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L/O/G/O
THE EFFECTS OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON MUDSTONE COMPACTION CURVES REQUIRING FOR PRIMARY HYDROCARBON MIGRATION
Avirut Puttiwongrak
Ph.D. studentKyoto University
Contents
• Problem statements• Introduction• Data collection and analysis• Porosity-burial depth relationship• Time effect• Temperature effect• Discussion and conclusion
Problem statements
• Mudstone Compaction Curves– poorly understood – no unique physical or mathematical expression.
• Scatters of curves are difficult to apply petroleum exploration mainly due to: – Time (Geologic age)– Temperature
Problem statements (continued)
• Compaction models– Athy’s model (1930)– Hedberg’s model
(1936)– Power’s model (1959)– Teodorovich and
Chernov’s model (1968)
– Burst’s model (1969)– Overton and Zanier’s
model (1970)
Source: Mondol et al., 2007
Introduction (continued)
• The expelled fluid during compaction is important for studying in primary migration.
• We proposed to give an answer the doubts of mechanical mudstone compactions based on time and temperature factors.
Porosity-burial depth relationship (continued)
• Porosity-burial depth curves : – Continuous– Smooth– Exponential decreasing upper 3000m depth.
• The exponential decreasing model with Z (Athy’s model):
cze−= 0φφ
Time effect
• Geologic time : key factor of compaction
– the older rocks are more compacted than the younger at given depth.
• Scatters of porosity upper than 3000m are caused by time effect.
Time effect (continued)
• The higher porosity reduction in the older mudstone
Basin type
• For example:− Hedberg (1930) stated that
Athy’s data were taken from areas of structural deformation and some of the compaction may have resulted from lateral pressures in the earth’s crust.
Temperature effect
• Temperature factor:
– to be a main factor for chemical compaction in the deeper parts of mudstone compactions.
– to influences in mechanical compaction as well.
Temperature effect (continued)
• Temperature classification
Lower Temperature
Higher Temperature
Table 2 Geothermal gradient information
Temperature effect (continued)
• The slower porosity reduction of higher geothermal gradient mudstones are caused by increasing in the pore fluid pressure as follow:
pS −=σ
Temperature effect (continued)
• Other literatures on temperature effect.
– The higher geothermal gradient corresponds to rapid compaction (Reynold, 1973).
– The effect of temperature regarding to the abnormal fluid pressure (overpressure) which causes higher porosity retention with burial (Magara, 1978).
Discussion and conclusion
• We presumed that the burial depth above 3,000 m dominated by mechanical compaction.
• The exponential function is applicable only to mechanical compaction.
• The results of mudstone compaction curves showed a continuous, smooth, exponential decreasing feature, although they are normally widely scattered.
Discussion and conclusion (continued)• Older mudstones are faster porosity reductions
than younger mudstones.
• Temperature does not affect only the chemical compaction in the deeper part, but it also affects on mechanical compaction in shallow part.
• Temperature clearly affect more than time.
• Higher temperature mudstones are slower porosity reductions than lower temperature mudstone.
Discussion and conclusion (continued)• The causes of slower porosity reductions in
higher temperature mudstones are possibly due to abnormal fluid pressure or overpressure.
• To study of expelled water during compaction of mudstones. It will make us understand more on primary hydrocarbon migration. Time and temperature effect are indispensable and should be paid attention.
Present by
Trin Intaraprasong ([email protected])
27 May 2010
DMF 4th Petroleum Forum
Bangkok, Thailand 1
The Possibilities of Carbon Capture and The Possibilities of Carbon Capture and
Storage (CCS) in Thailand from a Storage (CCS) in Thailand from a
Government Point of ViewGovernment Point of View
2
OUTLINE
• CCS Overview
• Thailand Energy Policy
• CCS Activity in Thailand
• Step Forward & Discussion
4
SurveillanceSiteCharacterization
DecommissionCO2 Injection
Construction
Design
Site Selection
Publ
ic A
war
enes
s
Monitoring
Adapted from Schlumberger Presentation at DMF
Operation10-50 yr
Post 10- 100+ yr
Operation
Monitoring
Pre
Opera
tion
3-10
yr
Regu
latio
n
Road
Map
OperatorGovernment Operator Government
CCS Overview
CCS Life Cycle
5
CCS is a part of many solutions.
For Thailand we can add forestation.
Large Quantity vs High Cost
48 Gt/yr = 77% Reduction
CCS Overview
10 Gt/yr
2008 IEA Global CO2 Emission Mitigation Plan
6
(IEA/OECD: Carbon Capture and Storage: Progress and Next Steps IEA Carbon emission reduction plan, 2010)
CCS Overview
10 Gt/yr
2010 IEA Global deployment of CCS 2010‐2050 by region
8(Bejorn Berger’s Presentation: Accelerating the deployment of CCS, at 2009 CCOP Annual Meeting, Bangkok)
CCS Overview
Rangley,EOR
Full scale CCS projectsFull scale CCS projects
10
2011 Ministry of Energy’s Strategy
Provide Energy with Environmental Consideration
– Reduction of green house gas emission
– Clean Development Mechanism– Reduce carbon footprint in E&P– Research and development of
environmental friendly technology– International cooperation
knowledge exchange
Thailand’s Energy Policy Ministry of Energy’s Strategy
12
CCS Activity In Thailand
Ministry of
EnergyGeological Storage Potential
Roadmap (Cooperation with ADB)
Feasibility Study & Regulation
Initial Step
Scope of this project is limited to petroleum producing fields.
Depth > 1000 m
CO2 Capacity of > 2 Ton(EUR 20 Bcf or 2 MMbbl)
Reservoir thickness > 10 m
Thailand CCS Site Selection: Screening Processes
CCS Activity In Thailand
Secondary
Super-Critical Phase
Primary seal
Secondary Seal
On-shore
Sirikit (3) in Pitsanulok Basin Uthong (1) in Supanburi Basin Namphong (1) in Khorat Basin
Arthit (3) North Malay BasinBongkot (3) North Malay BasinBenchamas (4)Pattani BasinPailin (5) Pattani Basin Erawan (1) Pattani Basin Jasmine (2) Kra BasinSongkha (1) Songkhla BasinBoulaung (1) Western Basin
Total 5 structures Total 20 structures
CCS Site Selection: Results of Initial Screen
CCS Activity In Thailand
Off-shore
Scope of this project is limited to petroleum producing fields.
CCS Site Selection: Required Data for Secondary Screen
CCS Activity In Thailand
Structural Map
Well log
Reserves Reports
Rock TypeReservoir ThicknessSeal ThicknessPressure/Temp
ProductionReservoir ParametersFluid Properties
Geological StructureFacility Location
16
CCS Site Selection: Preliminary Result of Secondary Screen
CCS Activity In Thailand
Scope of this project is limited to petroleum producing fields.
Sirikit (2) in Pitsanulok Basin
Boulaung (1) Western BasinBenchamas (2) Pattani BasinErawan (1) Pattani Basin Bongkot (3) North Malay Basin
(Jardine, E., 1997)
17
Step Forward & Discussion
Pending on results of 3 projects
Advantages of CCS in ThailandSmall fault blockExisting FacilityEOR
Obstacles of CCS in ThailandLegalPublic Acceptance
COP10 (2004) proposed CCS as CDM
Recent Change of Policy
COP16 (2010) accepted CCS as CDM
COP17 will discuss following aspect of CCS
•criteria (and permanence); •monitoring plans; •role of modelling; •project boundaries, especially around transboundary projects; •account for emissions; •risk and safety assessment; and •liability.
(www.globalccsinstitute.com)
21
SurveillanceSiteCharacterization
DecommissionCO2 Injection
Construction
Design
Site Selection
Publ
ic A
war
enes
s
Monitoring
Adapted from Schlumberger Presentation at DMF
Operation10-50 yrPost 100+ yr
Operation
Monitoring
Pre
Opera
tion
3-10
yr
Regu
latio
n
Road
Map
OperatorGovernment Operator Government
MOE
EGA
T, P
TTM
OE
MOE New Agency
EGAT, PTT EGAT, PTT
CCS Overview
2222
DMF will promote E&P business along with prevent and
minimize environmental impact from E&P activities
1. Reduce GHG from E&P Industry especially flared gas by
promoting flared gas utilization & CDM Project
2. Zero discharge of produced water in Gulf of Thailand
Other Activities
23
Enhancing Knowledge on Impact of GHG to Climate ChangeEnhancing Knowledge on Impact of GHG to Climate Change
• Post 2012 Regime from COP 15 (The 15th Conferences of the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change)
- COPENHAGEN ACCORD
- THAILAND (Non Annex I Country):
√ National GHG Inventory
√ Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA)
√ MRV (Measurable, Reportable, Verifiable)
ONEPONEPTGOTGO
www.tgo.or.th
Other Activities
24
Planning, promoting and monitoring in policy and management of upstream petroleum business in Thailand including Joint Developing Area and Overlapping Areas
Cooperating with other countries to encourage Thailand’s E&P business
DMF is the National Hydrocarbon Executive AgentDMF is the National Hydrocarbon Executive Agent
Department of Mineral Fuels (DMF)
www.dmf.go.th