THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING FOR HUMAN HEALTH

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A; Background

Humans have various kinds of habit.Starting from exercising, reading,

writing, composing, and etc. In among the many human habits, there is one

habit that is very detrimental to human health them.It stranger bad habits are

often done by our society, the habit of smoking.

Smoking it self is not considered taboo in our society, although doing so

is the child still sitting on the bench school. Thing is very alarming, because as

we know that in a cigarette there are many toxic substances which will affect

our health.

According to the Minister healthy Indonesia Year 2004 Mr Dr. Achmad

Sujudi, smoking in Indonesia tends to increase. Based on data Susenas

(National Socioeconomic Survey) Indonesian population aged adults having

ever smoked as much as 31.6%. With the large number and high percentage of

the population who have the habit of smoking, Indonesia is the fifth highest

consumer of cigarettes in the world by number of cigarettes consumed (burned)

in 2002 as many as 182 billion cigarettes a year after the People's Republic of

China (1.697.291milyar), United States (463.504 billion), Russia (375 000

billion) and Japan (299,085 billion).

Additionally, in a report recently released by WHO titled "Tobacco

and Poverty: A Vicious Cycle or Tobacco and Poverty: A Vicious Cycle" in

commemoration of World No Tobacco Day on May 31, 2004, proved that

most smokers are poor communities . Even in the developed countries, the

highest number of smokers come from the grassroots. They also have an

economic burden and health brunt of cigarette addiction. Of the

approximately 1.3 billion smokers worldwide, 84% of them in the country -

the developing world.

The results also found that the highest number of smokers in Madras,

India actually comes from illiterate communities. Then another research

proves that the poorest communities in Bangladesh spend almost 10 times

earnings for tobacco than for educational needs. Then research in three

provinces of Vietnam found that smokers spent 3.6 times more on tobacco

than on education, 2.5 times more on tobacco than clothes, and 1.9 times

more on tobacco than on healt.

Made up for it with this paper is expected to be conscious citizens and

immediately leave or reduce their habits are not good because however

offender health effects of smoking (current smokers) and the health of

people exposed to secondhand smoke exposure of active smokers (passive

smoking) is very large, because the toxic substances contained therein.

B; Formulation of the problem

1; What is smoking?

2; What substances contained in cigarettes ?

3; How big the impact of smoking for health

4;

C; Destination

Seeing the increasing number of smokers each year, which will be the negative

impact we are feeling good too fast or slow. So with these papers made public

is expected to:

1; Knowing what is smoking

2; Knowing the substances contained in cigarettes

3; Knowing how big the impact of smoking for health

4; Reduce or even stop smoking after knowing the impact that caused

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A; General Description

1. What is smoking

Smoking is an activity to burn tobacco and then suck using the smoke

cigarettes or pipes ( Sitepoe , 2000). Sumarno ( in Mulyadi , 2007) describes

2 smoking common way , namely : ( 1 ) sucking and swallowing smoke

cigarettes into the lungs and exhaled ; ( 2 ) how this is done with more

moderate is just sucking up to her mouth and exhaled through the mouth or

nose.

Cigarettes are objects that are familiar to us. Smoking is a habit that is

very common and widespread in the community. Dangers of smoking on

health has been researched and proven a lot of people. Adverse effects of

smoking were already clearly known. Many studies have shown cigarette

smoking increases the risk of various diseases such as heart disease and

blood vessel disorders, lung cancer, oral cancer, laryngeal cancer, cancer

osefagus, bronchitis, high blood pressure, impotence and pregnancy

disorders and defects in the fetus.

In fact, the habit of smoking is hard to break and people are rarely

recognized as a bad habit. Moreover, people who smoke to distract yourself

from the stress and emotional stress, are more difficult to break away from

this habit than smokers who do not have a background of depression.

Recent research also shows the dangers of handsmoke the smoke

inhaled by the non-smokers around smokers or can be referred to as passive

smokers. Smoking can not be separated from the raw material of

manufacture of tobacco. In Indonesia, tobacco plus cloves and other

ingredients are mixed to make cigarettes. In addition to tobacco cigarettes

can also be used as a hand-rolled cigarette, cigarettes, cigars, pipes and

cigarettes tabacco smokeless (chewing tobacco).

From day to day the number of smokers increasingly increase . This is

what will be making a huge disaster for the health of our bodies.

2. Substances - Toxic substances contained in the Cigarette and Effects

As we know in the cigarette smoke that is inhaled by the smoker, not

less than 4000 toxic chemicals. Chemicals released consisted of gas

components (85 percent) and particles. Nicotine, carbon monoxide gas,

nitrogen oxides, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, acrolein, acetylene,

benzaldehid, urethan, benzene, methanol, coumarin, 4-etilkatekol,

ortokresoldan perylene is sebaian of thousands - thousands of substances in

cigarettes. But among the substances - substances mentioned above, there

are 3 of the most dangerous substances contained in cigarettes. Substance - a

substance that is:

a. Tar

Dangerous substances in the form of concentrated impurities that

can clog and irritate the lungs - pulmonary and respiratory system,

causing chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and in some cases lead to lung

cancer - lung (deadly disease that is almost unknown to those who are not

smokers). Chemical Toxins in tar can also seep into the bloodstream and

then excreted in urine.Tar left in the bladder can also cause bladder

cancer. Additionally Tar can seep in the bloodstream and reduce the

ability of cells - red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body, so

it's a great effect on the circulatory system.

b. Nicotine

It is a substance that can be addictive and affects the nervous

system, speeding up the heart rate (exceeding the normal rate), thereby

increasing the risk of disease jantung.Selain that these substances most

frequently discussed and researched people, because it can poison the

body's nerves, increase blood pressure, cause constriction of peripheral

blood vessels and cause addiction and dependence on the wearer. 4-6 mg

of nicotine which is inhaled by adults every day are able to make people

addicted. Additionally Nicotine plays a role in starting the tooth

supporting tissue disease because nicotine can be absorbed by soft tissues

of the oral cavity, including the gums through the blood stream and the

attachment of the gums to the teeth and root surfaces. Nicotine can be

found on the surface of the tooth root and yield metabolites that can be

found in the fluid kontinin gums.

c. Carbon Monoxide (CO)

These substances can penetrate the bloodstream and reduces the

ability of cells - red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body,

making it a great effect on the circulatory system blood . antoher that

facilitate the buildup of carbon monoxide - substances plug the arteries,

which can lead to heart attack fatal but it also can cause impaired blood

circulation in the last foot . the effect make women smokers are more at

risk (than female non-smokers) had harmful side effects when taking oral

contraceptives (birth control pills). Due which is why the gynecologist

(gynecologists) generally reluctant to give birth control pills in women

who smoke.

5; The impact of smoking for health

Smoking is one of the biggest causes of death and illness.Every year

around 100,000 people in the world die from smoking, with many more

living with debilitating smoking-related illnesses.Smoking increases your

risk of developing more than 50 serious health conditions. Some may be

fatal and others can cause irreversible long-term damage to your

health.You can become ill, if you smoke yourselfthrough other people's

smoke (passive smoking).

Smoking causes about 90% of lung cancers. It also causes cancer in

many other parts of the body, including the mouth, lips, throat, voice box

(larynx), oesophagus (the tube between your mouth and stomach), bladder,

kidney, liver, stomach and pancreas.

Smoking damages your heart and your blood circulation, increasing

your risk of developing conditions such as:coronary heart disease, heart

attack, strokeperipheral vascular disease (damaged blood vessels,

cerebrovascular disease (damaged arteries that supply blood to your brain)

Smoking also damages your lungs, leading to conditions such as

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which incorporates

bronchitis and emphysema pneumonia.Smoking can also worsen or

prolong the symptoms of respiratory conditions such as asthma, or

respiratory tract infections such as the common cold.

In men, smoking can cause impotence because it limits the blood

supply to the penis. It can also reduce the fertility of both men and women.

Health risks of passive smoking.Secondhand smoke comes from the

tip of a lit cigarette and the smoke that the smoker breathes out.Breathing

in secondhand smoke – also known as passive smoking – increases your

risk of getting the same health conditions as smokers. For example,

breathing in secondhand smoke increases a non-smoker's risk of

developing lung cancer by about a quarter.

Babies and children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of

secondhand smoke. A child who is exposed to passive smoke is at

increased risk of developing chest infections, meningitis, a persistent

cough and, if they have asthma, their symptoms will get worse. They're

also at increased risk of cot death and an ear infection called glue ear.

If woman smoke when pregnant, she put her unborn baby's health at

risk, as well as her own. Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of

complications such as miscarriage, premature (early), birth a low birth

weight baby.

In practice, it is not easy to implement a ban on smoking regulations.

Because it is caused by several things:

a; There is still lack of public awareness about the dangers of smoking to

the health of their bodies, making it difficult for them holding coaching.

b; Lack of dissemination of relevant agencies about the dangers of smoking,

so people do not know how big the dangers of smoking to their health.

c; Less tight control over distribution of cigarettes in our country, thus

increasing the cigarette number of manufacturers.

5. How to Solve Problems Existing

Some of the ways we can do to adapt kit to avoid dangers of secondhand

smoke is as follows:

a; Tarbiyah or genuine faith of Education - indeed for every individual

communities so that they realize how impact smoke cigarettes.

b; There is a good role model for the child at home, at school, or in the

surrounding environment.

c; Person Prohibit smoking in front of the teacher to the student when

teach .why? because we know that the task of the teacher is a role model

for the students at the school. So it's only natural that teachers should set

a good example for their students.

d; A vigorous and intensive counseling of related institutions. In this way

the number of smokers is expected to be reduced, as they gain direct

knowledge about the dangers of smoking to their health.

e; Creating Act - Act as done by Jakarta Provincial Government ban on

smoking in public places such as schools, hospitals, playgrounds, and so

on. And for that violation will be subject to sanctions or penalties 50ribu

some dollars.

f; Disseminate fatwa MUI (Indonesian Ulema Council) of illicit cigarettes.

Because this way people will think again to smoke.

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A; Conclusion

By the fact that the previous description, it can be said that cigarette more

(negative impact) of the positive impact. If this cultured continues, it could lead

to serious problems in human health. And the public should be aware of the

dangers of smoking to health them.However it is still difficult in Indonesia.

B; Suggestion

After reading this paper, hopefully people can be awakened to the

dangers of smoking to their health and leave the habit of smoking, to maintain

their health and will make their body fit and healthy to avoid life-threatening

diseases.