The early 20The early 20thth Century: Century:

The Establishment of Modernist ArtThe Establishment of Modernist ArtFirst trans-Atlantic radio First trans-Atlantic radio signal,1901signal,1901Wright Brothers’ first flight, Wright Brothers’ first flight, 19031903Albert Einstine,(1905-1915 Albert Einstine,(1905-1915 Theory of Relativity)Theory of Relativity)RMS Titanic sinks, 1912RMS Titanic sinks, 1912World War I, 1914-1918World War I, 1914-1918Russian Revolution, 1917-Russian Revolution, 1917-19211921Mexican Revolution Ends, Mexican Revolution Ends, 19241924The Great Depression,1930sThe Great Depression,1930sRise of Nazism in Rise of Nazism in Germany,1930sGermany,1930sWorld War II, 1939-1945World War II, 1939-1945

Pre WWI: Symbolism and Art NouveauPre WWI: Symbolism and Art NouveauArt NouveauArt Nouveau - French for "The New - French for "The New Art." An art movement and style of Art." An art movement and style of decoration and architecture of the late decoration and architecture of the late nineteenth and early twentieth nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, characterized particularly by centuries, characterized particularly by the depiction of leaves and flowers in the depiction of leaves and flowers in undulating lines, often flowing vines. undulating lines, often flowing vines. Gustav Klimt (Austrian, 1862-1918), Gustav Klimt (Austrian, 1862-1918), Alphonse Mucha (Czechoslovakian, Alphonse Mucha (Czechoslovakian, 1860-1939), Henri de Toulouse-1860-1939), Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (French, 1861-1901), Aubrey Lautrec (French, 1861-1901), Aubrey Beardsley (English, 1872-1898), Beardsley (English, 1872-1898), Antonio Gaudí (Spanish, 1852-1926), Antonio Gaudí (Spanish, 1852-1926), and Hector Guimard (French, 1867-and Hector Guimard (French, 1867-1942) were among the most prominent 1942) were among the most prominent Artists associated with this style. The Artists associated with this style. The roots of Art Nouveau go back to roots of Art Nouveau go back to Romantism , Symbolism, the English Romantism , Symbolism, the English Arts and Crafts Movement and William Arts and Crafts Movement and William Morris (English, 1834-1896). Art Morris (English, 1834-1896). Art Nouveau is also known as Nouveau is also known as JugenstilJugenstil and and Yellow Book StyleYellow Book Style, epitomizing , epitomizing what is sometimes called “fin de siwhat is sometimes called “fin de siécle” écle” style.style.Pronounced: Art noo-voh'Pronounced: Art noo-voh'

Gustav KlimtGustav Klimt, (1862-1918), (1862-1918)Gustav KlimtGustav Klimt, founder of , founder of the school of painting the school of painting known as the Vienna known as the Vienna Sezession, embodies the Sezession, embodies the high-keyed erotic, high-keyed erotic, psychological, and psychological, and aesthetic preoccupations aesthetic preoccupations of turn-of-the-century of turn-of-the-century Vienna's dazzling Vienna's dazzling intellectual world. intellectual world. Klimt's style drew upon an Klimt's style drew upon an enormous range of enormous range of sources: classical Greek, sources: classical Greek, Byzantine, Egyptian, and Byzantine, Egyptian, and Minoan art; late-medieval Minoan art; late-medieval painting and the woodcuts painting and the woodcuts of Albrecht Dof Albrecht Dürerürer; ; photography and the photography and the symbolist art of Max symbolist art of Max Klinger; and the work of Klinger; and the work of both Franz von Stuck and both Franz von Stuck and Fernand Khnopff. In Fernand Khnopff. In synthesizing these diverse synthesizing these diverse sources, Klimt's art sources, Klimt's art achieved both individuality achieved both individuality and extreme elegance. and extreme elegance.

Judith I 1901, Osterreichische Galerie, Vienna

Death and Life, painted before 1911 and revised 1915, oil on canvas, Collection of Frau Marietta Preleuthner, Vienna.

ExpressionismExpressionism A movement in fine A movement in fine arts that emphasized arts that emphasized the expression of the expression of inner experience inner experience rather than solely rather than solely realistic portrayal, realistic portrayal, seeking to depict not seeking to depict not objective reality but objective reality but the subjective the subjective emotions and emotions and responses that responses that objects and events objects and events arouse in the artist. arouse in the artist.

Max Beckman (1884-1950). The Night, Oil on canvas 4 ft 4 3/4 in x 5 ft 1/2 in. Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Dusseldorf, Germany.

André Derain André Derain (1880-1954)(1880-1954)

Derain believed that Derain believed that an artist's goal should an artist's goal should be to make the be to make the strongest possible strongest possible presentation of his presentation of his emotional reaction to emotional reaction to a subject by using a subject by using bold color and strong bold color and strong linear patterns.  linear patterns.  Derain was in an Derain was in an unofficial organization unofficial organization of artists called of artists called Fauve.  Fauve Fauve.  Fauve artistssaw artistssaw unexpected shapes unexpected shapes and colors that and colors that suggested new ways suggested new ways of communicating of communicating emotion.  After about emotion.  After about five years Derain and five years Derain and other artist had other artist had stopped using faive.  stopped using faive.  They started modifing They started modifing there own violent there own violent colors and found colors and found there ownmore there ownmore personal styles.personal styles.London Bridge, 1906. 26” x 39” Museum

of Modern Art,

Henri MatisseHenri Matisse(1869-1954)(1869-1954)

Instinct must be Instinct must be thwarted just as thwarted just as one prunes the one prunes the branches of a tree branches of a tree so that it will grow so that it will grow better. better. -- Henri Matisse -- Henri Matisse

Harmony in Red. 1908. Oil on canvas. The Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia.

Madame Matisse, "The Green Line" ( La Raie verte). 1905. Oil on canvas. Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Georges Rouault Georges Rouault 1871-1958. 1871-1958.

George Rouault, one of the original group of George Rouault, one of the original group of Fauves, is widely considered the most Fauves, is widely considered the most important Christian religious artist of the important Christian religious artist of the twentieth century. Rouault, born during the twentieth century. Rouault, born during the German bombardment of Paris in 1871, German bombardment of Paris in 1871, regarded World War I as an indication of regarded World War I as an indication of what people could do to each other if left on what people could do to each other if left on their own: the title of one of the prints in the their own: the title of one of the prints in the MiseréreMiserére, his great series of mixed-media , his great series of mixed-media intaglio prints, is taken from Lucan's intaglio prints, is taken from Lucan's PharsaliaPharsalia concerning the Roman Civil concerning the Roman Civil Wars, "Man is a Wolf to Man." In his Wars, "Man is a Wolf to Man." In his paintings as well as in his prints, Rouault paintings as well as in his prints, Rouault shows us that though "We think ourselves shows us that though "We think ourselves Kings," we are more accurately seen as Kings," we are more accurately seen as circus clowns, each wearing our own mask circus clowns, each wearing our own mask to disguise our true nature ("Are we not all to disguise our true nature ("Are we not all convicts?" asks the title of one of convicts?" asks the title of one of The The Miserere)Miserere) from ourselves. For Rouault, what from ourselves. For Rouault, what saves us from ourselves, if anything can, is saves us from ourselves, if anything can, is Christ and the Virgin Mary, both depicted Christ and the Virgin Mary, both depicted throughout many of Rouault's works.throughout many of Rouault's works.

The Old King, 1916-1938. 21” x 30”. Museum of Art Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh

Oskar Kokoschka, (Oskar Kokoschka, (1886-1980)1886-1980)

Austrian Expressionist Austrian Expressionist Painter.Painter.Expressionism - An Art Expressionism - An Art movement dominant in movement dominant in Germany from 1905-1925, Germany from 1905-1925, especially especially Die Die BrückeBrücke and and DerDer BlaueBlaue Reiter Reiter, which , which are usually referred to as are usually referred to as German Expressionism, German Expressionism, anticipated by Francisco anticipated by Francisco de Goya y Lucientes de Goya y Lucientes (Spanish, 1746-1828), (Spanish, 1746-1828), Vincent van Gogh (Dutch, Vincent van Gogh (Dutch, 1853-1890), Paul Gauguin 1853-1890), Paul Gauguin (French, 1848-1903) and (French, 1848-1903) and others. others. Expressionists sought to Expressionists sought to visually portray a quality of visually portray a quality of inner experience, the inner experience, the emotions of the artist emotions of the artist (expressive qualities) (expressive qualities) communicated through communicated through emphasis and distortion, emphasis and distortion, which technically can be which technically can be found in artworks of any found in artworks of any period.period. The Tempest (The Bride of the Wind)The Tempest (The Bride of the Wind)

1914, Oil on canvas. 5’ 11 ¼ “ x 7’ 3”. Kunstmuseum, Basle

Max Beckmann (1884-1950)Max Beckmann (1884-1950)DepartureDeparture, Beckmann's first painting in triptych form, was begun in May 1932. , Beckmann's first painting in triptych form, was begun in May 1932.

Departure, 1932-33. Oil on canvas. triptych, center panel 84 3/4 X 45 3/8"; side panels each 84 3/4 X 39 1/4“ The Museum of Modern Art, New York

George GroszGeorge Grosz(1893-1959) (1893-1959)

Founder of the ‘Dada’ art movement Founder of the ‘Dada’ art movement in Berlin, 1917in Berlin, 1917Grosz's works of the 1920s were Grosz's works of the 1920s were influenced by a complicated political influenced by a complicated political and economical situation in the post-and economical situation in the post-war Germany and Europe and in one war Germany and Europe and in one sentence can be characterized as sentence can be characterized as political and social satire.political and social satire.His last works in America were His last works in America were collages, which partly recall his Dada collages, which partly recall his Dada period and partly were influenced by period and partly were influenced by Pop Art. Pop Art.

The Pit. 1946. Oil on canvas. 153 x 94.6 cm. Wichita Art Museum, Wichita, KS, USA.

Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944)Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944)Ranked among the artists whose work changed the history of art in the early Ranked among the artists whose work changed the history of art in the early years of the 20th century, the Russian abstract painter Wassily Kandinsky is years of the 20th century, the Russian abstract painter Wassily Kandinsky is generally regarded as one of the originators of abstract painting, or abstract generally regarded as one of the originators of abstract painting, or abstract expressionism. In both his painting and his theoretical writings he influenced expressionism. In both his painting and his theoretical writings he influenced modern styles. Spending many years of his life in Germany, Kandinsky modern styles. Spending many years of his life in Germany, Kandinsky became an instrumental force in the development of German expressionism.became an instrumental force in the development of German expressionism.

Composition VI, 1913, oil on canvas, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.

Dada Dada Dada: Dada: A western Europe A western Europe artistic and literary movement artistic and literary movement (1916-23) that sought the (1916-23) that sought the discovery of authentic reality discovery of authentic reality through the abolition of through the abolition of traditional culture and aesthetic traditional culture and aesthetic forms.forms.Between the two World Wars, Between the two World Wars, painting lost some of the raw, painting lost some of the raw, modern energy it began the modern energy it began the century with and became century with and became dominated by two rather dominated by two rather philosophical movements, philosophical movements, DadaDada and Surrealism, which and Surrealism, which arose partly as a reaction to arose partly as a reaction to the senseless atrocities of the senseless atrocities of World War I. But artists were World War I. But artists were also becoming introspective, also becoming introspective, concerned with their own concerned with their own subconscious dreams: subconscious dreams: Sigmund Freud's Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical theories were psychoanalytical theories were well known by this time, and well known by this time, and painters explored their own painters explored their own irrationalities and fantasies in irrationalities and fantasies in search of a new artistic search of a new artistic freedom. freedom.

Marcel Duchamp 1887-1968Bicycle Wheel Ready-made

1913, France

Jean Arp 1887-1966, Automatic Drawing 1918 10 5/8 x 8 1/8 in, France

Man Ray (Emanuel Rabinovitch) 1890-1976 The Gift (Le Cadeau) 1921, France

Marcel DuchampMarcel Duchamp (1887-1968) (1887-1968)

Using cubist techniques Duchamp tried to Using cubist techniques Duchamp tried to show movement on canvas, which makes him show movement on canvas, which makes him close to Futurists. Doubling, overlaying close to Futurists. Doubling, overlaying images fix different phases of the movement images fix different phases of the movement of a figure on canvas. of a figure on canvas. The Nude The Nude Descending a StaircaseDescending a Staircase, shown at the Salon , shown at the Salon des Indépendants, aroused sharp criticism des Indépendants, aroused sharp criticism even among the Cubists, (One called it even among the Cubists, (One called it “Explosion in a shingle factory”) to say “Explosion in a shingle factory”) to say nothing about the general public. In 1913, the nothing about the general public. In 1913, the picture was the hit of the New York Armory picture was the hit of the New York Armory Show; it scandalized the American public to Show; it scandalized the American public to such a degree that it made the artist popular such a degree that it made the artist popular overnight. While most of the viewers were overnight. While most of the viewers were outraged with the exhibited pictures, outraged with the exhibited pictures, especially with the Nude, the others were especially with the Nude, the others were sincerely delighted by the European break sincerely delighted by the European break with academic and traditional art. with academic and traditional art.

Nude Descending a Staircase 1912. Oil on canvas 147.5 x 89 cm. The Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 

Pablo PicassoPablo Picasso(1881-1973)(1881-1973)

This picture was This picture was painted when Pablo painted when Pablo was 16 years old. He was 16 years old. He proves that his proves that his talents of depicting talents of depicting realistic images, Use realistic images, Use of light and shadow of light and shadow as well as color, were as well as color, were refined at such an refined at such an early age.early age.

First Communion, 1895-96, oil on canvas, Museo Picasso, Barcelona.

Pablo PicassoPablo Picasso(1881-1973) (1881-1973)

““Everyone wants to understand Everyone wants to understand art. Why don’t we try to art. Why don’t we try to understand the song of a bird? understand the song of a bird? Why do we love the night, the Why do we love the night, the flowers, everything around us, flowers, everything around us, without trying to understand without trying to understand them? But in the case of a them? But in the case of a painting, people think they have painting, people think they have to understand. If only they would to understand. If only they would realize above all that an artist realize above all that an artist works of necessity, that he works of necessity, that he himself is only an insignificant himself is only an insignificant part of the world, and that no part of the world, and that no more importance should be more importance should be attached to him than to plenty of attached to him than to plenty of other things which please us in other things which please us in the world, though we can’t the world, though we can’t explain them people who try to explain them people who try to explain pictures are usually explain pictures are usually barking up the wrong tree.”barking up the wrong tree.” Picasso Picasso

Portrait of Gertrude Stein. 1906. Oil on canvas. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA.

The Old Guitarist. 1903. Oil on panel. Art

Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. 

Science and Charity. 1897. Oil on canvas. Museo

Picasso, Barcelona, Spain.

Pablo PicassoPablo Picasso

““In the Demoiselles d’Avignon I painted a In the Demoiselles d’Avignon I painted a profile nose into a frontal view of a face. I profile nose into a frontal view of a face. I just had to depict in sideways so that I could just had to depict in sideways so that I could give it a name, so that I could call it ‘nose’. give it a name, so that I could call it ‘nose’. And so they started talking about Negro art. And so they started talking about Negro art. Have you ever seen a single African Have you ever seen a single African sculpture – just one- where a face mask sculpture – just one- where a face mask has a profile nose in it?” Picasso. has a profile nose in it?” Picasso. ““Cubism is no different from any other Cubism is no different from any other school of painting. The same principles and school of painting. The same principles and the same elements are common to all. The the same elements are common to all. The fact that for a long time cubism has not fact that for a long time cubism has not been understood and that even today there been understood and that even today there are people who cannot see anything in it, are people who cannot see anything in it, means nothing. I do not read English, and means nothing. I do not read English, and an English book is a blank to me. This does an English book is a blank to me. This does not mean that the English language does not mean that the English language does not exist, and why should I blame anyone not exist, and why should I blame anyone but myself if I cannot understand what I but myself if I cannot understand what I know nothing about?”know nothing about?” Picasso. Picasso.

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. 1907. Oil on canvas. The Museum of Modern Arts, New York, NY, USA.

Pablo Pablo PicassoPicasso

Pablo Ruiz y Picasso Pablo Ruiz y Picasso was a Spanish painter was a Spanish painter and sculptor, generally and sculptor, generally considered by some to considered by some to be the greatest artist of be the greatest artist of the 20th century. He was the 20th century. He was unique as an inventor of unique as an inventor of forms, as an innovator of forms, as an innovator of styles and techniques, as styles and techniques, as a master of various a master of various media, and as one of the media, and as one of the most prolific artists in most prolific artists in history. He created more history. He created more than 20,000 works.than 20,000 works. Guernica, detail,

1937, oil on canvas, Museo Nacional Reina Sofía, Madrid

Three Musicians. 1921. Oil on canvas. The Museum of

Modern Arts, New York, NY, USA.

Georges Braque (1882-1963)Georges Braque (1882-1963)

GEORGES BRAQUEGEORGES BRAQUE(1882-1963) The French painter, (1882-1963) The French painter, graphic artist and designer was graphic artist and designer was initially influenced by Fauvism, but initially influenced by Fauvism, but his style completely changed when his style completely changed when he saw the work of Cézanne and he saw the work of Cézanne and Picasso. Braque's style is Picasso. Braque's style is fragmented, dislocated. He fragmented, dislocated. He introduced the method of sticking introduced the method of sticking bits and bobs onto the canvas, a bits and bobs onto the canvas, a style known as papier colle. After style known as papier colle. After the First World War (winning the First World War (winning bravery awards for his service), his bravery awards for his service), his style became totally divergent from style became totally divergent from his friend Picasso's; Braque worked his friend Picasso's; Braque worked in the same style he had before the in the same style he had before the war, though his angles softened war, though his angles softened and his colours became muted and and his colours became muted and soft, and his subjects of choice soft, and his subjects of choice were still-life and interiors. He also were still-life and interiors. He also designed sets and costumes, and designed sets and costumes, and illustrated books. In 1961, he had illustrated books. In 1961, he had the honour of being the first living the honour of being the first living artist to exhibit at the Louvre in artist to exhibit at the Louvre in Paris, and was given a state Paris, and was given a state funeral two years later.funeral two years later.

Still-Life: Le Jour, 1929, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.

Piet Mondrian Piet Mondrian (1872-1944)(1872-1944)

(1872-1944) Founder of the DeStijl movement (1872-1944) Founder of the DeStijl movement in 1917, Mondrian was one of the most original in 1917, Mondrian was one of the most original thinkers of early twentieth century art, as he thinkers of early twentieth century art, as he pushed for a simplification in art, restricting his pushed for a simplification in art, restricting his palette to the ‘plastic’ essentials of the primary palette to the ‘plastic’ essentials of the primary colors. Mondrian lived a fastidious lifestyle, colors. Mondrian lived a fastidious lifestyle, was obsessively tidy, and elements of these was obsessively tidy, and elements of these personality traits can be seen in his pursuit of personality traits can be seen in his pursuit of the abstract, through works such as the abstract, through works such as Composition in Black, Red, Grey, Yellow and Composition in Black, Red, Grey, Yellow and Blue of 1921. Mondrian’s influence is clear in Blue of 1921. Mondrian’s influence is clear in much advertisement art of the 1930s and much advertisement art of the 1930s and thereafter, and furniture design, decorative thereafter, and furniture design, decorative and industrial design owes much to this Dutch and industrial design owes much to this Dutch artist. artist.

Composition with Black, Red, Gray, Yellow, and Blue, 1921, oil on canvas, Museum Ludwig, Cologne.

Gerogia Gerogia O’Keeffe O’Keeffe

(1887-1986)(1887-1986) Georgia O'Keeffe is best known for her large paintings of desert Georgia O'Keeffe is best known for her large paintings of desert flowers and scenery, in which single blossoms or objects such flowers and scenery, in which single blossoms or objects such as a cow's skull are presented in close-up views. Although as a cow's skull are presented in close-up views. Although O'Keeffe handles her subject matter representationally, the O'Keeffe handles her subject matter representationally, the starkly linear quality, the thin, clear coloring, and the boldly starkly linear quality, the thin, clear coloring, and the boldly patterned compositions produce abstract designs. A number of patterned compositions produce abstract designs. A number of her works have an abstracted effect, the flower paintings in her works have an abstracted effect, the flower paintings in particular—such as Black Iris (1926, Metropolitan Museum of particular—such as Black Iris (1926, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City)—in which the details of the flower are so Art, New York City)—in which the details of the flower are so enlarged that they become unfamiliar and surprising. enlarged that they become unfamiliar and surprising.

Cow's Skull with Calico Roses, 1932, oil on canvas,

Art Institute of Chicago.

Black Iris III, 1926, oil on canvas, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY.

Surrealism Surrealism A 20th-century literary and artistic movement that attempts A 20th-century literary and artistic movement that attempts to express the workings of the subconscious by fantastic to express the workings of the subconscious by fantastic imagery and incongruous juxtaposition of subject matter.imagery and incongruous juxtaposition of subject matter.

Rousseau, Henri: The Dream 1910. Oil on canvas, 6' 8 1/2" x 9' 9 1/2"; The Museum of Modern Art, NY

Surrealism grew principally out of the earlier Dada movement.

Georgio De Chirico (1888-1978)Georgio De Chirico (1888-1978)

Italian Painter who moved to Italian Painter who moved to Germany and France. Germany and France. De Chirico's Metaphysical De Chirico's Metaphysical paintings were hugely paintings were hugely influential on Surrealist artists, influential on Surrealist artists, who recognized in them the who recognized in them the eloquent expression of the eloquent expression of the unconscious and nonsensical unconscious and nonsensical to which they themselves to which they themselves aspired. "In words and by aspired. "In words and by example, Ernst, Tanguy, example, Ernst, Tanguy, Magritte, and Dali, among Magritte, and Dali, among others, showed a rare unity in others, showed a rare unity in acknowledging de Chirico as a acknowledging de Chirico as a forerunner master." forerunner master."

Mystery and Melancholy of a Street. 1914. Oil on canvas. 88 x 72 cm. Private collection.

Joan MirJoan Miró ó (1893-1983) (1893-1983)

Fauvism, Cubism, Surrealism, Dadaism; Miró was influenced by and part of all the movements of Fauvism, Cubism, Surrealism, Dadaism; Miró was influenced by and part of all the movements of Modern Art, making him an important figure in European art during an investigational age. The Spanish Modern Art, making him an important figure in European art during an investigational age. The Spanish painter spent his winters in Paris and the summer at the family farm near Barcelona, and after the painter spent his winters in Paris and the summer at the family farm near Barcelona, and after the German invasion of France lived mainly in Majorca. The energy Miró conveyed through his work was an German invasion of France lived mainly in Majorca. The energy Miró conveyed through his work was an extension of his personality: fun, frivolous and experimental. He produced widely accessible works, extension of his personality: fun, frivolous and experimental. He produced widely accessible works, exhibiting in Spain and America. In a criticism of Picasso, he expressed concern for the mania for exhibiting in Spain and America. In a criticism of Picasso, he expressed concern for the mania for publicity that was gripping the art scene, while Miró maintained modesty and devotion to his work despite publicity that was gripping the art scene, while Miró maintained modesty and devotion to his work despite world-wide fame.world-wide fame.

Personages in the Night Guided by the

Phosphorescent Tracks of Snails, 1940, gouache &

turpentine paint on paper, private

collection, U.S.A.

Max Ernst Max Ernst (1891-1976) (1891-1976)

In 1924 André Breton published In 1924 André Breton published the the First Surrealist ManifestoFirst Surrealist Manifesto. Max . Max Ernst was among those who Ernst was among those who shared the views and aims of the shared the views and aims of the Surrealists and took an active part Surrealists and took an active part in founding the new movement. in founding the new movement. Ernst's invention of the frottage Ernst's invention of the frottage (pencil rubbings on paper or (pencil rubbings on paper or canvas) technique dates to the canvas) technique dates to the early 1920s. In this technique early 1920s. In this technique Ernst fulfilled a series of works, Ernst fulfilled a series of works, resulting in the publication of his resulting in the publication of his famous "Histoire Naturelle". famous "Histoire Naturelle". Frottage, which realizes the Frottage, which realizes the surrealistic principle of surrealistic principle of 'psychological automatism', Ernst 'psychological automatism', Ernst applied in painting as well, applied in painting as well, inventing the so-called grattage inventing the so-called grattage (scrapings), .(scrapings), .

Two Children are Threatened by a Nightingale. 1924. Oil on wood with wooden elements. 69.8 x 57.1 x 11.4 cm. The Museum of Modern Arts, New York, NY

Salvador Dali (1904-1989) Salvador Dali (1904-1989)

(1904-89) A finger in every artistic (1904-89) A finger in every artistic pie, the Spaniard was a painter, pie, the Spaniard was a painter, sculptor, graphic artist and sculptor, graphic artist and designer. He found his niche in designer. He found his niche in cubism, via Cubism, Futurism cubism, via Cubism, Futurism and Metaphysical painting. Dali and Metaphysical painting. Dali was also a brilliant self-publicist, was also a brilliant self-publicist, and quickly became the most and quickly became the most famous representative of famous representative of Surrealism after moving to Paris Surrealism after moving to Paris in 1929. The eccentric, dream-in 1929. The eccentric, dream-like works reflected the character like works reflected the character of the artist perfectly. The of the artist perfectly. The anagram of his name 'Avida anagram of his name 'Avida Dollars' seemed fitting, as in the Dollars' seemed fitting, as in the late 1930s Dali was completely late 1930s Dali was completely preoccupied with publicity and preoccupied with publicity and making money. There are two making money. There are two museums in the USA (Cleveland museums in the USA (Cleveland and Florida) and one in Spain and Florida) and one in Spain (Figueras - his birthplace) (Figueras - his birthplace) completely devoted to Dali's completely devoted to Dali's work, though critics meet his work, though critics meet his output with mixed feelings. output with mixed feelings.

Daddy Longlegs of the Evening-Hope! (1940)

Marc Chagall (1887-1985) Marc Chagall (1887-1985)

The romantic and the The romantic and the allegorical interested allegorical interested Chagall. The colors he Chagall. The colors he favored were blues and favored were blues and greens, with a magical greens, with a magical silvery glisten adding to silvery glisten adding to the sparkle of the subjects. the sparkle of the subjects. Chagall also designed Chagall also designed costumes and sets for costumes and sets for theatre, beautiful stained theatre, beautiful stained glass designs, and book glass designs, and book illustration. Chagall's work illustration. Chagall's work is difficult to place into a is difficult to place into a category; he claimed his category; he claimed his work was inspired by his work was inspired by his early years, disagreeing early years, disagreeing with critics who wanted to with critics who wanted to place him as a Cubist or place him as a Cubist or Surrealist.Surrealist.

The Birthday, 1915, oil on canvas.

Paul Klee Paul Klee (1879-1940) (1879-1940)

(1879-1940) Friends with (1879-1940) Friends with Kandinsky, Macke, Marc, Kandinsky, Macke, Marc, Delaunay and others, the Delaunay and others, the Russian-Swiss painter (and Russian-Swiss painter (and writer) moved from creating writer) moved from creating black and white paintings to black and white paintings to some of the most colourful some of the most colourful and playful paintings of the and playful paintings of the early quarter of the last early quarter of the last century. Klee did revert to a century. Klee did revert to a more sombre palette later in more sombre palette later in life, affected by mental life, affected by mental stress, and produced stress, and produced paintings that have been paintings that have been subjected to psychoanalytical subjected to psychoanalytical criticism. His output of about criticism. His output of about 8,000 works makes Paul 8,000 works makes Paul Klee a fascinating artist, as Klee a fascinating artist, as his works move confidently his works move confidently between styles, from acutely between styles, from acutely abstract to figurative. abstract to figurative.

Death and Fire, 1940, 18” x 17”. Paul Klee-Stiftung, Bern

Edward Hopper (1882-1967) Edward Hopper (1882-1967) (1882-1967) Hopper spent almost his entire career in New York, but he travelled (1882-1967) Hopper spent almost his entire career in New York, but he travelled his native country extensively, making long journeys by car. Until 1923, Hopper his native country extensively, making long journeys by car. Until 1923, Hopper was employed as a commercial illustrator, but turned to painting full-time and was employed as a commercial illustrator, but turned to painting full-time and enjoyed a rapid rise to recognition as the outstanding exponent of American Scene enjoyed a rapid rise to recognition as the outstanding exponent of American Scene Painting. His lonely figures sit in spare interior or exterior spaces, timeless and Painting. His lonely figures sit in spare interior or exterior spaces, timeless and serene in their own worlds. Hopper himself disliked talking about his work and serene in their own worlds. Hopper himself disliked talking about his work and lived quietly with his artist wife. A favorite subject was the female nude in a city lived quietly with his artist wife. A favorite subject was the female nude in a city interior.interior.

Nighthawks, 1942, oil on canvas, The Art Institute of Chicago.

Sculpture:Sculpture:Sculpture in the early Sculpture in the early 2020thth century strove to century strove to keep up with it’s two keep up with it’s two dimensional dimensional counterparts in that counterparts in that the artist was striving the artist was striving to stretch the viewing to stretch the viewing experience to see experience to see beyond the forms and beyond the forms and shapes into the shapes into the meanings and meanings and emotions of the artist emotions of the artist during creation.during creation.

Umberto Boccioni Umberto Boccioni (1882-1916)(1882-1916) In In Unique Forms of Continuity in SpaceUnique Forms of Continuity in Space, Boccioni puts , Boccioni puts speed and force into sculptural form. The figure strides speed and force into sculptural form. The figure strides forward. Surpassing the limits of the body, its lines forward. Surpassing the limits of the body, its lines ripple outward in curving and streamlined flags, as if ripple outward in curving and streamlined flags, as if molded by the wind of its passing. Boccioni had molded by the wind of its passing. Boccioni had developed these shapes over two years in paintings, developed these shapes over two years in paintings, drawings, and sculptures, exacting studies of human drawings, and sculptures, exacting studies of human musculature. The result is a three-dimensional portrait musculature. The result is a three-dimensional portrait of a powerful body in action.of a powerful body in action.In the early twentieth century, the new speed and force In the early twentieth century, the new speed and force of machinery seemed to pour its power into radical of machinery seemed to pour its power into radical social energy. The new technologies and the ideas social energy. The new technologies and the ideas attached to them would later reveal threatening attached to them would later reveal threatening aspects, but for Futurist artists like Boccioni, they were aspects, but for Futurist artists like Boccioni, they were tremendously exhilarating. Innovative as Boccioni was, tremendously exhilarating. Innovative as Boccioni was, he fell short of his own ambition. In 1912, he had he fell short of his own ambition. In 1912, he had attacked the domination of sculpture by "the blind and attacked the domination of sculpture by "the blind and foolish imitation of formulas inherited from the past," foolish imitation of formulas inherited from the past," and particularly by "the burdensome weight of Greece." and particularly by "the burdensome weight of Greece." Yet Yet Unique Forms of Continuity in SpaceUnique Forms of Continuity in Space bears an bears an underlying resemblance to a classical work over 2,000 underlying resemblance to a classical work over 2,000 years old, the years old, the Nike of SamothraceNike of Samothrace. There, however, . There, however, speed is encoded in the flowing stone draperies that speed is encoded in the flowing stone draperies that wash around, and in the wake of, the figure. Here the wash around, and in the wake of, the figure. Here the body itself is reshaped, as if the new conditions of body itself is reshaped, as if the new conditions of modernity were producing a new man.modernity were producing a new man.

Unique Forms of Continuity in Space. 1913. Bronze (cast 1931), 43 7/8 x 34 7/8 x 15 3/4" (111.2 x 88.5 x 40 cm).

Gaston Lachaise (1882-1935)Gaston Lachaise (1882-1935)Lachaise, above all other Lachaise, above all other sculptors since the Renaissance, sculptors since the Renaissance, is the interpreter of maturity. He is is the interpreter of maturity. He is concerned with forms which have concerned with forms which have completed their growth, which completed their growth, which have achieved their prime; forms, have achieved their prime; forms, as he would say, in the glory of as he would say, in the glory of their fulfillment....It is no wonder their fulfillment....It is no wonder that to a nation predominantly that to a nation predominantly adolescent Lachaise’s insistence adolescent Lachaise’s insistence upon the mature is frightening. upon the mature is frightening. —Lincoln Kirstein—Lincoln Kirstein

American sculptor of French birth. American sculptor of French birth.

Standing Woman (Elevation), 1927Gaston Lachaise (American, born France, 1882–1935)Bronze; H. 73-7/8, W. 32, D. 17-3/4 in.

Constantin BrancusiConstantin BrancusiBrancusi, ConstantinBrancusi, Constantin ( (bb Hobitza, Gorj, 19 Feb 1876; Hobitza, Gorj, 19 Feb 1876; dd Paris, 16 March 1957). Paris, 16 March 1957). French sculptor, French sculptor, draughtsman, painter and draughtsman, painter and photographer of Romanian photographer of Romanian birth. He was one of the birth. He was one of the most influential 20th-century most influential 20th-century sculptors, but he left a sculptors, but he left a relatively small body of work relatively small body of work centred on 215 sculptures, centred on 215 sculptures, of which about 50 are of which about 50 are thought to have been lost or thought to have been lost or destroyed.destroyed.

Bird In Space, 1927, Bronze, Uniquecast approx 54” high. Museum of Modern Art, New York

Vladimir TatlinVladimir Tatlin (1885- 1953) (1885- 1953) Tatlin, Vladimir Tatlin, Vladimir (Yevgrafovich)(Yevgrafovich) ( (bb Kharkiv, 12 Dec 1885; Kharkiv, 12 Dec 1885; dd Novodevichy, Moscow, Novodevichy, Moscow, 31 May 1953). Ukrainian 31 May 1953). Ukrainian painter, designer, painter, designer, sculptor and teacher, sculptor and teacher, active mainly in Russia.active mainly in Russia.

Monument to the Third International, 1919-1920, Wood, Iron, and Glass.

Women combing their hair?Women combing their hair?Compare and contrast Compare and contrast these two sculptures of these two sculptures of the same theme and the same theme and you find that they have you find that they have radically different radically different methods and outcomes methods and outcomes to emotion, but to emotion, but strikingly similar strikingly similar characteristics with characteristics with respect to abstraction respect to abstraction and.and.

Alexander Archipenko (American, born Russia, 1887-1964), Woman Combing her Hair, 1915, Bronze, 35.6 x 8.6 x 8.3 cm, Tate Modern, London.

Julio Gonzalez (1876-1942) Spanish Artist, Woman Combing Her Hair. c.1931-33, Iron Ht. 59", Moderna Museet, Stockholm

Found Object sculptureFound Object sculptureCompare These Compare These sculptures made sculptures made from everyday from everyday manufactured manufactured objects.objects.

What is the What is the purpose?purpose?

Pablo Picasso. Bull's Head, 1943. 16 1/8" high.

Handlebars and seat of a bicycle.

Man Ray, The Gift,

1921

Marcel Duchamp, Bicycle Wheel, 1951

Henry MooreHenry Moore[English Abstract Sculptor, 1898-1986][English Abstract Sculptor, 1898-1986]

Reclining Figure 1935-36 Elmwood. (48.3; 89; 38 cm)Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo

If a work of If a work of sculpture has its sculpture has its own life and form, own life and form, it will be alive and it will be alive and expansive, expansive, seeming larger seeming larger than the stone or than the stone or wood from which wood from which it is carved. It it is carved. It should always should always give the give the impression, impression, whether carved whether carved or modeled, of or modeled, of having grown having grown organically, organically, created by created by pressure from pressure from within.within.

- - Henry MooreHenry Moore, , 1958, quoted by 1958, quoted by Edouard RoditiEdouard Roditi

Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959)Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959)

By the time of his death, By the time of his death, Frank Lloyd Wright had Frank Lloyd Wright had become internationally become internationally recognized for his recognized for his innovative building style innovative building style and contemporary and contemporary designs. He had created designs. He had created 1,141 designs, of which 1,141 designs, of which 532 were completed. 532 were completed. His name had become His name had become synonymous with great synonymous with great design, not only design, not only because of the form of because of the form of his designs, but also his designs, but also because of the function. because of the function. In the end, he showed In the end, he showed not just what to live in, not just what to live in, but more importantly he but more importantly he influenced the very influenced the very nature of how we lived.nature of how we lived.

Fallingwater; Edgar Kaufmann House, Bear Run, PA, 1934-37

Charles Edouard Jeannret-Gris (1887-1965) Charles Edouard Jeannret-Gris (1887-1965) One of the most famous houses of the modern movement in architecture, the Villa Savoye is a masterpiece One of the most famous houses of the modern movement in architecture, the Villa Savoye is a masterpiece of LeCorbusier's purist design. It is perhaps the best example of LeCorbusier's goal to create a house which of LeCorbusier's purist design. It is perhaps the best example of LeCorbusier's goal to create a house which would be a "machine a habiter," a machine for living (in). Located in a suburb near Paris, the house is as would be a "machine a habiter," a machine for living (in). Located in a suburb near Paris, the house is as beautiful and functional as a machine. beautiful and functional as a machine.

The Villa Savoye was the culmination of many years of design, and the basis for much of LeCorbusier's later The Villa Savoye was the culmination of many years of design, and the basis for much of LeCorbusier's later architure. Although it looks severe in photographs, it is a complex and visually stimulating structure. As with architure. Although it looks severe in photographs, it is a complex and visually stimulating structure. As with his church of Notre Dame du Haute, Ronchamp, the building looks different from every angle. After falling his church of Notre Dame du Haute, Ronchamp, the building looks different from every angle. After falling into disrepair after the war, the house has been restored and is open to the public. into disrepair after the war, the house has been restored and is open to the public. The design features of the Villa Savoye include:The design features of the Villa Savoye include:

Villa Savoye, Poissy-sur-Seine, 1929-30

AKA: Le AKA: Le CorbusierCorbusier

Le CorbusierLe Corbusier

Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, 1950-54

Gerrit Rietveld (1888-1964)Gerrit Rietveld (1888-1964)The Schröder-The Schröder-Schräder house Schräder house was built in was built in Utrecht in 1923-Utrecht in 1923-24 by the Dutch 24 by the Dutch architect Gerrit architect Gerrit Rietveld. It is a Rietveld. It is a pioneering work pioneering work of modernism, of modernism, with no historical with no historical ornament and a ornament and a design which design which parallels the art of parallels the art of Cubism and De Cubism and De Stijl (Piet Stijl (Piet Mondrian).Mondrian).

Schröder-Schräder House, Utrecht