the eco-indicating of the black sea environmental damage by igor kantardgi prof., dr. sc. dept. of...
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THE ECO-INDICATING OF THE BLACK SEA ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGEby
Igor KANTARDGIProf., Dr. Sc.
Dept. of Water Resources and Sea Ports, Moscow State Civil Engrg. University
Research motivation
• Indicating of the various impacts on the environment by the integrated indicators
• Formalizing of the integrated environmental damage to apply in the modeling the environment
• Satisfaction with the European and international standards
Environmental damage categories
• “Human health” contains the idea that all human beings, in present and future, should be free from environmentally transmitted illnesses, disabilities or premature deaths.
• “Ecosystem quality” contains the idea that non-human species should not suffer from disruptive changes of their populations and geographical distribution.
• “Resources” contains the idea that the nature’s supply of non-living goods, which are essential to the human society, should be available also for future generations.
General procedure for the calculation of Eco-indicators
Weighting of the three
damage categores
Mainly in value
sphere
Invertory result
Modelling effect and damage
Mainly in Eco-
sphere and Value
sphere
Indicator
Damage to resources
Damage to ecosystem
quality
Damage to human health
Resources
Land-use
Emission
Invertory phase
Modellingall
processesin the
lifecycle
Mainlyin
Techno-sphere
Technoshere - the description of the life cycle, the emission from processes, the allocation procedure as far as they are based on causal relations
Valusphere - the modelling of the perceived seriousness of such changes (damages), as well as the management of modelling choices
that are made in Techno- and Ecosphere
Ecosphere - the modelling of changes (damages) that are inflicted on the environment
ECO-indicator 99
Importance of the enclosed coastal areas study
Conflicts among the development activities that compete for the occupation or use of coastal environments and resources are most intense around enclosed water bodies like small bays, lagoons, harbors, marinas and beaches with protective structures. Invariably urban development modifies and pollutes the water of enclosed basins. Enclosed basins have a restricted connection with the open sea, therefore, the scope and significance of pollution impacts is closely correlated with the degree of water exchange with the open sea.
Enclosed area – swimming pool
The North-Caucasian railway goes along the
seacoast (about 90 km)
PHOTOGRAPHS OF SEPARATE SITES PHOTOGRAPHS OF SEPARATE SITES OF THE SOCHI COASTAL ZONEOF THE SOCHI COASTAL ZONE
Protection of shingle beache with using of the groin
system and wave-breaking wall of the quay
Aqua park, groin system in coastal and beach zones and moles of the sea harbour Sochi
System of artificial bays with beaches
Model of water balance in semi enclosed coastal area
water incoastal area
preciptation
other in other out
preciptation rate
surface area
evaparation rate
coastal runoff
land surfaceprecipitation
diversion inflows
evapotranspiration
exposed area bottomevaporation
net grant areaevaporation
ground waterexport
sea levelevolution rate
evaporation ratemultiplier from specific
gravityspecific gravity
total dissolvedsolids
exchange rate (inflow)
exchange rate (outflow)
deep waterboundary
depth
water without solidsevaporation rate
evaparation
Simulation of water in coastal area with time
Graph for water in coastal area
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1 6.8 12.5 18.3 24Time (Hour)
water in coastal area : Current m3
Bulk (0-D) model of water exchange
• C is a parameter of water quality
• W: volume of water body
• Qin: total inflow to
selected water
• Cin: concentration of the
interested parameter in the inflow
• C0 is the initial value of C
• K is chemical (biochemical) reaction rate coefficient
d CW
dtCA G Q Cin in
СQ С
Qinin in
in
CG
AC
G
A
A t
W
0 exp
СС
KС
С
Kt Kin in
0 exp
Q
W
G
Win
max
exp
C K CC C K
K tin
norm0
1
Bulk model limits of applicability Conservative pollutant
The time, after what for the every co-ordinate x the difference between local concentration and 1 will be smaller then the certain accuracy , is expressed, what gives finally for T the
following final expression
C
t xD
C
xKC
C x t Bn
lDt
n
lxn
n
, exp sin
12
1
Bn
nn 2
1
cos
42
exp
lDT
TL
D
4 1 42
2 ln
Bulk model limits of applicability Nonconservative pollutant
presents the limitation of substance change coefficient K, with which the application of the 0-D model is valid
Ce e
K L
K L x K L x
2cosh
Crx L
1
cosh rK T
2
4 4ln
Cx L
1
cosh r 1
1 r2
2
KT
8 4
2 ln
Water exchange in the single groin area
SHORELINE
GROIN1 2
L
y
x
x1 x2
WAVES
Water exchange in the single groin area
tan = 0.02, T = 5 c, = 0.1,
it is obtained
T = 258 c,
what is about 50 wave periods
DH X
Tb b
DL
T
2 tan
T
T
4 1 42 tan
ln
Relative water exchange intensities of shore protection structures (s-1)
Structure Box Water exchange due the longshore current
Water exchange due the onshore drift
Single groinFront of single groinBehind single groin
0,18
0,07
1,00
Permeable single groin (10%)
Front of groin Behind groin
0,60
0,13
Single T-groin
Front of groin
Behind groin
0,07
0,05
0,84
Permeable single T-groin (10%)
Front of groin Behind groin
0,60
0,09
Group of groins Intergroin area 0,10 0,50
Group of T-groins Intergroin area 0,05 0,25
Single breakwater Protected area 0,84
Offshore detached breakwater
Protected area 0,29
Submerged breakwater Protected area 0,25
Submerged breakwater with jetties
Area behind breakwater, between jetties
0,25
Numerical Modeling of Wind Induced Currents BALAS L. and ÖZHAN E. (1999, 2000, 2001)
governing hydrodynamic equations
u
x+
v
y+
w
z = 0
u
t+u
u
x+v
u
y+ w
u
z = fv -
1 p
x+2
x(
u
x)+
y( (
u
y+
v
x))+
z( (
u
z+
w
x))
o
x y z
v
t+u
v
x+v
v
y+ w
v
z = - fu -
1 p
y+2
y(
v
y)+
x( (
v
x+
u
y))+
z( (
v
z+
w
y))
o
y x z
p
zg
x,y: horizontal coordinates, z: vertical coordinate, t: time, u,v,w: velocity components in x,y,z directions at any grid locations in space, νx,νy,νz: eddy viscosity coefficients in x,y and z directions
respectively, f: corriolis coefficient, r(x,y,z,t): water density, g: gravitational acceleration, p: pressure.
Boundary conditions
t
+ ux
+ vy
- w = 0s s s
h: water surface elevation, us,vs: horizontal
water particle velocities at the sea surface, w: vertical water particle velocity at the sea surface.
s a s2 = W|W|
W: wind velocity (m/s), a : air density, s: drag coefficient of air.
smWifW
smWif
s 3
3
2
100065.049.0
11102.1
s w *s2
w z = U = u
z
U*s: surface shear velocity
(u
z) = u u +v
(v
z) = v u +v
z b b2 2 2
z b b2 2 2
: bottom friction coefficient. Bottom friction coefficient is taken as 0.0026 in the applications
b
vertical eddy viscosity coefficient k- turbulence model equations
k
t+u
k
x+v
k
y+ w
k
z=
x
k
x+
y
k
y+
z
k
z+ P -z z z
t
+ ux
+ vy
+ wz
=x x
+y y
+ z
+ ck
P - ck
z z z1 2
2
P = 2u
x+
v
y+
w
z+
u
y+
v
x+
u
z+
w
x+
v
z+
w
yz
2 2 2
z
2
z
2
z
2
z
2
= Ck
k: kinetic energy, : rate of dissipation of kinetic energy, empirical constants; C=0.09, =1.3, C1=1.44, C2 =1.92.
Modelling of wave-induced current current field
UU
x+V
U
y+ g
x+ R + F = 0
UV
xV
V
y+ g
y+ R + F = 0
xU h + +
yV h + = 0
x x
y y
(x,y) are Cartesian co-ordinates in a horizontal plane,(U,V) are the corresponding velocity components of the mean flow, z is the elevation of the mean water surface measured from the still water level, h is the undisturbed water depth, (Rx,Ry) are the radiation stress terms,
(Fx,Fy) are the bottom friction terms.
root-mean square wave height
2
rms
2
0
-1
2
0 0 0 0b b
Hh
=< >
/ 4
c
c
n
n- d + -
b
cos
cosexp exp
=
4 < >
c
c
n
n
2
0
2
0 0 0
cos
cos
γ is the ratio of the local wave height to the water depth, γ=H/h, is the dimensionless water depth, λ=h/h0,
φ is the local wave refraction angle, c is the local wave speed, k is the local wave number, n=1+2kh/sinh2kh, subscript "0" is related to the outer edge of the surf zone, and subscript "b" is related to the wave breaking line, "<.>" notes the averaging over the assemble.
< >=/ 4
- 0.01= 0.410 b
1/ 2
b
ln
local wave refraction angle and wave number
= gk k h+ + k U +V = const
xk -
yk = 0
1/ 2
tanh cos sin
sin cos
ω is apparent angular frequency of the waves
wave diffraction behind a tip of an upcoast groin LE MEHAUTE, B. and SOLDATE, M.
D
1/ 2
0
0 0
00K x =
2 2
2 -
2
4lx+ l 45 -
cos
cos sinsin
costan
l is the length of the groin, φ0 is the wave refraction angle at the groin tip (must be smaller than 45o),
x is the distance along the shoreline measured from the groin
EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION
two groins, which are 50 m. apart from each other , . Each groin has a length of 50 m. Wind induced flow velocities are computed at six levels across the water depth. Water density is assumed to be constant, 1025 kg/m3. The water mass is subjected to the free surface shear induced by a uniform and steady wind with a speed of 10 m/sec, blowing to NE direction. At the same time the selected wave height due this wind action is taken as 1.2 m. Attached to calculation wind velocities steady state circulation pattern is established approximately after two hours, and steady state flow patterns at the sea surface, at the nearbottom layer, depth averaged velocity pattern and vertical velocity profiles at two nodes, node (7,2) where the water depth is 2.12 m. and node (8,5) where the water depth is 80 cm are presented.
Steady state current pattern at the surface and bottom layers (NE Wind speed: 10 m/s)
Steady state depth averaged current pattern (NE Wind speed: 10 m/s)
Vertical velocity profiles (at node (7,2), and at node (8,5))
shoreline
left
gro
in
rig
ht g
roin
Depth-average current pattern (NE Wave height: 1.2 m)
Y
X
1.20
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.11*
1.13
1.10
0.98
0.73
0.39
* - breaking line
76 0
45 0
waveshoaling
- 1 m/s
COMMENTS
H, m
refra
ction
ang
le
wave set-up,cm
-10 0 10
Model of phytoplankton evolution in the water body
phytoplanktonconcentration in
sutface layer
phytoplanktonconcentration in
bottom layer
rate of settling
photosynthtic rate respiration rate
photosynthetic rate forunit concentration
respiration rate for unitconcentration
settling velocity
rate of phytoplanktoneating
zooplanktonconcentration
factor of eating for the unitzooplankton concentration
outflow rate
inflow rate
water exchangeintensity
radiation
optimalphotosynthetic rate
phytoplanktonconcentration outside of
system
water depth
temperature ofwater
Simplified simulation of phytoplankton concentration
evolution in a water body
n: concentration of phytoplankton, mg of chlorophyll per m3, t: time, Az: coefficient of vertical turbulent diffusion, : water density, z: vertical coordinate, v: settling velocity, P: photosynthetic rate for unit concentration, R: respiration rate for unit concentration, H: concentration of zooplankton, h: factor of eating for unit concentration of zooplankton, q: part of water body volume changed per day due water exchange with environment, nR: phytoplankton concentration in the external environment.
Rz nnqHhnRPn
z
nv
z
nA
t
n
2
2
Phytoplankton growth with the weak water exchange
Graph for phytoplankton concentration in sutface layer
600
450
300
150
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Time (Day)
phytoplankton concentration in sutface layer : Current mga/m3
Phytoplankton growth with more intensive water exchange
Graph for phytoplankton concentration in sutface layer
20
15
10
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Time (Day)
phytoplankton concentration in sutface layer : Current mga/m3
Conclusions
Method of eco-indicators may be applied to assess the environmental damage of the water resources of coastal zone. These resources may be considered as the environmental recourses. And the damage of them is included to the categories of damage to human health and damage to ecosystem quality. In both cases the modeling of the behavior of the natural aquatic ecosystem may be applied as a base of damage assessment. The special system dynamics software like Vensim PLE is available for this kind of modeling.