the energy supergrid (executive briefing) for: by:
TRANSCRIPT
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The Energy SuperGrid (Executive Briefing)
For:
By:
HV I nsulation
“Super-I nsulation”
Flowing LiquidHydrogen
Superconductor“Conductor”
DO
DH
Al
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thick
HV I nsulation
“Super-I nsulation”
Flowing LiquidHydrogen
Superconductor“Conductor”
DO
DH
Al
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thick
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2 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
The 21st Century Energy Challenge
Design a communal energy economy to meet the needs of a densely populated industrialized world that reaches all corners of Planet Earth.
Accomplish this within the highest levels of environmental, esthetic, safe, reliable, efficient and secure engineering practice possible.
…without requiring any new scientific discoveries or breakthroughs!
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3 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
China “Factoid”
• Current Population: 1.3 Billion Souls
• All want to live like Americans
• Chinese Family Priorities:
– (1) TV, (2) Washer, (3) Fridge…
– Next an Air Conditioner (200 USD, 1 kW)
• Assume an average family size of three, then…
An extra 500 GW of generation capacity must be added just to keep them cool!
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4 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
“Boundary Conditions”
• Givens– Energy Efficiency– Recyclables
• Off-the-Table: Eco-invasive Generation– Fossils
• Carbon Sequestration– Baseline Renewables
• “Farms” – Wind, Solar, Biomass
• On-the-Table– Nuclear (undergrounding)– Solar Roofs– Urban/Agro Biomass
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5 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
A Symbiosis of
Nuclear/Hydrogen/Superconductivity
Technologies supplying Carbon-free, Non-Intrusive Energy for all Inhabitants
of Planet Earth
The Solution
SuperGrids & SuperCities
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6 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nuclear PowerDiablo Canyon & Wind Power “Equivalent”
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7 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nuclear PowerCalifornia Coast Power
Wind FarmEquivalent
HTGCR
Reprocessing
Breeders
IMRSS
5 Miles
Diablo Canyon
2200 MWPower Plant
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8 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
HydrogenThe Hydrogen Economy
• You have to make it, just like electricity
• Electricity can make H2, and H2 can make electricity (2H2O 2H2 + O2)
• You have to make a lot of it
• You can make it cold, - 419 F (21 K)
P.M. Grant, “Hydrogen lifts off…with a heavy load,” Nature 424, 129 (2003)
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9 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
US 39%Canada 13%Saudi Arabia 10%Mexico 10%Venezuela 9%Nigeria 4%Iraq 4%UK 3%Norway 3%Angola 2%Algeria 2%Other 2%
US Oil Imports (2003)
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10 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hydrogen for US Surface Transportation“You have to make a lot of it”
The "25% 80-80-80 400 GW" Scenario
Daily consumption of gasoline and diesel by US cars & Trucks
8.6 Billion barrels/day
Effective Otto Cycle Efficiency(Useful conversion to drive chain)
25 %
Water Electrolysis Efficiency(Source Electricity-to-Hydrogen)
80 % (aggressive)
Fuel Cell Efficiency(Onboard Hydrogen-to-Electricity)
80 % (very aggressive)
Conversion/drive chain Efficiency 80 % (nominal)
Additional Electric Generation PlantCapacity for Hydrogen Vehicles
400 GW
Factoids & Assumptions
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11 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hydrogen per Day
Tonnes Shuttles Hindenburgs
230,000 2,225 12,787
Water per Day
Tonnes Meters of Lake Tahoe
2,055,383 0.93
The "25% 80-80-80 400 GW" Scenario
Hydrogen for US Surface Transportation:Water Requirements
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12 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hydrogen for US Surface Transportation:Generation by Renewable Electricity
The "25% 80-80-80 400 GW" Scenario
Renewable Land Area Requirements
Technology Area (km2) Equivalent
Wind 130,000 New York State
Solar 20,000 50% Denmark
Death Valley + Mojave
Biomass 271,915 3% USA
State of Nevada
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13 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
“Hydricity” SuperCables:“Proton/Electron Power (PEP) to the People”
+v I-v
I
H2 H2
Circuit #1 +v I-v
I
H2 H2
Circuit #2
Multiple circuitscan be laid in single trench
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14 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
SuperCable Monopole
HV Insulation
“Super-Insulation”
Superconductor
Hydrogen
DO
DH2
tsc
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15 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
HV Insulation
“Super-I nsulation”
Flowing LiquidHydrogen
Superconductor“Conductor”
DO
DH
Al
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thick
HV Insulation
“Super-I nsulation”
Flowing LiquidHydrogen
Superconductor“Conductor”
DO
DH
Al
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thick
SuperCable Monopole (Alternative)
Al
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thickAl
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thickAl
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thickAl
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thick
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16 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Power Flows
PSC = 2|V|JASC, where PSC = Electric power flowV = Voltage to neutral (ground)J = Supercurrent densityASC = Cross-sectional area of superconducting annulus
Electricity
PH2 = 2(QρvA)H2, where PH2 = Chemical power flow Q = Gibbs H2 oxidation energy (2.46 eV per mol H2)ρ = H2 Density v = H2 Flow Rate A = Cross-sectional area of H2 cryotube
Hydrogen
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17 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hydricity Scaling Factor
/ /e/hR J Q V
Dimensionless, geometry-independent scaling factor defines relative amounts of electricity/hydrogen power flow in the SuperCable:
“Energy Density” “Pressure”
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18 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Electric & H2 Power
0.12525,000100,000+/- 50001000
Annular Wall Thickness (cm)
Critical Current Density (A/cm2)
Current (A)Voltage (V)Power (MW)
Electricity
3183.8110500
“Equivalent” Current Density
(A/cm2)
H2 Flow Rate (m/sec) Inner Pipe Diameter, DH2 (cm)
Power (MW)
Hydrogen (LH2, 20 K)
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19 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Power Flows: 5 GWe/10 GWth
0.383.025,000100,0005,000
tS (cm)DC (cm)HTS J C(A/cm2)
Current (A)
Power (MWe)
Electrical Power Transmission (+/ - 25 kV)
0.383.025,000100,0005,000
tS (cm)DC (cm)HTS J C(A/cm2)
Current (A)
Power (MWe)
Electrical Power Transmission (+/ - 25 kV)
45.34.76405,000
DH- actual (cm)
H2 Flow (m/s)
DH- eff ective (cm)
Power (MWth)
Chemical Power Transmission (H2 at 20 K, per "pole")
45.34.76405,000
DH- actual (cm)
H2 Flow (m/s)
DH- eff ective (cm)
Power (MWth)
Chemical Power Transmission (H2 at 20 K, per "pole")
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20 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
SuperCable H2 Storage
Some Storage Factoids Power (GW) Storage (hrs) Energy (GWh)
TVA Raccoon Mountain 1.6 20 32
Scaled ETM SMES 1 8 8
One Raccoon Mountain = 13,800 cubic meters of LH2
LH2 in 45 cm diameter, 20 km bipolar SuperCable = Raccoon Mountain
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21 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Relative Density of H2 as a Function of Pressure at 77 K wrt LH2 at 1 atm
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Pressure (psia)
Rh
o(H
2)/
Rh
o(L
H2)
Vapor
Supercritical
50% LH2
100% LH2
H2 Gas at 77 K and 1850 psia has 50% of the energy content of liquid H2
and 100% at 6800 psia
Hydrogen Energy Content
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22 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
HV Insulation
“Super-I nsulation”
FlowingHigh PressureHydrogen Gas
Superconductor“Conductor”
DO
DH
Al
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thick
Flowing liquid N2 cryogen in flexible tube, diameter DN
HV Insulation
“Super-I nsulation”
FlowingHigh PressureHydrogen Gas
Superconductor“Conductor”
DO
DH
Al
Al “core” of diameter DCwound with
HTSC tape ts
thick
Flowing liquid N2 cryogen in flexible tube, diameter DN
“Hybrid” SuperCable
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23 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
US Natural Gas Imports (BCF, 2003)
22,000
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24 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Al-Can Gas Pipeline Proposals
SuperCable Prototype
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25 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Mackenzie Valley Pipeline
1300 km
18 GW-thermal
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26 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gas Pipelines Under Construction
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27 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Electrical Insulation
“Super-Insulation”
Superconductor
LNG @ 105 K1 atm (14.7 psia)
Liquid Nitrogen @ 77 K
Thermal Barrier to
LNG
LNG SuperCable
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28 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Technology Challenges
• Nuclear
• Hydrogen
• SuperCable
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29 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nuclear
• HTGCR Design Downselect
• “Waste”
– Proliferation
– Re-processing
– FBR
• Underground Construction
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30 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hydrogen
• Generation– Electrolysis (new methods, e.g. high-pressure– Thermochemical (EPRI Entergy Report)
• Distribution– SuperCable ?
• Storage– SuperCable ?
• End Use– Hydricity and/or Electricity
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31 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
SuperCable (Electrical)
• Voltage – current tradeoffs– “Cold” vs. “Warm”
Dielectric
• AC interface (phases)– Generate dc? Multi-
pole, low rpm units (aka hydro)
• Ripple suppression– Filters
• Cryogenics– Pulse Tubes– “Cryobreaks”
• Magnetic Field Forces
• Splices (R = 0?)
• Charge/Discharge cycles (Faults!)
• Power Electronics– GTOs vs IGBTs– 12” wafer platforms– Cryo-Bipolars
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32 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
SuperCable (Construction)
• Pipe Lengths & Diameters (Transportation)
• Coax vs RTD
• Rigid vs Flexible?
• On-Site Manufacturing– Conductor winding (3-4 pipe lengths)– Vacuum: permanently sealed or actively pumped?
• Joints – Superconducting– Welds– Thermal Expansion (bellows)
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33 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EPRI Opportunities
• Re-define and “re-package” SuperGrid in a larger context, with emphasis on the vision
• Solicitation of funding organizations (letters, personal visits, brochures, etc.)
• Identify & document opportunities for deployment of dc superconducting cables as SuperCable entry technology– Canvas EPRI membership, focusing on inter-RTO links
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34 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EPRI Funding – $1 M/yr
1. Co-fund Ongoing DOE and NSF Programs That Support the Visiona) DOE: Offices of Nuclear, Hydrogen, OEEAb) NSF: Engineering Directorate PE Programs
2. Deployment Studies for DC Superconducting Cablesa) Of high interest in DOE, identified in Omnibus Energy Billb) Canvas membership interest, focusing on inter-RTO links
3. Bi-Directional Control of Power Flow on a Point-to-Point Superconducting LVDC Cable Inter-Tie (ORNL)a) I/C designs to manage power flow through voltage controlb) Energize/de-energize and fault management
4. Expand Studies for Underground Nuclear Construction (LANL, INEEL)
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35 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Appendix Material
• Nuclear
• Hydrogen
• Superconductivity
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36 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nuclear
• HTGCR
• Reprocessing
• Breeders
• IMRSS
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37 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Particle/Pebble Nuclear FuelBack
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38 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor
Back
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39 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Eskom Pebble Bed Modular Reactor
• Helium gas cooled (Brayton Cycle)– Won’t melt down– Direct turbine drive
• “Baseball” packaged fuel– Continuous fuel replenishment and removal– Theoretical 100% availability
• Modular Design– Scalable: 100 – 500 MW units– High safety and security factor
• Economical– 1.2 cents/kWh … cheaper than coal
Back
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40 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Co-Production of Hydrogen and Electricity
Source: INEL & General Atomics
ReactorVessel
O2
Back
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41 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Source: General Atomics
Nuclear “Hydricity” Production FarmBack
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42 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reprocessing “Spent” FuelBack
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43 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
JNFL Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant
• $20 B, 5 Year Project• 800 mt U/yr• 1 mt U -> 50 kg HLW
Back
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44 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fast Breeder TechnologiesBack
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45 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
IMRSS
• Internationally Monitored Retrievable Storage System (a proposal by Chauncey Starr)
– Take control of all material exiting cooling ponds
– Provide transportation to (a few) storage locations
– Use “banking” paradigm
– Title remains with nation of origin
– Withdrawal allowed for recycling or burial
– All activity monitored by IAEA
• Financed by nuclear per MWh charge on participating nations
Back