the emerging role of civil society for water governance in bangladesh
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The Emerging Role of Civil Society for Water Governance in Bangladesh. Background Information Water crisis scenario-at a glance. Overwhelming dependency on water resources/highly dense population/ chronic poverty most environmentally vulnerable areas - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Emerging Role of Civil Society for Water Governance
in Bangladesh
Background InformationWater crisis scenario-at a glance
• Overwhelming dependency on water resources/highly dense population/ chronic poverty most environmentally vulnerable areas
• By 2050 the population over 220 million [1]
• 79.85% of the people rural[2]
• Agriculture 63% of the labor force/ 19% of GDP. • Fisheries sector 9% of the country employs/ 4% GDP [3]
• Water crisis excessive and scarcity of water• Frequent flood/ draught/salinity intrusion/deforestation/water pollution
• The ground water arsenic contamination
• At present, water resources highly scared, eroded and degraded
• Immediate risk global warming and rise in sea levels. Only 50cm sea level rise engulf two-thirds of the country [4]
• Most of surface water controlled from outside of the country
• Competition / environmental degradation / environmental change
livelihood insecurity / environmental refugee.
• Upcoming decades most critical issue?
Aim & Rationale of this presentation
• To understand the environment-security linkage focusing on the emerging role of civil society in the water governance Whether civil society can play a responsive role in the decision
making of water governance in Bangladesh? If so, then how the civil societies in Bangladesh can increase
public involvement in decision making?
Water related studies
engineering and agricultural perspective
focused on water institutions and policies
the interactions between politics, civil society, institutions are nominal
Key concept (1) Water governance
Governance establishment and operational of social institutions (sets of rules, decision making procedures and programmatic activities)
• Water governance not only on specific institutions overall governance context determine who gets what in water
to make space both for state and non state actors
This demands public participation as the foundation of their political legitimacy.
state the arena of collective action which is essential for environmental governance
Key concept (2)Civil society
Civil society a set of intermediary groups in the public sphere, which can act independently of the state authorities, market
activities and family
The concept based on the normative values of civil rights ‘civil society’ as a public sphere in general different from society in general
As the essence of civil society is collective action, it does offer a touchtone for social movements and a practical framework for organizing resistance and alternative
solutions to social, economic and political problems [5]
The actor of civil society volunteer organization/NGOs/political group/ labor union/ media/ business sector /cultural and religious organizations /academe and international community
Key concept (3)Environmental security
Environmental security
response to non traditional environmental threats to human security.
public safety from environmental dangers caused by natural or human process.
In this study environmental threats
water related crisis
The Framework for environment-security linkage
Social effects
Instability, conflict, insecurity
Water crisis
Co-operation, stability
Effective adaptive mechanism
(Right based approach, collective decision making))
Weak & negative adaptive Mechanism(fragmented and state centric approach)
Socio-economic factor (population growth, poverty)
Environmental& Social stress
Key argument
• The problem of water crisis and its consequences greatly lie on water-governance problem rather the resource scarcity.
• Sustainability of water resources require better water governance. For this the communities must be involved in a democratic participatory process of decision making.
• The huge coverage of civil society in Bangladesh have high potential to use advocacy to involve the poor people in the decision making and to move beyond the patron-client relationship
• Involvement of civil society in water governance process thus is itself a sustainability strategy.
Water resource management- at a glance(Past trends)
Past four decades dominated by an engineering paradigm
focused on flood control, drainage and irrigation projectswhich caused serious adverse environmental impacts
sectoral and fragmented approach
socio-political aspects were very much nominal
based on top down approachlocal level water institutions were particularly more weak
stake holder participation was almost unknownthe participatory process has been introduced only to gather
the information but not for the final approval[6].
The emergences of civil society in changing policy process of water sectorIn the 1990s the pressure from NGOs and Donor community
restructuring of the water sectorpressure for reform continued
In 1998 FAP (Flood Action Plan) recommendation the pressure from NGOs and Donors
a comprehensive NWPo was initiated
In 1999 The National Water Policy (NWPo) In 2004 National Water Management Plan(NWMP)
The National Water Policy (NWPo) Put much emphasis on
integrated management, community involvement/ stake holder involvement and necessity of institutional change
This policy changes can be seen as part of wider social and political moves towards democratization and decentralization of water
governance
Much of this process will depend on the implementation process the interaction of state-society
Civil Society in Bangladesh Coverage-at a glance
By 2000 more than 90 percent of rural communities have some NGO presence[7]
civil society includes (registered with the Department of Social Welfare.)
approximately 45,000 thousand clubs, local level organization, religious organizations, foundations and
development oriented NGOs [8]
By the late of 2004 1882 NGOs were registered with NGO Affair Bureau, 1,100-1,200 of them receiving foreign funds[9].
Around 700 NGOs are active in the water and sanitation sector
Civil society in Advocacy and in environmental issues
In the 1990sNGO advocacy with the emergence of multiparty electoral
democracy By the mid 1990s
development NGOs build new alliances develop new strategies
In case of environmental issue the emergences basically since the 1990s (when as a whole
NGO sector gain prominence in the advocacy activities)
campaign against use of polythene awareness activities on air pollution, road side forestation, drinking safe water, hygiene and sanitation.campaign against the inter-linking project of IndiaCommunity Based Natural Resource Management program
The scope of civil societyThis huge coverage & advocacy role
itself a huge potential for enhancing public involvementone powerful challenge to the patron-client structure through
service delivery activities.striking progress on a range of social indicators an achievement widely credited to the country’s pluralist
service provision [10]
The 2005 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) NGOs role as an integral part
Traditional society longer historical experiencesThe language movement in 1952the independence struggle in 1971the democratization movement in 1990
•
With a full fledged coverage of civil society
can hold the state accountable for its misdeeds of commission or omission
can facilitate citizen inputs to water policy making can press the state to be more equitable in allocating water resources
Civil society does offer a real potential for dealing with livelihood security and can press the state to fulfill its responsibility to protect citizens.
Strategy for civil society
This paper suggest two strategies to pursue the advocacy
directly targeting the pro-poor groupspressing local government unit in such areas like
distributing khas (govt. owned) land and water bodies, guaranteeing access to water bodies etc
forge coalitions with non-poor groups to press more broad-based research agenda that can gain widespread support[11]
Working place for civil society
Government tier-at a glance • Union Parisad -the most grassroots level
government tier (has little funding and less capacity)
• Upazilla level government tier – Not put in Place
• Central governmental tier-Member of Parliament (MP)
• local civil society initiatives confined to the Union level
But they can advocate at the Upazilla level
can press the TNO (Thana Nirbahi Officer) and ministry officers
promote to reform the local governance structure
to work directly with MPsbuild the main political link between village and
capital.can co-ordinate with other central level CSOs
Real scenario and constrains
Attempts to move the dominant political mode invite conflict relationship
Advocacy activities done by NGOs highly dependent on foreign donation
In 2000-1 the government accused a few NGOs stretching their advocacy work into partisan political activity.
Still most of CSOs inactive or in poor performance
Decentralization and participatory initiatives controlled by the local elites
Conclusion
• In spite of these limitations and constrain there is huge opportunities for collective action of CSO advocacy in Bangladesh and their role in water management sector is emerging.
• Public involvement in decision making is possible only when the poor can move from the patron client relationship. Thus grass roots level CSO advocacy can be a sustainable strategy for such process.
• The simultaneous initiatives targeting pro-poor group and the non poor groups can reduce the conflicting relation between patron-client or elite-poor.