the elements of visual arts and performing arts

The Elements of Visual Arts and Performing Arts

WHAT IS ELEMENT ?

• It’s a particular part of something. –Merriam-Webster Dictionary

• a part or aspect of something abstract, especially one that is essential or characteristic.

•What happens to the medium after the techniques are applied.

THE ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ARTS

1. LINE2. COLOR3. TEXTURE4. PERSPECTIVE

5.SPACE6.FORM7.VOLUME

1. LINE•Line is an important element at the disposal of every artist.•Lines always have direction.

LINE SUGGEST…•Man usually lies prone when asleep or when at rest and stands erect when in action.•Man has learned that certain emotional states find expression in definite positions.

TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF LINE

1.STRAIGHT LINE•HORIZONTAL• VERTICAL•DIAGONAL

2.CURVED LINE• CROOKED OR JAGGED

STRAIGHT LINE•A straight line is the basic framework of many forms, but it lacks softness and flexibility.

HORIZONTAL LINES•are lines repose and serenity. •Horizontal lines are found in reclining persons, in landscape, calm bodies of water and in the distant meeting of the earth and sky which is called horizon.

APPLICATION OF HORIZONTAL LINE IN ARTS

VERTICAL LINES• are lines that denote action.• They suggest poise, balance, force, aspiration, exaltation, and dynamism.•Vertical lines also tend to express as well as arouse emotions of exaltation and inquietude.• The Gothic Cathedrals express the aforementioned sentiments that possessed the soul of northern Europe- Middle Ages.

APPLICATION OF VERTICAL LINES IN ART

DIAGONAL LINES• suggest action, life, and movement. • Almost every object in action assumes a diagonal line• As masters in any art try to perfect their technique, they are

able to work more or less instinctively, and they begin to express themselves more and more through the freedom, buoyancy, and grace of curved lines.

CROOKED OR JAGGED LINES

•express energy, violence, conflict, and struggle.

CURVED LINES•suggest grace, subtleness, direction, instability, movement, flexibility, joyousness, and grace.•The restrained curved lines exemplified in the woman’s body and the bamboo stem where according to Philippine legend, man and woman sprang by Carlos “Botong” Francisco.

CURVED LINES

3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF CROOKED OR JAGGED LINES:

1. Lines which follow or repeat one another2. Lines which contrast with one another3. Transitional lines which modify or soften

the effect of others.

LINE•Repetition - it occurs when two or more lines are drawn within a corner.

LINE•Transitional Lines - modify the sharpness of vertical and horizontal lines giving a harmonizing effect.

LINE• In painting, there should be an organic unity of lines to produce balance and symmetry, proportion of lengths and widths, and rhythm.

EXAMPLES OF LINE IN PAINTINGS

EXAMPLES OF LINE IN ARCHITECTURE

EXAMPLES OF LINE IN SCULPTURE

2.COLOR•Has the most aesthetic appeal of all the elements of visual arts•Delight in color is a universal human characteristics• Is a property of light•The light of the sun contains all the colors of the spectrum: violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red

EXAMPLE OF COLORS IN PAINTINGS

EXAMPLE OF COLOR IN SCULPTURE

EXAMPLE OF COLOR IN ARCHITECTURE

3 DIMENSIONS OF COLOR

a) HUE b). INTENSITY c) VALUE

A).HUE• Is the dimension of color that gives its name• Color names such as red, blue, green, violet, and yellow indicate hue• Primary Hues - blue, red, and yellow• Secondary hues - orange, green, and violet

PRIMARY HUES

SECONDARY HUES

TERTIARYHUES

WARM HUES•Red, Orange, and Yellow•They are associated with objects like the sun, fire, and other sources of heat

WARM HUES• They tend to impart warmth to any composition in which they are used• They are conspicuous, cheerful, stimulating, vivacious, joyous and exciting• They are suggestive of impetuous or instinctive action• They are called advancing colors because they have an effect of advancing or coming towards you

WARM HUES IN ARTS

COOL HUES•Are those where blue predominates like green, blue-green, blue, and blue-violet•They cause surfaces covered with them to appear to recede•They suggest distance•They are calm, sober, restful, and inconspicuous

COOL HUES IN ARTS

RED•Color of fire and blood•Warmest, most vigorous, and most exciting of the colors• It stands for passion and energy

YELLOW•Color of light•Most brilliant, cheerful, and exultant of the colors• It suggests cheerfulness, magnificence, life and splendor• It serves to balance the warm colors like red and orange

GREEN•Color for vegetation and symbolizes life and freshness

VIOLET•Represents shadows and mysteries

BLACK•Represents despair, death and pain

ORANGE•Suggests deliciousness and warmth

BLUE•Color of the sky and of deep and still water•Coolest and the most tranquil of the colors• It arouses the feelings of peace and quietness

B).VALUE•Sometimes called chiaroscuro•Refers to the lightness or darkness of a color• It is a quality which depends on the amount of light and dark in color•They give the expression of depth and solidity and lend form to paintings

VALUE•TINTS - are values above the normal

•SHADES - are values below the normal

• Pink is a tint of red•Maroon is a shade of red• Sky blue is a tint• Navy blue is a shade

SHADES

VALUE•The value of a hue can be changed•We raise hue by adding more light so that it reflects more light and lower it by reducing the light it can reflect

C).INTENSITY•Refers to the brightness or darkness• It gives color strength•Differences in intensity may be described as full intensity, two-thirds intensity, and two-thirds neutral

INTENSITY•Two colors may be both blue but one is more intense than the other•When it is dulled, it is said to be partly neutralized•The more black or white is added, the weaker the intensity becomes

COLOR HARMONIESTwo kinds:•Related color harmonies•Contrasted color harmonies

RELATED COLOR HARMONIES•May either be monochromatic or adjacent

a. Monochromatic harmony ois made up of several tones of one hue, like for instance orange, tan, brown, and other tones from the orange family.oSimplest and easiest to use

RELATED COLOR HARMONIES

Monochromatic harmony


b. Adjacent or neighboring harmonyoTwo or three neighboring hues on the color circle are used

togetheroExample: tones of green, yellow, and orange can produce

a delightful harmonyoThey have something in common because there is yellow

in green and in orangeoGood adjacent harmonies can be produced by using other

groups of neighboring colors like yellow, orange, and red or orange, red, and violet


Adjacent or neighboring harmony

CONTRASTED COLOR HARMONIES

•Colors which lie directly opposite each other in the color circle are called complementary colors•Red and green, orange and blue, violet and yellow are complementary colors•They contrast with each other strongly; therefore, they are more difficult to use harmoniously than the related color combinations


TYPES:1. COMPLEMENTARY HARMONY2. DOUBLE COMPLEMENTARY3. SPLIT COMPLEMENTARY4. TRIAD 5. TETRAD


1. COMPLEMENTARY HARMONY• A colour scheme that uses 1 colour plus it’s opposite on the

colour wheel. This object spins around to any colour, it’s complement should be directly opposite. It can also move in (adding white) and out (adding black) while retaining its structure.


2. DOUBLE COMPLEMENTARY • A colour scheme that uses 4 hues, including two adjacent

hues and their respective complements. (e.g. yellow, yellow-orange, purple and blue- purple. This object spins around to any four colour combination hues. It can also move in (adding white) and out (adding black) while retaining this structure.


3. SPLIT COMPLEMENTARY • A colour scheme that uses 3 hues which include a base hue

and the two hues on either side of its complement. This object spins around to any three colour combination hues. It can also move in (adding white) and out (adding black) while retaining this structure.


4. TRIAD• A colour scheme that uses 3 hues which are each 1/3 around the

colour wheel. This object spins around to any three combination hues, while retaining this structure. Each arm can move in (adding white) or out (adding black). The two arms that are not the base colour can move independent of it while retaining this structure. Moving the base hue in or out, adjusts the two other hues proportionately.


5. TETRAD• A colour scheme that uses 2 base hues which are 1 colour

apart and include their complements. (e.g., red, green, yellow and purple). This object spins around to any four colour combination hues. It can also move in (adding white) and out (adding black) while retaining this structure

PSYCHOLOGY OF COLORS• BLACK - Is associated with death and gloom• WHITE - Stands for purity and innocence• BLUE - Deemed the color of heaven• RED - Is associated with blood, signifies anger, provokes fear,

and impels people to action• ORANGE - Helps a person be assertive• GREEN - Color of nature, promotes the feeling of well-being

- It implies happy and restful association and natural abundance

MEANINGS OF COLORS CONVEYED BY THE ROSE

•The rose is a flower worthy of mention for the varied psychological and emotional connotations each of its color takes• It is the universal flora of love

MEANINGS OF COLORS CONVEYED BY THE ROSE

“The Language of Roses” By Sarian J.

Red is for ‘I love you’; pink conveys a ‘Thank you’, white says ‘you are heavenly’; coral

speaks of desire.

WHITE ROSES• If you are harboring a secret affection for a special girl (or guy), it would be more appropriate to send white roses•White roses denotes secrecy and several other meanings such as innocence, purity, reverence, and humility

PINK ROSESDEEP PINK• Convey gratitude and

appreciation

• Most appropriate for those who would like to say “thank you”

LIGHT PINK• Expresses sympathy

• Also stand for grace and gentility

RED ROSES

•For saying “I love you”•Also mean courage and fortitude

YELLOW ROSES•Represent joy and freedom• If you combine red and yellow together, they stand for jovial and happy feelings

CORAL/ORANGE ROSES•Speak of enthusiasm and desire

RED AND WHITE ROSES

•For conveying the message of unity

• If you want to tell your sweetheart that you are ready to settle down, send her two roses because this means, in the language of roses, that you are ready for marriage

•A single rose, on the other hand, simply means simplicity.

PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COLOR VALUES

•Light values or tints make the size of objects appear larger because these values reflect light.•An individual seems to look larger in light colored clothing•Light hues also seem to recede when seen from above, as in a ceiling


•Rooms can be made to appear higher by painting the ceiling with light colors• In perspective, distant objects appear to have light values because these values suggest distance or background. Dark hues or values seem to decrease the size of objects because these values absorb light.


•Large people should wear dark colored clothes to make them appear smaller. •A dark color also suggest foreground or nearness.• In this case, floors and rugs must be dark hues•Dark-colored floors make the room appear stable

3.TEXTURE•During the 19th to 20th centuries, a high premium was placed on very smooth surfaces and forms. A group of painters including Cezzane, Picasso, and others emphasized texture by purposely making portions of the paintings rough.• Texture is being used by sculptors, architecture, paintings, and any other forms of art.

TEXTURE• is an element that deals more directly with the sense of

touch. Also, it is best appreciated when an object is touched with our hands. • It is the perceived surface quality of a work of art. • It is an element of two-dimensional and three-dimensional

designs and is distinguished by its perceived visual and physical properties. • Use of texture, along with other elements of design, can

convey a variety of messages and emotions.

TEXTURE•Two varieties of texture:

PHYSICAL TEXTURE

VISUAL TEXTURE

EXAMPLES OF TEXTURE

SMOOTH ROUGH

EXAMPLES OF TEXTURE IN PAINTING

SMOOTH ROUGH

EXAMPLES OF TEXTURE IN ARCHITECTURE

SMOOTH ROUGH

EXAMPLES OF TEXTURE IN SCULPTURE

SMOOTH ROUGH

4.PERSPECTIVE• from the Latin: “perspicere” means to see through, deals with the effect of distance upon the appearance of objects, by means of which the EYE judges spatial relationships. It is important in painting because volume is to be presented on a two dimensional surface

TWO KINDS OF PERSPECTIVE

Linear Perspective • is the representation of an appearance of distance by means of converging lines.

TWO KINDS OF PERSPECTIVE

Aerial Perspective • is the representation of relative distances of objects by gradations of tone and color.

EXAMPLES OF PERSPECTIVE IN PAINTINGS

EXAMPLES OF PERSPECTIVE IN ARCHITECTURE

EXAMPLES OF PERSPECTIVE IN SCULPTURE

5.SPACE• refers to distances or areas

around, between or within components of a piece. • Space can be positive (white or

light) or negative (black or dark), open or closed, shallow or deep and two-dimensional or three-dimensional. • Sometimes space isn't actually

within a piece, but the illusion of it is.

EXAMPLES OF SPACE IN PAINTING

POSITIVE SPACE NEGATIVE SPACE

EXAMPLES OF SPACE IN ARCHITECTURE

EXAMPLES OF SPACE IN SCULPTURE

6.FORM• applies to the overall design of a work of art. It describes the structure or shape of an object.•directs the movement of the eyes.•Since form consists of size and volume, it signifies visual weight.

CIRCLES

TRIANGLES

SQUARE

FORM• Applies to the overall design of a work of art. • Form consists of size and volume.• Includes height, width and depth.• Form generally refers to sculpture, 3D design and architecture but may also relate to the illusion of 3D on a 2D surface•Good architecture allows outward forms to be governed by what goes on inside them.

FORM• Architecture lives by the guiding principle “form follows function”• Another factor in determining form is the way in which a building is construct. • Triangles, circles, and rectangles are favourite designs used by the painters. Tables, buildings, picture frames and furnitures are usually composed of cubes or rectangular solids. Oranges, electric bulbs, lakes and domes are shaped as spheres. Tress, mountains and flowers are cones. The trunk of trees, human arms or legs, and pencils are cylinders.

TYPES OF FORM1. REGULAR FORMS2. IRREGULAR FORMS3. CENTRALIZED FORMS4. LINEAR FORMS5. RADIAL FORMS6. GRID FORMS

TYPES OF FORMRegular Forms•are those whose parts are related to one another in a consistent, orderly manner.

TYPES OF FORMIrregular Forms•are those whose parts are dissimilar and unrelated to one another.

TYPES OF FORMCentralized Forms•consist of a number of secondary forms clustered to produce a dominant, central, and parent form.

TYPES OF FORMLinear Forms•are arranged sequentially in a row or a series of forms along a line.

TYPES OF FORMRadial Forms•compositions of linear form that extend outward from central form in a radial form.

TYPES OF FORMGrid Forms•are modular forms whose relationships are regulated by 3-dimensional grid.

7.VOLUME• Refers to the amount of space occupied in three

dimensions. • We perceive volume in two ways: by contour lines, outlines,

or shapes of objects, and by surface lights and shadows. • Volume is the primary concern of architects because a

building always encloses a space.• The viewer, therefore, may obtain not one but many

different impressions from a single work.• The sculptor is also concerned with the volume.• In painting, volume is an illusion because the surface of the

canvas is flat.

VOLUME

THE ELEMENTS OF PERFORMING ARTS

•MUSIC•DANCE•LITERATURE

MUSIC• is vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) combined in such a way as to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion.

ELEMENTS OF MUSIC

1. RHYTHM2. MELODY3. PITCH4. HARMONY

5.TEMPO6.DYNAMICS7.TIMBRE

1.RHYTHM• is the variation of length and accentuation of a series of sound. It is a larger concept that includes the beat and everything that happens to sound in relation to time.

RHYTHM• In music, its most fundamental component is beat - is the simple pulse found in almost all music familiar to us.•Measuring rhythm is by means of a Meter - is the arrangement of a rhythm in a fixed, regular pattern with a uniform number of beats in uniform measures.

2.MELODY• is associated mental motion sometimes called the memory element because it is always remembered by listeners. It is an organize group of pitches strung out sequentially to form a satisfying musical entity.

3.PITCH• indicates the highness or lowness of sound and is determined solely by the frequency of molecular vibrations.• The slower the vibration, the lower the pitch.• The faster the vibration, the higher the pitch.

4.HARMONY• refers to the manner of sound combination- the sounding series or group of tones at the same time or simultaneously.•Harmony refers only to the simultaneous sounding of pitches regardless of whether the chords sound pleasing or not.

HARMONY•Chord is a combination of two or more tones sounded at the same time.•Concord combination or chord that produces an impression of agreeableness or resolution to the listener.•Discord or dissonance

5.TEMPO• refers to the speed of a certain musical piece. It may be slow, quick or moderate.

LIST OF TERMS COMMONLY USED TO INDICATE TEMPO

• Largo - very slow • Adagio - slow and stately• Andante - at a walking pace• Andantino - alternatively faster or slower than andante

• Allegreto - moderately fast • Allegro - fast presto-very fast• Accelerando - gradually becoming faster• Ritardando - gradually becoming slower

6.DYNAMICS• refers to the amount ,strength, or volume of the sound • It may refer to the loudness and softness of music.

7.TIMBRE• refers to tone quality. Helps differentiate one type of voice to another or instrument from another

DANCE• is an art and a recreation. As an art, it tells a story, a set of mood or expresses an emotion. Dances vary in form. Some forms of dances are religious dance, magical dance, commemorative dance, ceremonial dance, recreative dance, and testimonial dance.

ELEMENTS OF DANCE•Theme - is the most basic element of a dance. It conveys the message of a dance.

HIPHOP DANCE CULTURAL DANCE

ELEMENTS OF DANCE•Design - is the pattern of movement in time and space.

Pattern in time refers to the unaccented beats of movements into measures. Path in space refers to the path traced by the dancer’s feet on the floor and the levels on which they move.

ELEMENTS OF DANCE•Movement - refers to the bodily actions of the dancer that include his steps, gestures of the arms, hands, and body and facial expression.

ELEMENTS OF DANCE•Technique - is the skill of movement executed by the dancer.

ELEMENTS OF DANCE• Music - is the auditory background to which a dancer

moves. A dance is always accomplished by any form of music

ELEMENTS OF DANCE• Costume and paraphernalia - are properties worn by the

dancers that help reflect the message, customs, beliefs, and setting of the dance.

ELEMENTS OF DANCE• Choreography - refers to the figures and steps in dancing

that enable the dancers to perform in an organized manner.

ELEMENTS OF DANCE• Scenery - refers the background or setting where the

dance is performed to make it more realistic and enriching.

LITERATURE• Is one of the arts that expresses human feelings. It shows ideas or emotions through symbolic presentation in the form of short story, poetry, drama or play and essay among others.

GENERAL ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE

•At present, not all written works can be considered literature. To understand a good literary work, we should know first the important elements of literature.

THE IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF

LITERATURE•Emotional Appeal – is attained when the reader is emotionally or touched.•Humanistic Value – can be realized when the literary work affirms the dignity and worth of all people.

LITERARY WORKS AND THEIR ELEMENTS:

•Elements of the Short Story•Elements of the Novel•Elements of Drama

SHORT STORY•A short story is a brief work of literature, usually written in narrative prose. Emerging from earlier oral storytelling traditions in the 17th century, the short story has grown to encompass a body of work so diverse as to defy easy characterization.

NOVEL• Is a long work of prose fiction dealing with characters, situations, and scenes that represent real life.•Fiction, whether long (novel) or short (short story), may aim to give us moral lessons, bring pleasure, raise questions, or cultivate critical thinking.

DRAMA…•…is a story told in front of an audience

DRAMA•Comes from the Greek Word, “Dran” •Means “To do” or “To Act”•The Doing/Acting Makes Drama

•Playwright-the author of a play•Actors-the people who perform•Acts-the units of action •Scenes-parts of the acts

TYPES OF DRAMA•Drama is used to describe plays that address a serious subject.

TYPES OF DRAMA•COMEDY•TRAGEDY

TYPES OF DRAMA•Comedy is a form of drama that has a happy ending. Humor comes from the dialogue and situations.

TYPES OF DRAMA•Tragedy is a form of drama in which events lead to the downfall of the main character, often a person of great significance, like a king or hero.

Element of Literature

1.CHARACTERS

2.SETTING

SETTING/SCENERY • Construction on the stage that shows time/place• Could be called Scenery.• Furniture, painted backdrops, or large props should appear real.

3.THEME

THEME•While plot refers to the action of the play, theme refers to the meaning of the play. Theme is the main idea or lesson to be learned from the play. In some cases, the theme of a play is obvious; other times it is quite subtle.

4.PLOT• Is the soul of drama.• It tells what is the story about?•Lay outs the series of events that form the entirety of the play. Its serves as a structural framework which brings the events to a cohesive form and sense.

•The plot is divided into:•Exposition/Introduction• Introduces the character, provides information about earlier events and present situation.

• Inciting actions•Situation move towards a point

•Rising Action•Part of the complication.

•Crisis or Turning Point•Choices and decisions lead to the inevitable.

•Falling action•The incidents following the turning point happen without decrease in intensity

•Denouement or resolution•Clarifies and relaxes the tension.

5.POINT OF VIEW

6.SYMBOLISM• Is used in literature when one thing is meant to represent something else.•Symbols are object, person, situation, action and all recognizable things or items that suggest other meaning.

7.IRONY• Is a contrast among what seems and what is and could

be.

Three types of Irony• Verbal – I am saying one thing but really mean the other.• Situational – When something happens, and I was

expecting the opposite.• Dramatic – When everyone knows something I don’t.

IRONY•Occurs when there is a difference between what is expected and what actually happens in a story, poems or play.

8.STYLE• is the literary element that describes the ways that the author uses words — the author's word choice, sentence structure, figurative language, and sentence arrangement all work together to establish mood, images, and meaning in the text.

9.CONFLICT•The internal or external struggle between opposing forces, ideas, or interests that create dramatic tension.

10.CLIMAX•The point of greatest emotional intensity, interest, or suspense in the plot of a narrative.•Typically comes at the turning point in a story or drama.

11.MUSIC AND SPECTACLE•Both show the relationship of script, actor, audience, author producer, society, genre, stage, and other elements of the drama.•Music•While music is often featured in drama, in this case Aristotle was referring to the rhythm of the actors' voices as they speak.

•Spectacle •This refers to the visual elements of a play: sets, costumes, special effects, etc. Spectacle is everything that the audience sees as they watch the play.

12.COSTUMES AND MAKEUP

• Costume• Clothing and accessories worn by actors to portray character and period. • Every costume should be comfortable and securely put together.

Makeup •Costumes, wigs, and body paint used to transform an actorinto a character.

13.DIALOGUE

•This refers to the words written by the playwright and spoken by the characters in the play. •The dialogue helps move the action of the play along.•The conversation between and among the characters of the drama.

•Lightings •The placement, intensity, and color of lights to help communicate environment, mood, or feeling

SUMMARY

ELEMENT SHORT STORY

NOVEL DRAMA

PLOT CHARACTERS

POINT OF VIEW SETTING THEME IRONY

SYMBOLISM STYLE

CONFLICT CLIMAX

MUSIC & SPECTACLE

COSTUME & MAKE UP

DIALOGUE

the elements of visual arts and performing arts

Art & Photos

line line

line transitional lines

horizontal lines

diagonal lines

lines repose

grace of curved lines

examples of line

application of vertical