the end of infancy chapter 6 the development of children (5 th ed.) cole, cole & lightfoot

The End of Infancy

Chapter 6

The Development of Children (5th ed.)

Cole, Cole & Lightfoot

Overview of the Journey

Biological Maturation Perceptual-Motor

Coordination New Modes

of Thought Child-Caregiver

Relations A New Sense of Self The End of Infancy

Biological Maturation Perceptual-Motor

Coordination New Modes

of Thought Child-Caregiver

Relations A New Sense of Self The End of Infancy

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Biological Maturation Rate of growth is slower

than during the first year Height: 29 38 inches

Weight: 20 33 lbs. Accelerated myelination

Within cerebral cortex and between brain stem and cortex Leads to new self-awareness, emotional responses, better problem solving, voluntary control of behavior,

enhanced analysis of visual and auditory input, and language acquisition Neuron branching close to adult magnitudes

Each neuron has multiple connections with others, usually numbering in the thousands



Perceptual-Motor Coordination

Locomotion

Manual dexterity

Control of elimination

Perceptual Motor: Locomotion

Walking by about 12 months old: Development, integration, coordination and practice Upright posture and Leg alternation

Weight shifting and Sense of balance Enhanced ability to perceive conditions

in the environment

Experience crawling up down slopes does not seem to carry over to walking.

Increasing Ability due to practice and experience

Perceptual Motor: Fine Motor Skill

Coordination and movement increases significantly from 12 to 30 months Throw a ball, turn pages

of a book, string beads Snip paper with

scissors, build a 6 block tower

Hold a cup of liquid without spilling

Dress themselves (but not buttons or laces)





Perceptual Motor: Control of EliminationRequirements

Must be ready, willing and able Sensory pathways from

bladder and bowels must mature enough to transmit signals to the cortex

Learn to associate signals with need to eliminate

Learn to tighten sphincters to prevent elimination, and loosen them to permit it

Toilet training Toddler learns to eliminate when placed on the potty Can stay dry during the day by the age of 2 (with adult watchfulness) Do not typically stay dry at night until the age of 4

New Modes of ThoughtSymbolic Representation

Object Permanence

Pretend Play

Ability to Categorize

Pictures and Models

Evidence of Symbolic Representation

Imagines an object not physically present Shown by systematic search for hidden objects

Systematic problem-solving Trial and error to reach a goal

Begins imaginary play Imitates events after they have

occurred Understands visual models Begins to draw Begins imitation of writing Begins to “read” familiar stories





Object Permanence: Substage 5

12 - 18 months old

Mastery of Object Permanence

Substage 6 (18-24 months) “Well it wasn’t where I expected it to be, but it must be

here somewhere.” Able to anticipate the trajectory of a moving object that

has disappeared behind a barrier Pictures a series of events in her mind before acting

Pretend or Symbolic Play Toward end of 2nd year, “imitate” actions that adults do Ability to represent the mental states of other people One object stands for another (banana for a telephone) Children perform actions more advanced than what they can do on their

own Lasts longer and is more sophisticated with mother or older sibling than

when alone

Ability to Categorize 18 months: Create a small

workspace in front of them and put 2 or 3 objects of the same kind in it

24 months: Divide objects into two distinct categories, working on one category at a time

30 months: Simultaneously work on two major categories and create sub-categories in which the objects are grouped according to color as well

Pictures and Models

2 years: Can rarely use pictorial information to find an object hidden in the room

2 ½ years: Can use a picture, but not a model of the room to find the object

3 years: Can use the model as a representation of the room to find the hidden object

Development ofChild-Caregiver Relations

AttachmentAttachment

Attachment An emotional bond most prominent in infants from 6-18 months of age,

evidenced by separation anxiety

Explanations

Erikson: Become attached to people who reliably attend to their needs and who otherwise foster a sense of trust

Bowlby: Provides a balance between an infant’s need for safety and a variety of learning experiences

Mary Ainsworth: Research on the “strange

situation”

Three Types of Attachment Secure

Anxious/avoidant Anxious/resistant

Types of Attachment Secure

Child reacts positively to a stranger as long as mother is present Becomes upset when mother leaves and is unlikely to be

consoled by a stranger Calms down as soon as mother reappears

Anxious/avoidant Child is indifferent to where mother is sitting May or may not cry when mother leaves Is as likely to be comforted by a stranger as by mother Is indifferent when mother returns

Anxious/resistant Child stays close to mother and appears anxious even when

mother is near Becomes very upset when mother leaves but is not comforted

by her return Simultaneously seeks renewed contact with mother and resists

her efforts to comfort

Harlow’s Monkeys The cloth mother, which does

not provide nourishment, is seen as a secure base

The wire mother, which does provide nourishment, is not seen as a secure base

This contradicts drive-reduction theories of attachment by Freud, that children are attached to mother because she provides food

Soothing tactile sensations provide a baby with a sense of security that is more important to the formation of attachment than food

Social interactions seem to be necessary for healthy emotional development

Harlow, 1959

Causes of Variation in Patterns of Attachment

Parental behaviors Mothers’ sensitivity to their infants’ signals of need seems

to be related to higher levels of secure attachment Characteristics of the child

Infants who had spent more time playing with objects than interacting sociably with their mothers were more likely to display signs of insecure attachment later on

Family influences Maternal depression and marital discord appear to be

related to lower levels of secure attachment Cultural influences

Children who slept at home displayed a significantly higher level of secure attachments

Developing a Sense of Self

Self-recognition

Secondary emotions

Self-Recognition 3 months: Little interest at all 4 months: Reach out and touch mirror image 10 months: Reach behind them if a toy is slowly lowered

behind their back while they are looking in the mirror 18 months: Will reach for their own nose when they see the

red spot on it; when asked, “Who’s that?” will answer “Me” 18-24 months (begins 2-word utterances) “I do it!” “Becky all done” 24 months old Upset if something is missing or dirty “Yucky” & “Fix it” Goal to use all available blocks or put every doll into

baby carriage Actively seeks adult help in reaching goals and

standards

Primary & Secondary Emotions

By 12 months - primary Joy, fear, anger, surprise, sadness,

disgust By 24 months - secondary

Embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt, envy, etc. (e.g., self-satisfied smile, hang head, cover face, try to hide) depends on toddler’s new abilities

to recognize, talk about, and think about themselves in relation to other people or in terms of a rule or desired goal

The 24-month-old’s Bio-Social-Behavioral Shift

Biological Myelination of connections among brain areas Leveling off of brain growth Maturation of brain areas in roughly equal degrees

Social No longer showing signs of distress at separation Distinctive sense of self Emerging acceptance of adult standards and rules Emergence and display of secondary emotions

Behavioral Walking becomes more coordinated Fine motor skill enables infant to pick up small objects Emerging control over bladder and bowels More complex and planned problem solving Symbolic play with expression of basic words & phrases Symbolic representations and complex categorization Smile when child experiences mastery

the end of infancy chapter 6 the development of children (5 th ed.) cole, cole & lightfoot

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