the effect of being orphans in the socialization abilities of the children in dswd affiliated center

8/9/2019 The Effect of Being Orphans in the Socialization Abilities Of the Children in DSWD Affiliated Center

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BAQUIAL AND DACILLO 2

ACKNOWLEDGEENT

'his research study /ould not be possible /ithout the people /ho helped the

researchers$ 'he study /ill never have been accomplished /ithout the support and

guidance of several individuals$ 'he researchers /ould li0e to e1tend their sincere

than0s to the follo/ing persons /ho gave their personal assistance and aid$

'o their ever supportive and loving parents *** "r$ and "rs$ Rene P$ !aquial and

"rs$ Lyneth %acillo for the guidance and financial assistance they handed to the

researchers$

'o their persistent adviser *** "rs$ Crina 'anongon /ho patiently guided the

researchers to the right /ay of doing their study the correct manner$ 'he researchers

/ould not reach to /here they are no/ /ithout her dedication and patience$

'o their respondents and informants /ho gave their full trust on the researchers

and disclosed even their deeply 0ept feelings$

Above all, the researchers /ould never have had a researcher /ithout the glory

and sho/ered blessing of 23%$ 'he researchers e1tend their deepest, heartfelt than0s

for the completion of their study$


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ABST!ACT

A study aimed to determine ho/ the orphans in the %epartment of 4ocial 5elfare

and %evelopment 6%45%7 interact /ith other children, to find out /hat are the vie/s

and perceptions of the orphaned*children to/ard marriage, and to 0no/ ho/ the

orphans react to the vie/s of other people of their orphanhood $ !o/lby8s Attachment

'heory and 9ygots0y8s 4ocial %evelopment 'heory /ere used to interpret the data

collected$ Content analysis /ith qualitative approach /as employed in this study$

After conducting the research, results sho/ed that orphanhood and the vie/s of

other people to/ard them did not affect the /ay the informants interact /ith other

children even outside the institution$ Also, the results also sho/ed that even though they

are orphans, they are still open to possibilities of having their o/n families in the future$

:ence, orphanhood did not affect their perception to/ards marriage

'he study opened the idea that the orphaned children are e1posed to many

different factors as they gro/ up$ And regardless of the fact there are people /ho are

presently ta0ing care of them, they should be given attention to$


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TABLE O" CONTENTS

'I'L) PA2)

AC&;35L)%2)");'


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4ampling Procedure


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L#ST O" "#G$!ES

Figure 'itle Page

- 'heoretical Frame/or0 %iagram +

+ Conceptual Frame/or0 %iagram ++

. 3perational Frame/or0 %iagram +>

L#ST O" TABLES

'able 'itle Page

-$- Activities of 3rphans /ith 3ther Children .-

+$- Age )ntered in the Institution .?

.$- 3rphans relationships /ith friends and

their desire for school =+

C%A&TE! '#ND!OD$CT#ON


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!ationale of the St(d)

&atrina 'hea %acillo and "ar#orie !aquial, both first year students of UP*Cebu,

noticed that a common image of an orphan in soap operas is an aloof, aggressive, and

rebellious individual$ 'his /as /hat the researchers observed /hile /atching the +>

A!4*C!; '9 series Mga Anghel na Walang Langit. 'he children /ere treated as if they

didn8t have the right to be respectedE they /ere treated li0e vermin$ People around them

underestimated their capacity and abilities$ In the series Mga Anghel na Walang Langit,

there /as a scene that the children /ere 0idnapped and forced by a syndicate to beg in

the streets$ 'he money they collected /ere be given to the people in the syndicate$

)ach day they /ould have aggressive attitudes to/ards each other so as to intimidate

the other children a/ay from their territories$ 'his gave the researchers the idea that the

aggressiveness of these children happen in real life regarding the lives of street children

here in Cebu City$

'here /as a scene in the movie /hen %odong, one of the orphans fought /ith

other street children for a territoryG /here they /ere allo/ed to beg for alms$ 'hey

thre/ stones at each other and used vulgar /ords in public$ 5hen %odong comes

home to his tatayG, the leader of the syndicate /ho uses the street children to earn

money, he remits all the money he gathered from begging for alms$ :e earned only a

little amount of money that day so /hat his tatayG did /as that he punched him until he

could endure it no more$ 4ame thing happens to every child if they get only a little

amount of money for a day of /or0$ 5ith this 0ind of punishment, the children try as

much as they can to earn money large enough for them not to be punished$ 4o /hat

they do is that fight for a larger territory /ith other street children$ 'hese fights made the


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children 0no/n to other people for violence that made them suffer from discrimination

/hen they gre/ up especially /hen they apply for #obs$ 'he researchers also noticed

that in some other series they /atched, orphans /ho suffered tremendous trauma

during their childhood became afraid to fall in love and chose to become old maidsH old

bachelors in their adult years$

'hese observations gave the researchers ideas to e1plore more about the real

situations of orphans here in Cebu$ 'hey /ere curious on ho/ the treatment of the

people around the orphans affect their socialiation /ith other people especially

strangers$ Also they /ere intrigued on ho/ orphans respond and act around these

strangers, and their attitudes to/ards the stranger$ !ut before finaliing their decision,

they decided the advantages and disadvantages of choosing their topic$

'he first things the researchers considered in choosing their topic /ere the time

frame, accessibility of orphans, and the remar0ability of the topic$ 'hey /eighed if they

choose to e1plore more of the topic, /ill they be able finish to organie and come up

/ith a good paper /ithin the given time period Are the respondentsH informants easy to

reach And most importantly, is the topic interesting in the first place 'hese are the

primary questions the researchers discerned before doing the first move$

'hey really both /ant to 0no/ the real situations of orphans in a particular

institutionE hence they came up /ith the idea to conduct a study about the effects of

orphanhood in the socialiation$ 'hey /anted to 0no/ if there are effects that they could

carry /hen they gro/ up that /ould affect their perception to settling do/n$

State*ent of the &roble*


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'his study aims to 0no/ and understand the effects of being orphans in

the socialiation of the children in %45% center$ Also, this study see0s to ans/er

the follo/ing questions

-$7 :o/ do the orphans interact /ith other non*orphaned children+$7 5hat are the vie/s of the orphans to/ard marriage and having families of

their o/n.$7 :o/ do these orphans react to the vie/s of other people on them being

orphans

Ob+ecti,es of the St(d)

'he ob#ectives of this study are as follo/s

-$7 'o find out ho/ the orphans interact /ith non*orphaned children$+$7 'o determine the vie/s of the orphans to/ards having families of their o/n$.$7 'o 0no/ ho/ these orphans react to the vie/s of other people on them being

orphans$


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Significance of the St(d)

!eing a descriptive research, this study /ould help fello/ researchers and the

society /ho are interested in the behaviors of children e1periencing different 0inds of

situations$ 'hroughout the course of this study, the researchers /ill be discussing about

the socialiation abilities, the different vie/s and opinions of other people regarding

them, and their o/n vie/s on commitments$ 'his information may be useful for those

/ho are interested in studying the orphaned children and the factors involving the

behaviors present among these 0inds of young individuals$ 'his /ould allo/ the people

to fully comprehend the situation of the children and get a vie/ of ho/ these children

live their lives$


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'his research can also be used as a basis for other orphanages and other

centers that caters to children of the same situation$ 'his may be a source of

information for the people that handle orphans for them to 0no/ and understand ho/

the orphans feel about their situation, the different feelings that affect their actions, and

the emotional state they are in$ )1isting orphanages have difficulty in handling the

orphans they care for, and struggle to determine /hat deems best for the orphaned

children$ Problems that they encounter may be due to the misunderstandings and the

/rong presumptions of the children and the administrators$ 'he study can raise the

a/areness of the people of the things they have to change$ 'he data that /ill be

presented in the study may help the centers and the people administrating it, to create

changes or alter their perspective and /ays of handling and caring for this type of

children$ 'he changes that they /ill ma0e can be more conducive to the sensitive care

orphaned children need$ 'his researcher can help them give a more delicate attention

to the specific emotional and physical need the children require$

"oreover, the research can help in /ill help lessen issues that surround the

sensitive minds of the children$ 'he issue being that these children receive side

comments of not having their parents beside them and at a point in their lives, they may

be put do/n because of their parents$ 'his study can provide a reference to the society

for them to 0no/ the things children go through and for them to prevent these 0inds of

situations and avoid a traumatiing condition for orphaned children$


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C%A&TE! ##

!E-#EW O" !ELATED L#TE!AT$!E

'his study on e1amining the possible effects of being orphans on the

socialiation of children, aging from - to - years and their socialiation abilities needs

to have material basis from reliable sources li0e thesis, #ournals, boo0s, magaines, and

the li0e$ In this chapter, the researchers use variety of models, ideas, realiations, and

conclusion of professional and prominent researchers in the field of child psychology$


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'hese researchers focus on matters relating on the factors that affect the socialiation

of orphans in order to establish the grounds of this study$

!y the mid*-BB8s children /ho lost both their parents /ere the only ones

considered as orphans in many industrialied countries$ :o/ever, !ehrendt and "baye

6+7 defined an orphan as a child /ho had lost his mother, his father, or both$ 'hey

categoried in their study the orphans as 6-7 girls and boys /ho have lost their mothers,

6+7 girls and boys /ho have lost their fathers and 6.7 those /ho lost both parents$ 'he

United ;ations ChildrenJs Fund 6U;IC)F7 6+-+7 adopted the same definition /hen

AI%4 pandemic began to cause the death of millions in the mid -BB8s$ 'o e1press the

gro/ing crisis, the terminologies single orphanG 6U;IC)F, +-+7 meaning a child /ho

has lost only one parent, and double orphanG 6U;IC)F, +-+7 meaning the child lost

both parents, /ere accepted /ithin society$

!ehrendt and "baye 6+7 tal0ed also about the Kdouble orphan8 and their

coping mechanism /ith the distressing events they /ent through because of their

orphanhood $ 'hese coping mechanisms /ere usually associated /ith troublesome or

dangerous acts that the orphans have or may have done$ An e1ample is suicidal, /hich

according to !ehrendt and "baye /ere considerably high on orphans, especially those

/ho have lost their mothers$ 'he loss of parents created a disruption of family supports

systemsG 6Chir/a, ++7, thus ma0ing them more vulnerable and prone to unusual

behavior$

'hese unusual behaviors may come in a form of being anti*social such as

egoism, cunning, and insensitivity to human misery 6Chavan, +-7$ Chir/a 6++7

relayed that due to the troubles that these children had undergone$ 'here /as a


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considerable reduction of chances that they may interact /ith other children of society$

'his /as seconded by "usisi, &inyanda, ;a0asu##a, ;a0igudde 6+?7, /ho concluded

that orphans, compared to non*orphans sho/ed more common behavioral problems$

'hey stated that the orphans /ere most li0ely to be more emotionally needy, insecure

and poor, thus affecting their socialiation /ith children of the same age$ !ehrendt and

"baye 6+7 agreed /ith this conclusion, saying that the orphans, on the category of

males /ho lost fathers, test their identity and had anti*social behaviors$ Anti*social

behavior /as the factor that hindered the orphans to have socialiation /ith other

children$

4ocialiation, defined by :ammond 6+B7, has three levels the primary

socialiation, secondary socialiation and the adult socialiation$ Primary socialiation

according to :ammond involved the social development of a child$ 'his stage requires

full attention for the child8s lu1uries and necessities$ %uring these years, the child is

li0ely to be attached to the older people sho/ing affection to/ards himHher$ 'his stage

prepares the child for the future that heHshe shall encounter either social re#ection or

acceptation$ An orphan, due to loss of stable guidance may not be able to fully go

through this stage, /hich may have a negative effect in the ne1t level of socialiation

/hich is the secondary socialiation$ In the 4econdary socialiation, :ammond stated

that the child no/ enters school and discovers that he is being #udged by the people

around him$ :e slo/ly ad#usts to the environment /herein his life is no longer limited

solely /ithin hisHher parent8s four /alls$ !eing an orphaned child, heHshe /ould

succumb to the social pressure, being the main reason /hy he had not properly gone

through the primary stage$ Lastly, the third stage is the Adult socialiation$ !y this time,

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Musisi%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21499485http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kinyanda%20E%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21499485http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Nakasujja%20N%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21499485http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Nakigudde%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21499485http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kinyanda%20E%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21499485http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Nakasujja%20N%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21499485http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Nakigudde%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21499485http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Musisi%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21499485


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as :ammond mentioned, the child is fully gro/n and no longer called a child but rather

a young adult$ 'his stage focuses on the pursuit of the child8s o/n dreams and its

difference /ith the roles he has to achieve in society$ 'here is, according to :ammond,

the thought of settlement$ 5hat this related studies failed to mention /as that ho/

orphanhood affected the adult8s perceptions to/ards their thought of creating their o/n

family /hich /ill be one of the sub*topics that our study /ill be focusing$

Considering settlement in the near future for adults is common but for orphaned

adults, this 0ind of decision /ould ta0e a little longer time to be decided upon$

Adulthood is #ust an e1tension of a person8s childhood e1perienceG 6Rad/an, n$d$7$ A

comparative study conducted by 4engendo and ;ambi 6-BB?7 in Ra0ai %istrict,

Uganda sho/ed that only M of orphaned youths /anted to be married compared to

the .M of non*orphaned youths$ !asing on the data they gathered, they arrived at the

idea that non*orphans /ere more optimistic about the futureG 64engendo, N ;ambi,

-BB?7 than the orphans$ In gathering the data, a sample of orphaned children aging

from *+ years old served as the participants$ Random sampling technique /as used

in identifying these sub#ects giving all orphans in the particular area equal chance to be

randomly selected$ After identifying their sub#ects, they individually intervie/ed all of

them about their perceptions about their orphaning e1perience and one of the factors

tac0led /as their intention of marrying and having children$ 3ther factors considered

/ere as follo/s 6-7 level of depression 6+7 level of anger 6.7 reaction during their

parents sic0ness and death and 6=7 their ad#ustment score$

'he e1pectation of orphans in marrying and rearing their o/n children should be

given emphasis to fully understand the behavioral patterns of the orphans$ Another


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reason /hy the e1pectations of orphans in marrying and having children should be

ta0en into consideration is that this /ill e1plain ho/ depression /ould affect the

children8s vie/s to life and society$ According to 4engendo and ;ambi 6-BB?7, the

orphaned children /ere sad all the time, they hated themselves, they /orry about

everything, they had no appetite, and had trouble sleeping$ 'his occurred mostly to

children /ho /ere recently orphaned$ 5ith these findings, they concluded that orphans

/ere more indicative of high levels of malad#ustmentsG /hich may, according to London

6+B7, /ould result to early marriage especially to double orphansG and maternal

orphansG$ 5ith this early se1ual debutG 6London, +B7, unplanned babies receive less

/armth, less nurturing parental time, as /ell as fe/er boo0s and other learning

materials at homeG 6 4hellenbarger, +B7 thus, affecting their parent*child relationship$

It is obvious that the future of the orphaned child is very dependent on the

ad#ustments that heHshe has to go through at a very young age$ !ecause the child is

inadequately ad#usted to the demands or stresses of daily living, heHshe can hardly cope

/ith the demands of society as he gro/s older$ A study /as done by 4aripudin, 4u/irta,

and &omalasari 6+7 in !andung, Indonesia /herein they too0 street children,

orphans and children in special situationsG as respondents and studied on the re*

socialiation capabilities of these children$ 4aripudin, 4u/irta, and &omalasari 6+7,

used t/o systems, Inside the Institution 4ystemG and the 3utside the Institution

4ystemG$ 'he Inside the Institution 4ystemG involved the government and private

sectors providing the children /ith basic psychological and physical needs li0e food,

shelter, and clothing$ 'his focused on the academic aspects of the children in

comparison to the non*orphaned children$ 'he second system, 3utside the Institution


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4ystemG, focused on the social aspect of the children$ 3n the social aspect the

researchers, they chose an open house as a service model$ 3pen house system is a

model /here the orphan participants have the freedom to /or0 on the streets and

e1press their true selves even /hen they are learning$ Using this model required three

steps$ First, the researchers had to reach out to the children and help the children build

trust$ 'he second included the institution to 0no/ the educational needs of the children

and the best teaching technique available for these 0inds of children$ 'he third step /as

the preparation for teaching the children$ 'hey facilitated the learning of the children

/ithout compromising the children8s /or0 /ith their studies$ ;e1t step they did /as

evaluating their learning performance$ In this process, they guided them through

children8s potency enhancementG 64aripudin, et al$7 in solving the cases they

e1perienced$ 'he last step they did /as the conclusion of the performance termination

of their learning after all the ob#ectives have been met and the children are ready to go

on their separate /ays$

'hrough the open house system, the orphaned children8s perception to/ards

learning changed$ 5ith this, 4aripudin, 4u/irta, and &umalasari 6+7 concluded that

their technique to/ard teaching /as successful and may encourage other orphans to

participate in their open house program$ 'hrough this program, the /or0ers of the open

house program could monitor the children8s mental and psychological aspect /ithout

ta0ing them a/ay from the life they once ventured Otheir life on the streets$

&no/ing the children8s norms and attitudes, the /or0ers could ad#ust the /ay

they teach the students, thus formulate a teaching technique that /ould fit to the

orphans8 situation$ "an cannot be separated from his environment$ :is consciousness


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is ine1tricably lin0ed /ith his surroundings, physical, socialG 6Chavan, +-7 and

psychological 6Cluver, 2ardner, N 3perario, +?7$

In a study conducted in 4outh Africa by Cluver, 2ardner and 3perario 6+?7 in

4outh Africa, they tried to measure ho/ physically and emotionally distressed the

children orphaned by :I9 are$ Participants /ere recruited from B schools, and - non*

governmental organiations$ 'here /ere -,+> children participants in all, aging from

-*-B years of age$ 'hey /ere intervie/ed using socio*demographic questionnaires

and scales standardied for determining depression, peer relationship problems, post*

traumatic stress, and delinquency and conduct problems$ Child %epression Inventory

6C%I7 6Cluver, et$ al$, +?7 /as used to measure depression$ An1iety /as measured

using the Children8s "anifest An1iety*revised, a +*item scale /ith good psychometric

property$ Peer problems /ere measured using a >*item peer problem subscale$ Post*

traumatic scale /as measured using Amaya*ac0son8s KChild P'4% Chec0list,8 also a

+*item scale derived from %4"*I9 criteria$

'he data they gathered sho/ed that orphaned children /ere more vulnerable to

depression, peer relationship problems, and post* traumatic e1periences /hich

according to Cluver, 2ardner and 3perario 6+?7 /ere caused by the death of the

children8s parents$ 'he orphans also e1hibited higher levels of sub#ectivity problems, but

lesser in conduct problems$ 'his is because, as sho/ed in their qualitative evidence,

AI%4*orphaned children are e1posed to multiple stressors /hich may contribute to

mental health problems, including energy draining parental AI%4*illnesses, multiple

losses, and stigmaG 6Cluver, et$ al$, p ?>>7$


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'he assumption of Cluver, 2ardner, and 3perario8s 6+?7 /as that children

orphaned by :I9HAI%4 may be more emotional and in lesser e1tent, more vulnerable to

behavioral problems$ 'heir study also sho/ed that AI%4*orphaned children /ere more

li0ely to commit suicide compared to children orphaned by another cause other than

suicide$

5hitman 6as cited in "anugas, N 4egales, +-+7 included heredity as one of the

factors that influenced an individual8s physical, spiritual, and emotional aspect that

contributes to ho/ heHshe perceives hisHher environment and dra/ conclusions from

that point*of*vie/$ :eredity as defined by 5illiams 6as cited in "anugas, N 4egales7 is

the sum of characteristics biologically transmitted from parents to offsprings /hich may

be physical composition and behaviors that spa/n from generation to generation and is

automatically determined at the moment of conception /here the fusion of the maternal

and parental germ cells happens$ Children that sprung out from families suffering from

emotional unstableness according to "anugas and 4egales had high possibility to

become suicidal$ Children /ho suffered physical abuse may also be lin0ed to suicide

cases$ According to !riere and Runt 6as cited in "anugas, N 4egales7, abused victims

tend not to forget their dar0 past and build an impaired self*esteem, guilt, self*blame,

po/erlessness, and interpersonal dysfunction /hich cause negative perception on life

and countless attempts to commit suicide$

"anugas and 4egales 6+-+7 used the non*probability sampling in gathering

informants for the study$ 'his method gave them the freedom to choose /ho /ill be their

sub#ects$ ;on*probability sampling /as also used in their study$ Under it /as purposive

sampling$ 'he research /as conducted at the %epartment of 4ocial 5elfare and


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changes$ Children, therefore, according to !ulloc0, should be supported by their

teachers, so as to avoid depression from possible peer re#ection that the children may

undergo$ Peer re#ection may be one factor that may have a psychological impact on

orphaned children$

Another factor affecting the orphaned child and his gro/th is also due to the fact

that he is living in an orphanage$ Ironic that the only institution that the child considers

family may also be an aspect affecting them severely$ A study done by 'ar0o, 6n$d$7 in

Romania sho/ed that a child is mentally and physically affected in an orphanage$ 'he

study indicated that a child that is gro/ing up in an orphanage slo/s do/n their mental

and physical gro/th$ IQ questions /ere given to children of t/o groups$ 'he first /ere

children /ho gre/ up in an orphanage and the other /ere children that /ere brought up

through foster care$ 'ar0o concluded that the boys of both groups are not affected, all of

them had the same score, yet it /as considerably lo/$ 'he girls on the other hand,

'ar0o stated, are the ones that are greatly affected by the mental change$ 'he girls from

the foster care had a high score compared to those of the children from the orphanage$

According to ohnson 6as cited in 'ar0o7 the physical gro/th of children gro/ing up in

orphanages has considerably delayed development and they had lo/er levels of

:ormonal gro/th$ Puberty in girls /as delayed by t/o 6+7 years /hile in the boys, one

and a half years$ (eanah 6as cited in 'ar0o7 stated that children raise in different

institutions may be associated /ith ris0 of psychiatric disorders in /hich factors include

the pre*natal e1posure to drugs and alcoholG and social and material deprivation after

birth and limited pre*natal care$ 3rphaned children then, are not only at ris0 of social

inclusions, and possible suicidal prospects but also the ris0 of psychiatric conditions$


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3f all the studies and readings revie/ed by the researchers, all of them sho/ed

negative results in relation to the emotional effects of orphanhood to the socialiation of

the orphans$ In connection /ith this, the researchers /ould li0e to conduct their o/n

study in order to provide an in*depth research of the orphans8 gro/th and socialiation

abilities /hich the above literatures failed to emphasie to understand the children$ 'he

researchers also see0 to 0no/ the assumptions of the people surrounding the orphans

and ho/ this could be a factor to their gro/th and socialiation$ Furthermore, the

researchers /ould li0e to find out /hy society has stereotyping to/ards orphans and

stress out the norms of society as ho/ they should vie/ these children$

Chapter ###

St(d) "ra*e.or/sIn this chapter, the researchers /ill be discussing the t/o theories that they /ill

apply in the analysis of their data in Chapter Five$ 'hese theories are 6-7 Attachment

'heory by ohn !o/lby and 6+7 4ocial %evelopment 'heory by Lev 9ygots0y$

Theoretical "ra*e.or/

A psychiatrist in Child 2uidance Clinic in London, ohn !o/lby 6as cited in

"cLeod, +B7 introduced the behavioral 'heory of Attachment in psychology /hich

states that the child becomes attached to the mother because she fed the childG

6"cLeod, +B7$ Attachment can be developed /hich helps the child survive$ !o/lby,


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6as cited in "cLeod, +B7 defined attachment as lasting psychological connectedness

bet/een human beingsG$ According to him, an child see0s the protection of hisHher

caregiver /henever heHshe is stressed or threatened$ 'his assumption /as derived

after /or0ing /ith emotionally disturbed children as part of his profession$

'hough !o/lby 6as cited in "cLeod, +B7 /as the first to formulate the theory,

there /ere other researchers, namely Rudolph 4chaffer and Peggy )merson 6-B=7

/ho formulated the 4tages of Attachment /hich /as supplemental to !o/lby8s 'heory

of Attachment$ 'he stages of the Attachment 'heory /ere 6-7 Indiscriminate attachment

6+7 Preference for certain people 6.7 4pecial preference for a single attachment figure

and 6=7 "ultiple attachments$

'he first stage happens from the birth up to three months of age of the child$ In

this stage, the baby is inclined to attach to any human heHshe encounters$ In the second

stage, /hich occurs from hisHher four months of e1istence up to seven months, the child

starts to distinguish /ho the people heHshe meets seldom or often but still accepts care

from anyone$ In the third stage, /hich commonly happens after seven months, the baby

starts to distinguish /ho the people to trust and /here to see0 protection$ :eHshe also

starts to display fear to strangers and sadness /hen separated from a special personG

6"cLeod, +B7$ After nine months, the child starts to become independent and start to

form multiple attachments /ith people aside from the people that heHshe use to mingle

/ith$

Psychologists proposed t/o theories that /ould support the Attachment 'heory

6-7 Learning H behaviorist theory of attachment by %ollard and "iller 6-B>7 and 6+7

)volutionary theory of Attachment by !o/lby 6-B>7, :arlo/ and Loren 6n$d$7$ 'he


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former suggested that food is the basis of learning the formation of attachments$ Infants

form attachments to /hoever feed or give them food 6/hich is usually is the mother7

through the process of classical conditioningG 6"cLeod, +B7$ 'hey also learn certain

behaviors that bring desirable responses to others and try to repeat these behaviors to

get /hat they /ant through the process of operant conditioningG 6"cLeod, +B7$

'he second theory /hich /as formulated by ohn !o/lby 6-B>7 himself

together /ith :arlo/ and Loren 6n$d$7 suggested that infants come into the /orld

biologically pre*programmed to form attachments /ith others, because this /ill help

them to surviveG 6"cLeod, +B7$ In this theory, the determinant of attachment is not

food but rather care and responsiveness$ !o/lby suggested that a child /ould initially

form only one main attachment that /ould act as a secure base for e1ploring the /orld$

'his particular attachment /ould act as a model for all future social relationships that if

interrupted could cause severe consequences$ 'his theory also suggested that there is

a certain critical period in developing this attachment 6*> years old7$ If this development

/ill be disturbed and the attachment /ill not be fully developed, then the child /ill suffer

from irreversible developmental consequencesG 6"cLeod, +B7 li0e intelligence

reduction and increase of aggression$

'his theory can also be lin0ed to 9ygots0y8s 6as cited in Culatta, +-.7 4ocial

%evelopment 'heory /hich states that social interaction plays a fundamental role in the

process of cognitive development$ 9ygots0y asserts that social development comes

before learning$ 9ygots0yJs theory 6as cited in Culatta, +-.7 /as an attempt to e1plain

consciousness as the end product of socialiation. According to him, crucial learnings

occur through a s0illful and 0no/ledgeable learning and in order for learning to be


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inculcated in the child8s mind, a s0illful and 0no/ledgeable teacher or tutor is needed$

'his tutor is called 'he "ore &no/ledgable 3therG 69ygots0y, -B+7 or "&3$ 'he "&3

6usually the parents7 may model behaviors or give verbal instructions to the child$

9ygots0y 6as cited in Culatta, +-.7 coined this giving of instructions as a co*operative

or collaborative dialogueG 6Culatta, +-.7$ 'he infant then tries to understand and

remember it to guide and control hisHher o/n doings$

'he second aspect in 9ygots0y8s 6as cited in Culatta, +-.7 theory is that (one of

Pro1imal %evelopment 6(P%7 /here according to him learning happens$ In order for

learning to ta0e place, guidance and encouragement from the "&3 must be done for a

child to master on hisHher o/n a particular s0ill$ 'his is the stage /here the child

develops the sense of independence$ In order to attain full development of the (P%, a

child must have a full social interaction /hich starts to develop at home /hich /ould

e1tend outside /hen the child starts to develop interacting s0ills$ 'he range of s0ill that

can be developed /ith adult guidance or peer collaboration e1ceeds /hat can be

attained aloneG 6Culatta, +-.7$ 'herefore, development is better in children /ho gro/

up guided than those /ho gro/ up alone$

'he figure belo/ sho/s the relationship bet/een !o/lby8s Attachment 'heory

and 9ygots0y8s 4ocial %evelopment 'heory in the socialiation of the child$


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More knowledgableother(usually mother)

one o! "ro#$malDe%elo"ment(&D)

Ch$ld'In!ant


27/67


"#G$!E ' 'heoretical Frame/or0

Concept(al "ra*e.or/

'his frame/or0 sho/s the correlation of the Attachment theory and 4ocial

%evelopment 'heory and its relevance to the different variables used in the study$

'he 4ocial %evelopment theory as said above e1plains the "ore

&no/ledgeable 3therG, /ho is the role model of the child, one /ho is the instruction

giver or disciplinary center$ For the orphaned child, this person comes in the form of

either a social /or0er /ho ta0es care of them day*by*day, or any personnel that helps

them go through their everyday activities$

'he (one of Pro1imal %evelopmentG also mentioned above is, in the study,

considered the %54% center$ 5here they live, they are educated, they learn to

socialie and do their daily routines$

( O C I A L ) * L A + I O N ( , I & ( - I + , O + , * ) ( I N + , * . U + U ) *


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'he Attachment 'heory brings in also the factors that may possibly have a

big impact on the socialiation abilities of the orphaned children regarding other

children$ 'he theory of attachment has the four different stages$ 'he first stage is the

Indiscriminate Attachment$ %uring this phase, the child is very inclined to the person

sHhe encounters$ At the age of =*? months, most orphans are still not a/are of the loss

they have, not only because of their incapacity to thin0 deeply, but also to the fact that

the child cannot distinguish hisHher parents from other people$

'he second stage is the /hen the children have preference for certain peopleG$

'his is a stage /herein the orphans may choose the person /ho they are more

comfortable /ith or /ho heHshe has gro/n used to in order for the orphaned child to

have a better environment for hisHher ad#ustment period$ !ut in this stage the child still

see0s the care from other people and this is /here the "&3 of the 4ocial %evelopment

'heory comes in$

'he 4pecial preference for a single attachment figure is the third stage$ In this

phase, the orphaned child 6no/ maybe more than ? mos$7 gro/s to fear the strangers

that approach them$ In this stage, trauma is very li0ely if the outsiderG does not 0no/

ho/ to handle the orphaned child$ 'he child by this time see0s protection from a Kspecial

attachment figure8 and learns to trust$

Lastly, the fourth stage is the multiple attachments$ 5here in this phase the

orphan child no/ begins to /iden hisHher idea of attachments and start befriending

other children$ :eHshe slo/ly becomes independent and mingles /ith the children he is

/ith on a daily basis$ 'he environment and surroundings the child is e1posed to can be

considered the (P%$


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'he figure follo/ing the page sho/s the flo/ of events as they are perceived in

the theories provided above$ 'his figure also stresses out the main role of the orphaned

children and the 0ey highlight of socialiation of the children$

OCIAL -O/* 0&*ONN*L +,A+

,ANDL* +,* O&,AN

*DUCA+ION

Or"haned Ch$ld

ATTACHMENT FACTORS ATTACHMENT FACTOR


30/67


31/67


:ence, these e1periences have shaped their lives that reflect on the /ay they socialie

/ith other people$

'he orphans /ould have to deal /ith the factors that entails in their orphanhood

namely their socialiation /ith others and the vie/s of other people to/ards them$

'hese factors may affect the /ay they perceive their future to/ards marrying$ 'he /ay

the orphans are brought up is also important$ 'hey should be given more attention since

they are sensitive /hen it comes to their parents and they are easily influenced by

different elements especially /hen they receive lac0 of care$

'he researchers8 assumption is that if the orphans in the %45% /ill not be given

enough care and responsiveness, they /ould suffer from tremendous intellectual and

behavioral problems and /ould unsuccessfully undergo the (one of Pro1imal

%evelopment$ 3ther/ise, they /ould develop li0e normal children and /ould therefore

develop normal socialiation s0ills li0e any other non*orphaned children$ 'hey also

hypothesied that the vie/s of other people to/ards them /ould also affect the /ay

they socialie /ith others and that this socialiation /ould greatly affect their perception

to/ards having families of their o/n depending on ho/ they react to those vie/s$ If they

let those vie/s affect their life, they /ould loathe the concept of marriage$ In contrary, if

they don8t care about the vie/s of other people to/ards them, they /ould be opento

possibilities of having families of their o/n$

'he figure belo/ sho/s the specified data on the theories of the researchers and

the factors affecting the socialiation of the children$ 'he 3rphaned children are more

defined in the frame/or0 to give a clear vie/ of the study$ 'he perception of "arriage

has also been added to further screen the data$


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Care and

es"ons$%eness

*DUCA+IONo1$al worker 0

&ersonnel $n 1harge o!

the Or"hans

Or"haned Ch$ld!rom the D-D

Center9ie/s of 3ther People9ie/s of 3ther People


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S(ccessf(l $ns(ccessf(l

"#G$!E 1 3perational Frame/or0

C%A&TE! #-

ET%ODOLOG2

In this chapter, the researchers described the methodology that they employed

throughout the research$ 'his section is a brief description on the research8s sampling

procedures, /ays on gathering data and analysis of the data$

!esearch Design

'hroughout the study the researchers used a qualitative research design$ A

qualitative research design is one that focuses on the sub#ective matter of the study$ It is

a design that gives an intent description to life e1periences and relays an in*depth

meaning of these e1periences$ Qualitative research design also focuses on the

questions relating to /hy8s and ho/8s$ Furthermore, this design involves a lesser

% e v e l o p m e n t o f 4 o c i a l i C a t i o n 4 0 i l l s

Inte l le1tualand

Beha%$oral&roblems 0

Loathetowards the

N o r * a lS o c i a l i z a t i o n 3

O p e n t o& o s s i b i l i t i e s o f

a r r i a g e


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number of respondents, /hich gives the researchers a chance to do a profound

investigation as to ho/ the orphans develop their socialiation abilities given their

situation$ 4ince the study involves the feelings and /ay of thin0ing of the children, the

researchers e1pected results inclining to the sub#ective matters$

4ince our study involved an intensive analysis of the situation of the orphaned

children, the researchers chose to have a case study$ 'his is a type of research in /hich

detailed analysis is given to a particular person or group$ 'he result of this research

method is limited only to the particular persons being studied and /ould not apply to

others even /ith the same situation /ith the informants$

Sa*pling &roced(re

'he researchers used a non*probability sampling procedure$ A non*probability

sampling procedure is a 0ind of sampling technique in /hich the samples are chosen

based on a sub#ective #udgment rather than choosing through random sampling$ 5hen

follo/ing a qualitative research design, non*probability techniques can provide

researchers strong theoretical reasons$ Under non*probability sampling is Purposive

sampling$ Purposive sampling is a form of non*probability sampling that the

respondents /ill be included in the sample are gathered based upon a specific criteria$

'he main goal of this technique is to focus on a group of informants /ith the same

characteristics in a population$ 'his does not necessarily mean that they are the


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representatives of the population$ 'hus, the samples of this procedure only have a

common 0no/ledge over a specific topic$

'he researcher8s criteria to/ards the samples are that the respondents should be

6-7 proven to be a child orphan, 6+7 a resident of Cebu City 6.7 resides in the care of

%45% or a %45% officiated center$

#nfor*ants

'he informants of this case study are orphaned children$ 'hese children may be

orphaned by mother, an orphan by father or both$ 'he researchers focus only on the

orphaned children ta0en care of %epartment of 4ocial /elfare and %evelopment

6%45%7 or of centers officiated and approved by the %45%$ An age brac0et of -*-

years old is given by the researchers to ensure the informants /ill be of mature thin0ing

to ans/er the questions of the researchers$ 'he questions may be too sensitive for

children belo/ this age brac0et and it may /orsen their feelings$ 'he researchers shall

ma0e certain that the ans/ers, names and other personal details /ill remain

confidential$ It /ill only be bet/een the researchers and the informants since the results

are sensitive matters to the children$

!esearch #nstr(*ent


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4ince the research /ill be a case study, the researchers /ill be using an

intervie/ guide to aid them in the data gathering$ Intervie/s are particularly useful for

getting the story behind an informant8s e1periencesG 64hrivastrava,N9alenuela, n$d$7$

'he intervie/ guide /ill be composed of questions that /ould support the researchers8

sub*problems$ )ach sub*problem /ill have t/o or more questions that /ill support them

so that it /ould be easier for the researchers to group them accordingly during the

analysis of the data collected$

'he questions formulated support the sub*problems of this research$ )ach sub*

problem /as provided t/o to three questions to support it$ )ach set of questions relate

to the sub*problem /here it falls into$ 'hese questions help ans/er the sub*problems

presented in this research through interpreting and analying the data gathered from

these questions$

Data Collection

'he researchers /ill gather all the informants in the center for children inside the

%45% compound$ 'hey /ill be intervie/ed one*by*one$ 'he purpose of this intervie/ is

to avoid copying of ans/ers bet/een the informants so that the researchers can collect

information that is truly coming from the informants$ In the collection of data needed for

the research, the researchers /ill allot a minimum of one /ee0 6or seven days7 to a

ma1imum of t/o /ee0s 6or -= days7$ 'he data gathering started on "arch =, +-. and

ended on "arch ->, +-.$


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Data Anal)sis

'he information that /as gathered from intervie/ of the informants /as grouped

by number in the question guide$ 'he data /as then lin0ed to the t/o main theories that

the researchers used in aiding them to arrive in a particular conclusion namely

!o/lby8s Attachment 'heory and 9ygots0y8s 4ocial %evelopment 'heory$ In the analysis

of the data, the researchers compared the ans/ers of the t/o informants$ :ence, they

formulated conclusions based on the informants8 ans/ers and the comparison made by

the researchers /hich /ere lin0ed to the theories mentioned above$

Chapter 9

PR)4);'A'I3;, I;')RPR)'A'I3;, and A;AL@4I4 of %A'A

'his chapter interprets and analyses the data collected from the informants$ 'he

first part discusses about the socialiation s0ills relative to their situation as orphaned

children$ 'he second part presents a thorough discussion of the orphans8 socialiation

s0ills relative to their situation as orphaned children$ And the last part sho/s the

orphans8 response to/ards other people8s vie/s on them being orphans$

#4 Socialization S/ills


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'he researchers, /ith full 0no/ledge of the sensitivity of the topics to be

discussed in their study, informed the informants that the basic information of the

children 6including the age and name7 /ill not be disclosed$ 'herefore, regarding this,

the researchers provided a pen name for the t/o informants$ “Tomas” /as given to the

older male respondent and “Theresa” to the younger female respondent$

'he first sub*problem presented in this research tal0s about ho/ the orphans

interact /ith other children in the institution and in their school$

4ocialiation is a process by /hich individuals acquire 0no/ledge, language,

social s0ills, and value to conform to the norms and roles required for integration into a

group or community 6!usiness %ictionary, n$d$7$ 'he socialiation of orphans should be

loo0ed into and given much importance since it can mould the future of these children,

and possibly prevent the loss of life$ 'hus, stressing out that a healthy social life for the

children is very important in their development$

'o determine the socialiation of the informants outside the institution, they /ere

as0ed ho/ they feel about school and that ho/ do they deal /ith other children in the

school$

Table '4'

Acti,ities of Orphans .ith Other Children

Na*e of #nfor*ants #n the #nstit(tion #n the School5To*as6 Go to the *all7 go to the

beach7 s/ipping rope7

bas/etball

5Da/pana)67 %ide8and8

see/

5Theresa6 Go to the *all7 go to the 5Bala)8bala)67 Patentero


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beach7 .atch *o,ies

Table '4' sho/s the common activities the informants do /ith the other children

in the institution and the children in their school$

'he informants have common ans/ers to the question on /hat they do /ith the

children inside the institution because according to Romulo 9elasque, the social

/or0er /ho has the constant communication /ith the children, there are activities that

all the children participate$ 'hey #ust differ in some activities depending on /hat age

brac0et they belong$ 5hen they are >*-+ years old, they /atch movies and -.*-? year*

olds play outdoor games$ 'hey differ /ith their ans/ers in the third column because

they have different circle of friends at school$ 'hey also differ in gender and game

preferences$ 'here are many games that children could choose to play and the games

mentioned above are the games both children frequently play$ 'hey also learn by

playing /ith others$ Play is needed for healthy development for a child physically,

mentally and socially$ 'hese activities help develop their socialiation s0ills by

stimulating the brain through the formation of connections bet/een nerve cells$ Play

also allo/s children to learn to communicate emotions, to thin0, be creative, and solve

problems$

5hen the researcher8s visited the center, the children /ere having play time /ith

foreigners that /ere serving as interns$ 'his further sho/s that the children are able to

ad#ust to different 0inds of people around them, even given the difference of appearance

or the nationality$ Romulo, the social /or0er that the researchers /ere able to intervie/

and is the head of the committee regarding the social interaction of the children /ith

outsiders, interns, and volunteers in their institution, also mentioned that the center does


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not only cater to orphaned children but also to those children that /ere dropped by their

parents but still continues to see them$ 'his may also be the reason that the children do

not have a hard time ad#usting, because they are e1posed to a variety of people$

Table '4' also sho/s that the informants are having normal socialiation /ith other

children in the institution and in the school$ 'his result is contrary to the result of the

study conducted by &omalasari, 4aripudin, and 4u/irta 6+7 in !andung, Indonesia

/here children display violence$ 'his may be because the environment /here each

study /as conducted /as different$ 'he study of &omalasari et al$ /as conducted on

streets /here different 0inds of people /ould have influenced the street children$ Also,

the children there lac0 the intervention and supervision of a 0no/ledgeable individual

that /ould have helped them control their o/n acts$ In contrary, this research /as done

in an e1clusive place /here the children are /ell*supervised$ Also, the informants of this

research /ere guided by a 0no/ledgeable person$ 'his individual interacts /ith the

children often that /ould have contributed to the shaping of the children8s characters$

'his 0ind of interaction is further supported by Lev 9ygots0y8s 4ocial %evelopment

'heory 6-B?7$ 4ocial interaction plays a fundamental role in the process of cognitive

development$ 'he theory also states that crucial learning is developed through a s0illful

and 0no/ledgeable learning and since the orphans are /ell e1posed to others /ho are

either of the same situation or not, the children are /ell*ad#usted to the attitudes and

characteristics of the people surrounding them$ Romulo also stated that as much as

possible, the children are encouraged to interact /ith other children especially during

playtime$ According to 9ygots0y8s theory, in order for learning to be inculcated in the

mind of the child, there is a need for an older one to intervene this person is called the


41/67


"&3 6"ore &no/ledgeable 3ther7$ 'hough the children do not have their parents as

the "&3, the social /or0er, Romulo, /ho is in interaction /ith them at a near += hours

and, /ho is in constant contact /ith them serves as the bigger person /ho guides them

through every day activities$ 'he institution is their home and it is /here they develop

their socialiation s0ill$ 'hey could also successfully undergo the (P% 6(one of Pro1imal

%evelopment7 even /ithout the guidance of their parents but /ith the constant contact

of the social /or0er and the collaboration of their friends$ 'his sho/s that the children

can develop /ithout the direct supervision of their parents, though it is best that they do,

if they have alternative representations of the members of the family$ In this case, the

social /or0er serves as the parents and "&3, and the children residing /ith them as

their brothers and sisters$

'his 0ind of attachment sho/n by the children is supported by !o/lby8s 'heory

of Attachment 6as cited in "cleod, +B7 that states t/o theories, both connecting to the

ad#ustment of the children$ !o/lby8s theory has t/o factors, first is that the child forms

attachment to the one that often feed himHher or give him food and second is that the

child also forms a certain attachment to the people other than the feeder, /hich give him

attention and care$ !o/lby 6as stated in "cLeod7 states that children are biologically

pre*programmed to form attachments /ith others, because this /ill help them to

surviveG 6"cLeod, +B7$ 'he theory states that the children, initially, form one main

attachment figure that acts as the support base for /hen the child slo/ly begins to

e1plore the environment around$ 'his particular attachment serves as the role model

and guides the child for future intimate and social relationships /ith hisHher peers$ 'he

social /or0er in the situation is the role model that the children loo0 up to$ :e is also the


42/67


support base of the children$ :aving to 0no/ all of them and the history behind every

child, he has the capacity to help them discover the /orld$ According to the Attachment

'heory, if this relationship of the child and their role model is disrupted this /ill lead to a

change of their personality or attitudes$ 'he child /ould suffer from irreversible

developmental consequencesG 6"cLeod, +B7 li0e intelligence reduction and increase

of aggression$ From the observation of the researchers during their quic0 visit, the

children did not display any physical or verbal aggression$

In addition /ith the activities, the informants also admitted that sometimes, they

share their past e1periences /ith other children and ho/ they /ere left by their parents

or relatives in the institution$ 'hey even argue about the /hereabouts of their parents,

usually the mothers, ho/ they /ere brought to the institution and ho/ their parents died$

Theresa stated


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children that tal0 /ith Theresa, get carried a/ay$ 'he ans/er reveals the respondent

only sometimes tal0s about her parents$ 'his is because that the child is given attention

that redirects her thought about her parents, especially the lac0 of a mother8s attention$

Tomas, as0ed the same question ans/ered that he too tal0s about his mother a

lot and about the lac0 of his 0no/ledge about /ho she /as and /hy she had done this

to him$ Tomas said

3$ usahay magcompare*compare mi sa among mga mama$

Usahay mag*a/ay na gane mi sa mga nahimo sa among mama$

Usahay mag*a/ayanay mi, ngano ingana among mama, ngano

naa mi ngari, sila man gud maguna panagsa$

S@es, /e do tal0 about our parents, especially our mothers$ At

times /e fight over the theories /e ma0e of /hy our mother8s left

us in this situation$ 5e /ould argue about the characteristics of our

mothers, /hy she /as able to do this to us and /hy /e are, at the

current moment in this center$ 5e frequently fight and most of the

time, they start the argument$

'he statements of both respondents prove that the children are still attached to

the thought of their parents, and indirectly to the parents themselves$ As gro/ing

children, the inquiries about /ho their parents are, is unavoidable$ 'he statement above

indicates that the children have their o/n vie/s and guesses as to /hat characteristics

their parent8s had$ 'he children are also able to thin0 about the possible reasons as to

/hat made their parents leave them in the center and not ta0e care of them$


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Romulo /as as0ed of the daily activities the children did$ :e enumerated the

daily activities of the children from /a0ing up, bedtime and everything in bet/een$ 'he

researchers as0ed if the children /ould not get tired of the daily routines, and he admits

that at one circumstance, some children /ere able to escape the center, due to the

distracted security$ 'he children are searched and brought bac0 to the center, but the

center could not firmly control the children particularly the gro/ing boys, /ho no/ have

discovered the life on the street and e1perience of having control over their o/n lives

and especially having monetary stability$ Romulo said that the children, after that event,

had a fe/ more attempts to escape, but they /ere unsuccessful$ 'he children /ere

given a tal0, then /ere left to ponder and told to return to their activities$

!ecause of this incident, Romulo and those /ho assist him in guiding the

children come up /ith the idea to alter their techniques of handling those /ho try to

brea0 out of the center$ 'his may help Romulo and the volunteers ad#ust the /ay they

teach the students, thus formulate a teaching technique that /ould fit to the orphans8

situation$ 'his /ould eventually lessen their tendency to escape$ 'he alteration of the

technique /ould also help the children ad#ust to the environment, so that they /ould not

be shoc0ed on /hat lies ahead of them$

##4 -ie.s in Co**it*ent and arriage

'he informants /ere also as0ed of the basic question of ho/ long have they been

staying in the institution$

'he table belo/ 6Table 04'9 sho/s /hen the informants started to stay at the

institution 6%45%7 that they are in no/$ 'his data is significant /hen the researchers

determine some possible factors in the outloo0 of the informants$


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Table 04'

Age Entered in the #nstit(tion

Na*e of the #nfor*ant Age Since The) Entered the #nstit(tion

5To*as6 :5Theresa6 ;

As sho/n in the table above both informants had already stayed long enough

inside the institution to form a bond /ith their social /or0er, Romulo$ 'his data /ould

help e1plain the behavior of the informants to/ard issues li0e marriage because basing

on the research of 4engendo and ;ambi 6-BB?7 in Uganda, the future of an orphaned

child is very dependent on the ad#ustments that heHshe has to go through at a very

young age$ 'herefore, their current age and the age they /ere entered in the institution

/ould tell ho/ strong the informant8s bond /ith the social /or0er8s is$

In order for the researchers to ta0e an in*depth understanding /ith the socialiation

abilities of the orphaned children, they as0ed questions about the children8s perception on

commitment, marriage and having their families$ 'he outloo0 of the orphans are shaped due

to their socialiation abilities, meaning if they had a good social life as a child they /ould not

find it difficult to engage to the higher point of relationships, /hich is commitment$ If the

children are not socially inclined during their childhood, they may have a hard time dealing

/ith the fact of commitment$

Questions /ere provided for the informants in order to determine their personal

opinions about commitment and marriage$ %iba ma0a0ita man #ud mo ug mga parents

na mag0uha sa ilang mga ana0 sa s0e/elahan, na0ahuna*huna ba pud mo na inag

da0o ninyu magminy ug mag0aana0 sad moG S5hen you see parents in school do

you thin0 about /hen you gro/ up if you /ould get married and have children


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Tomas, the older male replied that he /as too young to thin0 about marriage “ /a

pa0o ga huna*huna ana, bata paman 0o pero basin” SI haven8t thought of that, I8m still

very young,but I8m open to the possibility 'hough he is clearly a/are of the thought of

the future and his relationship /ith the opposite se1, Tomas is too mindful about his age$

:e 0no/s that he is not of proper age for him to engage in an intimate relationship /ith

one another and thus affecting his ans/er$ :e ma0es his age an e1cuse to not relay his

thoughts or even #ust imaginations he has about the possible future$ !ut the last part

means that he is open to that thought, and to him it is not impossible$

Theresa, the younger female simply ans/ers Ambot$ !ata pa0o” SI don8t 0no/$ I8m

still young. 4he also ans/ers relative to her age$ !ut unli0e Tomas her ans/er is more

reserved and that she does not further elaborate if she does indeed give it thought or

not$ Theresa is more guarded /ith her ans/er maybe because she is younger than

Tomas$ 'he researchers also did not detect any 0ind of fear of commitment from any of

the children$ !oth of them never mentioned that they did /ant to be in a relationship in

the future, or in marriage, from the fear of the possibility that their o/n children may

either be neglected due to their lac0 of 0no/ledge of becoming parent, having not

e1periencing it in the first place, or the possibility that their future children may end up

li0e them$

Romulo, the social /or0er, is the one /ho has 0no/n the children very long, and

has first*hand e1posure /ith the orphaned children, /as also intervie/ed about the

children8s stand on commitment$ 4ince the children are still young, a person /ith more

e1perience may ans/er the question$


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'he researchers as0ed Romulo on his vie/ about the perception of the t/o children

regarding marriage$ :e said that he cannot say anything on their behalf because even

though he had constant contact /ith the children, they don8t tal0 about things li0e that$

:ence, he cannot meddle /ith these 0inds of things because it8s their life$ :e added

%ili 0a ma0aingon nga salig 0ay orphan na sila 0ay dili na sila

mangasa/a$ ;aa gihapon na sa ilang huna*huna pero dili #ud 0o

ma0a*say on their behalf 0ay it8s their perception to marriage$ ;ot

mine$ !asin diay ug lahi diay iyahang gihuna*huna sa a0oa$

S@ou cannot say that since their orphans, they /on8t marry$ 'hey

still have it in their minds but I cannot say on their behalf because

it8s their perception, not mine$ 'heirs may be different from mine$

'his statement implies that even though the social /or0er has constant

communication and is already close /ith the children, there is still a part of them 6the

orphans7 that is hesitant to share things that are a bit personal li0e thought of getting

married$ 'his also sho/s that being an orphan does not affect their perception to/ards

marriage though there8s a possibility that it may affect the /ay they /ill handle and care

for their children$ 'his /as e1plained by 4ue 6+--7 in an article saying that all our

e1periences shape out brain structure as adults and children and these in turn impact

on ho/ /e behave and actG 64ue, +--7$

Furthermore, the informants8 ans/ers to/ard the inquiry of the researchers can be

lin0ed in the comparative study of orphaned and non*orphaned youths by 4engendo

and ;ambi 6-BB?7 in Ra0ai %istrict, Uganda /hich sho/ed that non*orphaned youths


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/ere more optimistic about their future by +.M$ 'heir study presented that M of the

total number of the non*orphaned youth respondents /ould /ant to get married

someday upon reaching legal age compared to M of the total number of the

orphaned youth respondents$ 'hough the informants8 ans/ers do not e1plicitly sho/ the

possibility that they /ould refuse to marry upon reaching the age of maturity, the doubt

of their o/n ans/ers could imply that there is a possibility for them to choose celibacy

or lead a single life throughout their lifetime$ !ut unli0e the orphans in Ra0ai %istrict,

Uganda /ho /ere sad all the time, hated their selves, /orry about everything, had no

appetite, and had trouble sleeping, the informants are cheerful, and active$ It particularly

highlighted this difference because the researchers believe that the positive attitude

they are displaying /ould account to their outloo0s in life$

'his assumption is further supported by !o/lby8s )volutionary 'heory of Attachment

/hich states that the determinant of attachment is not food but rather care and

responsiveness$ 'hough the theory focuses more on the mother as the primary

attachment of the child during the child8s *> years of age, this situation sho/s that not

only mothers can become the base attachment of the child but also other people as

long as they /ere the ones to raise the child /ithin those critical period of development

6*>7 /ithout disrupting the process$ In this case, the Romulo serves as the substitute

for the role of the mother as the primary attachment of the child$ :e /as the one

responsible for the gro/th and development of the orphans /hich started /hen they

/ere still four or five, the time the informants /ere brought to the institution$ 5ithin

those past years, he /as the one /ho /as able to form the attachment and therefore,

the one to develop the orphans8 s0ills and abilities$


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###4 !esponse to other &eople


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stated above sho/s that she can still at times feel a pang of #ealousy to/ard the other

children they see /ho are dropped off and fetched by their parents$ 4he further stated

30 ra man$ Usahay, ma0a0ita 0o nga naa ilang mga mama ug papa

ug masuya 0o pero muadto man sad silang 0uya 6social /or0er7

0ung nay mga buhatunon sa s0/elahan.

SIt8s o0ay$ 4ometimes /hen I see their mothers and fathers /ith

them I get #ealous but on ma#or activities /e have at school 0uya

6the social /or0er7 /ill be there to support and cheer us on$

'his could be lin0ed to the Attachment 'heory of !o/lby, /here it /as formerly

mentioned that the social /or0er acts as their support system$ 'his situation further

supports the Attachment theory since it actually sho/ed the social /or0er acting as the

role model$ According to 9ygots0y8s 4ocial %evelopment 'heory he also serves as the

"&3 /ho guides the children and one that /ill never #udge their situation$

Tomas in this inquiry ans/er that he also #oins the children playing, but /hen he

tires out stops or does not #oin at all$

30 ra man pod$ Usahay 0ay ang uban mga bata 0aila naman, unya

perme sila naga dula, panagsa di 0o ma apil$ Unya pag tinguli na

0ay ang gina 0uha man sila pud sa ilang mga mama$ Abot siguro

minga/un 0o gamay$

SIt8s o0ay$ Usually the children their and my playmates are those

people I 0no/$ 'hey play very often, during free times, I #oin along

/ith them, and sometimes I don8t$ 'hen /hen school ends for the


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day and their parents come and fetch them$ I do miss my mother

/henever I see them together$

'he familiarity of the faces around him helps Tomas interact /ith the children

during playtime or in games that the school organies$ :is ans/er sho/ed that he

#oined the games along /ith them, but there /ere times that the children play and en#oy

and he does not #oin along /ith them$ :is ans/er further sho/ed that the mood or

desire of the child to interact /ith the children around them$ 'hey may change the mood

often or not, this situation can be related to the e1periment done by "usisi, &inyanda,

;a0asu##a, ;a0igudde 6+?7, /ho concluded that the orphans, compared to non*

orphans sho/ed more common behavioral problems$ 'hough Tomas did not sho/ any

violent reactions, he still sho/ed a distinct behavior, seldom detaching himself from the

children$ 'hough it is not clearly seen yet, this may be factor for behavioral problems$'hen the children /ere as0ed if they thin0 society has a #udgmental opinion

to/ards them as orphans$ 'hey ans/ered

=To*as93u panagsa 0ung 0anang mu 0uan sila mu lain ilang tana/ sa a0ua

mura 0o nilag gi storyaan ba$ Unya mu0ata/a sila o di 0aya ma

hilum dayon 0ung mu tana/ 0o$ Pero 0ana raman pud a0ung ma

0itan, 0anang mga dag0o na mga tao raman pud$

S@es sometimes if they loo0 at me in a /eird manner as if they are

tal0ing about me$ 'hen they laugh or quic0ly fall silent /henever I

loo0 at them$ !ut that8s all I see, and I only see the older people

doing it$

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Musisi%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21499485http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kinyanda%20E%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21499485http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kinyanda%20E%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21499485http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Nakasujja%20N%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21499485http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Nakigudde%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21499485http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Musisi%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21499485http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kinyanda%20E%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21499485http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Nakasujja%20N%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21499485http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Nakigudde%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21499485


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=Theresa9

%ili man pud 0o ma0abantay sa mga pang buhatun sa uban tao na

tabi*tabi na murag bahin sa amua$ %i pud 0o himantayun$

SI don8t really observe any tal0s that other people do regarding us$

And I don8t usually give notice on other people$

5hen the children /ere as0ed ho/ they react to these 0ind of actions the people ma0e(Unya mounsa man pod mo pag-magingana ang ubang tao!" they ans/ered

=To*as9

"alain 0o gamay nganu 0ata/*an 0o nila$ Pero /ala na man pudna na0o ma0ita run$

SI don8t li0e itE I get irritated, /hen they laugh at me$ !ut no/adays I hardlye1perience it anymore$

Theresa

5a ra man 0ay ingun man pud sila 0uya nga dili na lang na tagdon$

SIt8s nothingE I don8t give much attention to it$ Also,#uya

said that I shouldnot give it much thought$

'his clearly sho/s that the children e1perience #udgmental vie/ form other

people$ It supports the theory of the researchers that these children do have a reaction

to/ards the vie/s, opinions and actions of the people around them$ 'hough in the

ans/ers of the children, Tomas /as the one /ho opened fully regarding the inquiry, it

sho/s that the orphans are affected by these opinions even in the littlest sense$

For further support for the behaviors sho/n by the children, Romulo, the social

/or0er, /as also as0ed /ith regards to the ans/ers of the children$ :e /as as0ed of


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/hat the people say about the children regarding the loss of parents$ :e ans/ered that

the people /ould mostly pity them, feeling concerned of the lac0 of parental supervision

and ho/ it /ould affect their gro/th$

;aa man #u8y uban na mga ta/o nga lain ilang pagtan*a/ samut

na 0ay lain*ain ang mga bata nga nia diri$ Pero usually 0ung

magstinuryaan mi sa mga mu tabang na0o diri or the visitors that

are occasionally in the center, they relate their sympathies$ "a*

concern #ud sila ug labi nag gamay pa 0aau ang bata$ Pero mau

raman gihapun /a man pud sila8y mahimu pero naghinaut man pud

sila nga ma0atabang bisag gamay sa mga bata$

SCertainly, there are other people that #udge and loo0 at the children

negatively, especially because they see a great variety of the children

here$ !ut usually /hen /e have some chat /ith the volunteers or the

visitors that occasionally visit the center, they share to us their sympathies$

'hey really sho/ concern especially to the very young children but they

can8t do anything about it though they are doing everything that they can

to help the children$

:e mentioned that they sometimes #udged the mother or father, mostly mothers

that /ere said to be irresponsibleG about #ust leaving their children in the care of other

people$ 'his sho/s that the society in their environment #udge, not the children directly

but the parents /ho /ere supposed to have given them tender love and care$

'he vie/ on their situation affects their behavior greatly because basing on the

4ocialiation 'heory of 9ygots0y, to get through and attain full development of the (one


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of Pro1imal %evelopment 6(P%7, one a child must have a full social interaction /hich

starts to develop at home$ 4ince the center is considered the home, the /ords and

opinions of the children /ho the orphans get to interact /ith have a great impact on the

behavior and socialiation abilities of the orphans$

Chapter -#

S$A!2 of "#ND#NGS7 CONCL$S#ONS and !ECOENDAT#ONS

'his study started /ith the curiosity of the researchers of the portrayal of

the orphans in the as aloof, aggressive, and rebellious individuals$ 'he researchers

became interested if the portrayal /as really happening in reality$ If ever it is, they

/anted to 0no/ /hat are its effects on the child8s perception to/ards hisHher o/n future$

For the effects to be more distinct, the researchers presented ob#ectives$ 'hese


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ob#ectives /ould include the observation of the daily activities of the orphaned children

and ho/ they interact /ith one another and /ith other non*orphaned 0idsE to determine

the vie/s of the of the orphans to/ard having their o/n familiesE and to 0no/ ho/ these

orphans react to the vie/s of other people on them being orphans$ A comparison /as

made bet/een the ans/ers of the t/o informants of the study on each question,

respectively$

'his research, being a qualitative type, used a case study method in /hich

the conclusions of the researchers /ill only be e1clusively applied to the informants and

/ill not be generalied to other orphaned children any/here else$ 'he researchers used

an intervie/ guide as the basis for gathering the data$ 'his has been the most fitting

instrument to be used in collecting the ma1imum information to ans/er our sub*

problems$

Respondents of this research /ere basically t/o orphaned children /ith

ages -+ and -= from the %epartment of 4ocial 5elfare and %evelopment 6%45%7

Children Center located at Careta, Cebu, City$

4ummary of Findings

'he questions given /ere grouped according to /hat sup*problem they fall

into$ 'he first part is about ho/ the orphans interacted /ith their fello/ orphans inside

the institution and /ith non*orphaned children in their school$ 'he second part is about

the vie/s and perception of the orphaned children to/ards having families of their o/n

and the last part discusses on the ho/ the orphans react to the vie/s of other people on

them being orphans$


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Interaction of the orphaned children /ith other orphans and non*orphaned children$

!ased on the informants8 ans/ers, orphanhood is not a hindrance for the t/o

orphans to interact /ith other children, orphaned or non*orphaned$ It sho/ed that

children do not distinguish /hether the children they /ere playing /ith have parents or

not$ )ven though sometimes they sho/ed signs of depression and loneliness, it /as

only due to normal and unavoidable circumstances$ 'he orphans still e1perience normal

social life because the social /or0ers do not prohibit them in interacting /ith other

children that /ould help them in developing their socialiation s0ills$

9ie/s and perception of the orphans to/ard marriage and having families of their o/n$

After recording the informants8 ans/ers, the informants did not directly state their

positive outloo0s to/ards marriage nor did they state their disapproval to it$ :ence, after

intervie/ing the social /or0er /ho is in contact communication /ith them, he stated that

orphanhood may have some effects to the orphans but it clearly is not the basis for the

orphans to be afraid of marriage and having families of their o/n$

Reactions of orphans to/ards the vie/s of other people on them being orphans$

According to the results, the orphans are not bothered /ith ho/ other people

vie/ them as$ Although some of the children in their school tease them of their

orphanhood , the orphans /ere not bothered about it$ 'he orphaned children share their

thoughts and feelings to other children$ 'hey try to open up to Romulo 9elasque and

the other children even outside the institution$ 'his /ay, the children could socialie /ith

other people and create attachments that /ould shape their personalities$ 3ne thing

that the orphans share about is ho/ they /ere orphaned$ 'he discussion about the


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topic helped them understand their situation and become less sensitive /hen tal0ing

about the loss of their parents$

Conclusions

!ased on the data gathered and analyed orphanhood did not affect the

interaction of the orphaned children /ith other 0ids$ 'his is, according to the

assumptions of the researchers, because of the good guidance of the social /or0er and

the good treatment of the people around them$ 'hey did not distinguish orphaned to

non*orphaned children in the institution$ Also, group bonding and activities help the

orphans feel fulfilled and normal$ 'he presence of the good guide help shape their

character and attitude$


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'his result, again, is contrary to the assumptions of the researchers to/ard

orphans$ 'he orphans did not display any irregular behaviors to/ards the other 0ids nor

do they get shy around them$ As Tomas stated in chapter>, only /hen he tires does he

detach from the group$ 'his follo/s 9ygots0y8s 4ocial %evelopment 'heory 6as cited in

Culatta, +-.7$ According to this theory, social interaction play a fundamental role in a

child8s learning$ 'his

the effect of being orphans in the socialization abilities of the children in dswd affiliated center

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