the endocrine system unit 42 adonis k. lomibao, r.n. 12/22/11
TRANSCRIPT
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The Endocrine System Unit 42
Adonis K. Lomibao, R.N.12/22/11
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Objectives
Spell & Define terms Review the location & functions of the
endocrine system 5 Diagnostic tests associated with endocrine
conditions Describe common diseases S&S of hypo/hyperglycemia PCT actions Fingerstick for glucose
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Structure & Function
Endocrine glands
-secret hormones that regulate body activities
-control body activities & growth
-distinct glands or clusters of cells
-subject to disease that cause hypo or hypersecretion of hormones
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Pituitary Gland
Master gland b/c controls most of the other glands
2 lobes:
-anterior lobe secretes STH,TSH, FSH, ACTH,ICSH, LTH
-posterior secretes ADH & Pitocin
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Pineal Body
Small gland located in the skull beneath the brain
Produces:
-glomerulotropin
-serotonin
-melatonin
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Adrenal Glands
One located atop each kidney Adrenal medulla(inside)- produces
norepinepherin & epinephrine(stimulate body to produce energy quickly during an emergency
The adrenal cortex(outside)- produces glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, & gonadocorticoids
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Gonads
Male & female sex glands. Females have two ovaries located in the
pelvic cavity...produce estrogen & progesterone.
-Produces ovum Males have 2 testes contained in the
scrotum...produce testosterone.
-produces sperm
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Thyroid & Parathyroid glands
Thyroid-2 lobes found in the neck
-secretes thyroxine(iodine important component) & thyrocalcitonin
Parathyroid glands- embedded in posterior thyroid glands.
-manufactures parathormone
-tetany: sever muscle spasms(can lead to death)
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Islets of Langerhans
Cells found in pancreas Produce insulin & glucagon Insulin lowers blood sugar Glucagon raises blood sugar
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Hyperthyroidism
Overactivity of the thyroid gland S&S:
-irritability & restlessness
-nervousness
-rapid pulse
-increased appetite
-weight loss
-sensitivity
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Hyperthyroidism PCT Actions: patience, quiet & cool room, nutritional
needs Treatment: reduce level of thyroxine with
thyroidectomy or radiation Thyroidectomy post-op:
-semi-fowler's position with neck supported
-assist with oxygen
-routine post-op care
-report bleeding, resp. distr,inability to speak, elevated temp or pulse,numbness or tingle of extremities.
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Hypothyroidism
Undersecretion of thyroxine Lack of iodine can result in low thyroxine
production Called simple goiter Thyroid gland enlarges Treatment: can be managed with thyroxine
replacement
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Common Parathyroid Glands Parathormone regulates level of electrolytes,
calcium, & phosphates Hypersecretion results in:
-hypercalcemia
-renal calculi
-loss of bone calcium Usually caused by tumors---can be removed. Hyposecretion can lead to abnormal muscle-
nerve interaction, severe muscle spasm(tetany) calcium to treat emergency
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Conditions of Adrenal Glands
Regulate development & maintenance f sexual characteristics, carb/fat/prot metabolism, fluid balance, sod & K levels
Hypersecretion results in Cushins's syndome:
-weakness
-hyperglycemia
-edema
-hypertension,loss of K and retaining of sodium Masculinity of female Surgical & supportive treatment
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Cont.
Hyposecretion results in Addison's Disease characterized by:
-loss of sod & retension of K
-hypoglycemia
-dehydration
-low stress tolerance Treated by hormone replacement &
techniques to combat dehydration
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Diabetes Mellitus
Chronic disease that results from a deficiency of insulin or a resistance to effects of insulin
Glucose from food breakdown remains in blood—elevated blood sugar
Affects blood vessels & nerves—person more likely to develop heart attack, stroke, blindness, renal disease, etc.
Risk factors: heredity,obesity, age, diet, lack of exercise
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Disease Mechanism
Glucose in blood increases—pancreas secretes more insulin
Glycogen is storage form of energy Diabetes—insufficient insulin for these
functions
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Types of Diabetes
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(Type 1)-more common in young & must take daily insulin to live
S&S:
-polyuria
-polydipsia
-polyphagia
-glucosuria
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Types Cont.
Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus-metabolic disorder that occurs when the body does not make enough insulin, or does not properly use insulin
Most common form 90-95% S&S:
-easy fatigue, skin infections, slow healing, itching,vision changes, obesity, p.736
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PCT Care Diabetes
Eat a healthful, well-balanced diet-weight reduction is favored (ADA Diet)
Exercise regularly Check blood sugar regularly Use insulin or antidiabetic agents if ordered
-Insulin
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Insulin
Several types of insulin vary in;
-speed of action
-duration
-potency or strength Given by nurse Injection or pump
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Complications of Diabetes
Renal disease Circulatory imparements Poor healing Hypertension Cardiovascular problems Diabetic coma Vision problems & blindness
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Hypoglycemia
Blood glucose level is below normal
-may occur rapidly
-insulin reaction/shock if insulin OD Can be brought on by: skipping meals,drug
interaction, etc. p.738 S&S: complaints of hunger, weakness,
dizziness, shakiness, skin cold/moist/clammy/pale...p.738
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Hyperglycemia
Occurs when there is insufficient insulin for metabolic needs(diabetic coma)
-usually develops slowly May be brought on by: stress, illness,
dehydration, etc. p739 S&S: headache, drowsiness, confusion,fruity
breath, deep breathing, p.738
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PCT Roles
Know S&S of insulin shock & insulin coma Know location of assimilated(absorbed)
sources of carbs Do not give extra food without permission Serve proper tray Special attention to feet
-wash daily
-inspect
-p. 739
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Blood Glucose Monitoring
Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) -a series of stable minor hemoglobin components formed from hemoglobin & glucose
-measure glucose levels in blood over prolonged period of time.
Fingerstick blood sugar collects sample of capillary blood with a lancet(tiny needle).
Normal fasting range: 65-120 Normal value:70-110
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Notify Nurse... If BS Value is outside of range Inadequate food intake Eating food not permitted Refusal of meals,supps, snacks N&V, Diarrhea Inadequate fluid intake Excessive activity Complaints of dizziness, shakiness, racing
heart
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