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According to the 18th- century philosopher Immanuel Kant, the “motto” of the Enlightenment was “Sapere aude (dare to know)! Have courage to use your own intelligence!” (Kant, “What Is Enlightenment?” 1784)
Immanuel Kant
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The Scientific Revolution
The Enlightenment grew largely out of the new methods and discoveries achieved in the Scientific Revolution
The equatorial armillary, used for navigation on ships
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Francis Bacon and the Scientific Method
• The scientific method• Observation and
experimentation• Testable hypothesis
Sir Francis Bacon
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Isaac Newton and the Scientific Method
• Used the scientific method to make a range of discoveries
• Newton’s achievements using the scientific method helped inspire Enlightenment thinkers
Sir Isaac Newton
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Enlightenment Principles
• Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought
• Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith
• Scientific and academic thought should be secular
A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkers
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The Marquis de Condorcet
• French mathematician
• Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Spirit
• Played active role in the French Revolution
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Condorcet (continued)
• Universal education (education for all)
• Progress and “perfectibility,” the idea that people realistically strive for perfection in all areas of life.
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New Social Developments
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The French Salon and the Philosophes
Madame de Pompadour
• Madame de Pompadour• Salons: gatherings for
aristocrats to discuss new theories and ideas
• Philosophes: French Enlightenment thinkers who attended the salons
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The Encyclopédie
• Major achievement of the philosophes
• Begun in 1745; completed in 1765
• Included the most up-to-date knowledge on the sciences, arts, and crafts
Frontspiece to the Encyclopédie
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The Encyclopédie (continued)
• Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert
• Banned by the Catholic Church
• It contained nearly 72,000 articles accompanied by numerous illustrations
Encyclopédie editor Denis Diderot
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Deism
• Deists believed in God but rejected organized religion
• Morality could be achieved by following reason rather than the teachings of the church
Lord Edward Herbert of Cherbury, founder of deism
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Deism (continued)
• God/the creator is the “great watchmaker”
• The idea that the universe operates like a watch.
• Thomas Paine is a famous American Deist.
Thomas Paine
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How Rulers Ruled Before the Enlightenment
• Divine Rights of Kings
• The idea that rulers receive their authority from God and are answerable only to God.
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Stop
• Take a deep breath and let it out.
• Continue breathing deeply and quietly until the teacher distributes paper to the class.
• Answer the following questions on this half sheet of paper.
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Enlightenment Questions• 1. What do you believe is the nature of human
beings? Are people born inherently good or bad? Can people’s nature change? Explain your answers completely.
• 2. What would Martinez look like if there were no laws or police?
• 3. What would you do if you saw a person drop a $100 bill? Explain your reasoning.
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Enlightenment Thinkers
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René Descartes (1596–1650)• French philosopher and
mathematician• Questioned the basis of
his own knowledge• “Cogito ergo sum”• “I think, therefore, I am.”
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Voltaire (1694–1778)
• Most famous philosophe
• Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy, and books
• Attacked the “relics” of the medieval social order
• Championed social, political, and religious tolerance
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Voltaire (con’t)• Credited with the idea of freedom of speech.
• He was very critical of the French government and the Roman Catholic Church.
• Was imprisoned in the Bastille twice.
• “I do not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it”.
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Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)• Applied rational analysis to
the study of government• Attacked the concept of
divine right, yet supported a strong monarchy
• People are naturally wicked and selfish (bad). People must voluntarily give an authoritarian figure the power to rule.
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John Locke (1632–1704)
• People have the ability to reason and can compromise (people are good).
• If Gov. doesn’t govern justly the people must over through it and establish a government that is just.
• Tabula rasa (a “Blank slate”)
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Locke(continued)
• In Treatises of Government he attack DRo’K and Authoritarian Government
• Believed in Natural Rights which he defined as “Life, Liberty, and Property.”
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau(1712–1778)
• Believed that people are good but corrupted by society.
• Believed in Direct Democracy (individual vote).
• People are not truly free if they don’t make their own decisions.
• The Social Contract
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Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755)
• Developed the idea of separation of powers.
• The Spirit of the Laws states that governmental power should be balanced among three branches.
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Montesquieu (continued)
Three Branches of Gov.
• Executive = Carry out (enforce) laws.
• Legislative = Create laws.
• Judicial = Interpret laws.
The Spirit of the Laws
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Women and the Enlightenment
• Changing views of women’s role in society
• Role of education• Equality
Mary Wollstonecraft Olympe de Gouges
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Mary Wollstonecraft
• A Vindication of the Rights of Women.
• Believed that equal rights should be extended to women.
• Had the same natural rights and intellectual capacity as men.
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Wollstonecraft (continued)
• The start of modern Women’s rights movement
Title page of Wollstonecraft’s Thoughts on the Education of Daughters
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Olympe De Gouges
• Criticized the French Revolution
• The Rights of Women• “Declaration of the Rights
of Woman and the Female Citizen”
• Executed in 1793
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“Enlightened Monarchs”• Most of Europe ruled by
absolute monarchs
• Receptive to Enlightenment ideas
• Instituted new laws and practices
Enlightened Monarchs
• Frederick II, Prussia
• Catherine the Great, Russia
• Maria Theresa, Austria
• Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire
• Gustav III, Sweden
• Napoleon I, France
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Influenced by the Enlightenment
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The American Revolution
• Influence of Locke, Montesquieu
• The Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
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The U.S. Constitution• Separation
of powers• Checks
and balances
Painting depicting the Constitutional Convention
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The French Revolution
• The American Revolution
• The Estates General
The Marquis de Lafayette
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The Declaration of theRights of Man
• Adopted by National Assembly in 1789
• “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité”
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The Legacy of the Enlightenment
• Government• Society• Education
The signing of the U.S. Constitution
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Frederick the Great (ruled 1740–1786)
• Prussian ruler• Had a strong interest in
Enlightenment works• Induced Voltaire to come
to Prussia
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Frederick the Great (continued)
• Wanted to make Prussia a modern state
• Reforms
Painting titled “Frederick the Great and Voltaire.”
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Catherine the Great(ruled 1762–1796)
• Russian ruler• Well-versed in
Enlightenment works• “Westernizing”
Russia
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Catherine the Great(continued)
• Domestic reforms• Peasant revolt
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Maria Theresa (ruled 1740–1780)
• Austrian ruler• Government
reforms• The serfs• Son—Joseph II
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Joseph II (ruled 1765–1790)
• Ruled as coregent with his mother until 1780
• Joseph’s reforms• Religious
toleration• Control over the
Catholic Church• Abolition of
serfdom
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Gustav III (ruled 1771–1792)
• Swedish ruler• Read French
Enlightenment works• Reforms• Absolutism
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Napoleon I
• French ruler• Military career• Rise to power
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Napoleon I (continued)• Reforms
• Education
• Law