D. C. MIKULECKY

PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGYAND

FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM

NERVOUS SYSTEM

“WIRED” CHEMICAL

SIGNAL AT TARGET CELL

RAPID BRIEF DURATION CLOSE ANATOMICAL

PROXIMITY

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

“WIRELESS” CHEMICAL

SIGNAL AT TARGET CELL

SLOW LONG DURATION SPECIFIC

RECEPTORS

PEPTIDES

AMINES

STEROIDS

HYDROPHILIC DISSOLVED IN PLASMA RECEPTOR ON CELL SURFACE cAMP OR CALCIUM AS SECOND

MESSENGERS ACTIVATE SPECIFIC GENES TO INITIATE

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY PANREATIC PARATHYROID GI KIDNEY LIVER HEART

THYROID HORMONE CATECHOLAMINES ALL DERIVED FROM AMINO ACID

TYROSINE UNIQUE SYNTHETIC AND SECRETORY

PATHWAYS

LIPOPHILIC RECEPTOR IN CYTOPLASM ACTIVATE SPECIFIC GENES TO INITIATE

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS ADRENAL CORTICAL GONADAL PLACENTAL

DEPENDS ON RATE OF SECRETION NEGATIVE FEEDBACK NEUROENDOCRINE REFLEXES DIURNAL RHYTHMS

HORMONE EXCESS

HORMONE DEFICIENCY

DECREASED RESPOSIVENESS OF RECEPTORS

HYPOTHALAMUS

NEUROSECRETORYNEURONS

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

POSTERIORPITUITARY

SYSTEMICARTERY

SYSTEMICVEIN

VASOPRESSIN

OXYTOCIN

HYPOTHALAMUS

NEUROSECRETORYNEURONS

ANTERIOR PITUITARY:•TSH•ACTH•PROLACTIN•GROWTH HORMONE•LH•FSH

POSTERIORPITUITARY

VESSELS PASS THROUGH STALK OF PITUITARY FROM HYPOTHALAMUS TO ANTERIOR PITUITARY

CARRY HYPOTHALAMIC REGULATORY HORMONES

TROPIC HORMONES CONTROL THE SECRETION OF OTHER

HORMONES BY ACTING ON ENDOCRINE TISSUE

CONTROL THE SECRETION OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY TROPIC HORMONES

TRH:THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE PRH:PROLACTIN RELEASING HORMONE PIH:PROLACTIN INHIBITING HORMONE GHRH:GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE GHIH: GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITING HORMONE CRH:CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE

INPUT

HORMONE 1 (RELEASING/INHIBITING)

HORMONE 2 (TROPIC)

HORMONE 3

TARGETCELLS

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

H/H PORTAL SYSTEM

HYPOTHALAMUS

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

ENDOCRINE GLAND

INPUT

HORMONE 1 (RELEASING/INHIBITING)

HORMONE 2 (TROPIC)

HORMONE 3

TARGETCELLS

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

H/H PORTAL SYSTEM

HYPOTHALAMUS

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

ENDOCRINE GLAND

THYROID GLAND

THYROID HORMONES (T3 & T4 )

ADRENAL CORTEX

CORTISOL

MAMMARY GLANDS

BREAST GROWTH AND MILK SECRETION

LIVER SOMATOMEDINS BONE SOFT TISSUE GROWTH

MANY TISSUES INTERMEDIARY

METABOLISM INCREASE OR

DECREASE

LH:LETEINIZING HORMONE

SEX HORMONE SECRETION

F: ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

M: TESTOSTERONE

FSH:FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE

GAMETE PRODUCTION

OVA SPERM

GENETIC DIET DISEASE HORMONES

LIVER SOMATOMEDINS BONE SOFT TISSUE GROWTH

MANY TISSUES INTERMEDIARY

METABOLISM INCREASE OR

DECREASE

MOBILIZES TRIGLYCERIDE FAT STORED IN ADIPOSE TISSUE

CONSERVES GLUCOSE FOR BRAIN

SOFT TISSUES: STIMULATES CELL DIVISION, INCREASES SIZE OF CELLS

STIMULATES ALMOST ALL ASPECTS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

INHIBITS PROTEIN DEGRADATION PROMOTES UPTAKE OF AMINO ACIDS

BONE: PROMOTES GROWTH OF LONG BONES

THICKNESS LENGTH AT END OF ADOLESCENCE, SEX

HORMONES STOP THIS ACTION

PEPTIDE MEDIATORS PRODUCED IN LIVER AND OTHER

TISSUES ALSO PARACRINE EFFECTS

ANTAGONIST IN CONTROL OF GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK DIURNAL RHYTHM: GH SECRETED AT

NIGHT EXERCISE, STRESS, HYPOGLYCEMIA

DEFICIENCY: DWARFISM, REDUCED MUSCLE STRENGTH, DECREASED BONE DENSITY

EXCESS:GIGANTISM, ACROMEGLY

OVER TRACHEA THYROGLOBULIN TETRAIODOTHYRONINE TRIIODOTHYRONINE IODINE REQUIRED FROM DIETARY

INTAKE

METABOLIC RATE: INCREASED BMR CALOROGENIC: INCREASED HEAT

PRODUCTION SYMPATHOMIMETIC: FLIGHT OR FIGHT CARDIOVASCULAR:INCREASES

RESPONSIVENESS OF HEART GROWTH: ESSENTIAL FOR NORMAL

GROWTH NERVOUS SYSTEM:DEVELOPMENT AND

ADULT ACTIVITY

HYPOTHALAMUS

TRH

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

TSH

THYROID GLAND

TARGET ORGANSTHYROID HORMONE

STRESSCOLD INCHILDREN- +

HYPO REDUCED BMR POOR TOLERANCE OF

COLD GAIN OF WEIGHT FATIGUE SLOW, WEAK PULSE SLOW REFLEXES AND

MENTATION MYXEDEMA GOITER CRETINISM

HYPER GRAVE’S

DISEASE:TSI EXOPHTALMOS GOITER

CORTEX: STEROID HORMONES SECRETED

MEDULLA: CATECHOLAMINES

MINERALOCORTICOIDS

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

SEX HOMONES

ALDOSTERONE ELECTROLYTE BALANCE BLOOD PRESSURE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE

SYSTEM

CORTISOL GLOCONEOGENESIS PERMISSIVE ACTIONS STRESS ADAPTATION ANTI-INFLAMITORY AND

IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT

HYPOTHALAMUS

CRH

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

ACTH

ADRENAL CORTEX

TARGET ORGANSCORTISOL

STRESSDIURNALRHYTHM

+ +-

-INCREASEDBLOOD GLUCOSEBLOOD AABLOOD FATTY ACIDS

ANDROGENS (TESTOSTERONE)

ESTROGENS

LESS THAN GONADS

MINERALCORTICOIDS: SODIUM RETENTION, POTASSIUM DEPLETION

CORTISOL:EXCESS GLUCONEOGENESIS-EXCESS GLUCOSE DEPOSITED AS FAT

ANDROGEN:MASCULINIZATION, PSEUDOHERMAPHODITISM, PRECOCIOUS PSEUDOPUBERTY, NO EFFECT IN ADULT MALES

CORTEX: ADDISON’S DISEASE POOR RESPONSE TO STRESS LACK OF PERMISSIVE ACTION POTASSIUM RETENTION HYPOTENSION

A MODIFIED SYMPATHETIC POST GANGLIONIC NEURON

EPINEPHRINE

MIMICS SYMPATHETIC NS MOBILIZES STORED FAT AND

CARBOHYDRATE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS

FLIGHT OR FIGHT EPINEPHRINE CRH-ACTH-CORTISOL RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE VASOPRESSIN COORDINATED BY HYPOTHALAMUS CAN BE INDUCED PSYCHOSOCIALLY

GLYCOGENESIS GLYCOGENOLYSIS GLUCONEOGENESIS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS PROTEIN DEGRADATION FAT SYNTHESIS FAT BREAKDOWN

BUILD UP VS BREAKDOWN OF LARGE MOLECULES

ANABOLISM REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP) CATABOLISM:ENERGY PRODUCTION

INSULIN

GLUCAGON

BETA CELLS IN ISLETS OF LANGERHANS: INSULIN

FACILITIES GLUCOSE ENTRY INTO CELLS STIMULATES GLYCOGENESIS INHIBITS GLYCOGENOLYSIS INHIBITS GLUCONEOGENESIS

INCREASES TRANSPORT INTO ADIPOSE CELLS

PROMTES TRIGLYCERIDE SYNTHESIS INHIBITS LIPOLYSIS

PROMOTES UPTAKE OF AA BY MUSCLE AND OTHER TISSUE

PROMOTES PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITS PROTEIN DEGRADATION

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: BLOOD SUGAR BLOOD AA GI HORMONES PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY

TYPE I: AUTOIMMUNE DESTRUCTION OF BETA CELLS, LACK OF INSULIN SECRETION

TYPE II: REDUCED SENSITIVITY OF INSULIN RECEPTORS

EXTRACELLULAR GLUCOSE EXCESS GLUCOSE IN URINE EXCESS FLUID LOSS CIRCULATORY FAILURE RENAL FAILURE NERVOUS SYSTEM MALFUNCTION DUE TO DEHYDRATION EXCESSIVE FOOD INTAKE PROGRESSIVE WEIGHT LOSS MOBILIZTION OF FAT KETOSIS ACIDOSIS COMA AND DEATH

PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS GENERALLY OPPOSES ACTIONS OF

INSULIN DECREASE GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS PROMOTE GLYCOGENOLYSIS STIMULATE GLUCONEOGENESIS PROMOTES FAT BREAKDOWN ONLY IN LIVER: PROTEIN CATABOLISM

ALL INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE AND FATTY ACIDS

CORTISOL INCREASES BLOOD AA AND DECREASES MUSCLE PROTEIN

GH DECREASES BLOOD AA AND INCREASES MUSCLE PROTEIN

PARATHYROID HORMONE CALCITONIN VITAMIN D

RAISES FREE PLASMA CALCIUM FROM BONE CONSERVATION IN KIDNEYS INCREASES INTESTINAL ABSORPTION

(VIA VITAMIN D ACTIVATION) REGULATED BY FREE CALCIUM IN

PLASMA (NEGATIVE FEEDBACK)

C CELLS OF THYROID GLAND DECREASE IN CA MOBILIZATION FROM

BONE NOT AS IMPORTANT AS PTH AND

VITAMIN D

ACTUALLY A HORMONE RELEASED FROM SKIN BY SUNLIGHT TWO STEP ACTIVATION: LIVER AND

KIDNEYS INCREASES CALCIUM ABSORPTION IN

INTESTINE

LOW CALCIUM AND HIGH PHOSPHATE MUSCLE SPASMS MENTAL CHANGES

IMPARED ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM PTH MAINTAINS PLASMA LEVEL AT

EXPENSE OF BONES RICKETS IN CHILDREN OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS