The Early Caliphate• Caliph – “Successor”

• Abu Bakr (632-34)

• Umar (634-44)– 635: Damascus– 636: Battle of Yarmuk– 638: Jerusalem & Antioch– 639-46: Egypt

• Uthman (644-56) - assassinated

Islamic Expansion ca. 656

Civil War & Umayyads

• Ali (656-61)• Shi’i & Sunni

• Mu‘awiya (661-80)• Umayyad dynasty (661-750)• Damascus

• 711: Conquest of Spain

Umayyad Caliphate, ca. 732

Expansion of Islam

Abbasids

• Baghdad

• Harun al-Rashid (786-809)

• Early 900s - decline

The Five Pillars of Islam

1. Shahādah 2. Salat (prayer)

– 5 times / day– mu’adhdhin (muezzin)– mosque—masjid; rak‘ah

3. Zakāt (alms)4. Fasting in Ramadān

Five Pillars (cont.)

5. Hajj• Lesser Hajj – Ka‘ba

Hajj (cont.)

• al-Safā & al-Marwā • Hagar & Ishmael• Plain of Arafāt

Hajj (cont.)Minā