the dreyfus case, 1894 capt. alfred dreyfus emile zola
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The Dreyfus Case, 1894The Dreyfus Case, 1894
Capt. Alfred Dreyfus
Capt. Alfred Dreyfus
Emile ZolaEmile Zola
ZionismZionism
Theodore Herzl1860-1904
Theodore Herzl1860-1904
GOALS:The spiritual andpolitical renewal ofthe Jewish peoplein its ancestralhomeland ofPalestine.
Freedom from Western anti-Semitism.
GOALS:The spiritual andpolitical renewal ofthe Jewish peoplein its ancestralhomeland ofPalestine.
Freedom from Western anti-Semitism.
1st Zionist Conference, 18971st Zionist Conference, 1897
Herzl writes Der Judenstaat, orThe Jewish State in 1896.
Met in Basel, Switzerland.
Creates the 1st Zionist Congress.
Becomes an international Jewishorganization.
“Next Year in Jerusalem!”
Herzl writes Der Judenstaat, orThe Jewish State in 1896.
Met in Basel, Switzerland.
Creates the 1st Zionist Congress.
Becomes an international Jewishorganization.
“Next Year in Jerusalem!”
The Ottoman Empire in WW1
The Ottoman Empire in WW1
The Middle East in 1914
The Middle East in 1914
T. E. Lawrence [1888-1935]
T. E. Lawrence [1888-1935]
“Lawrence of Arabia,”
The Legend Begins
“Lawrence of Arabia,”
The Legend Begins
Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1915
Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1915
....Britain is prepared to recognize and uphold the independence of the Arabs in all regions lying within the frontiers proposed by the Sharif of Mecca....
Hussein ibn Ali,
Sharif of Mecca
Hussein ibn Ali,
Sharif of Mecca
Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916
The British & Arab Armies Meet
The British & Arab Armies Meet
British ForcesBritish Forces
Lawrence
& Faisal’s Forces
Lawrence
& Faisal’s Forces
British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration,
1917
British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration,
1917
Sir Arthur James Balfour
Br. Foreign Secretary
Sir Arthur James Balfour
Br. Foreign Secretary
His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine…
1.5 million: Shadow of Future Horrors to Come!
Turkish Genocide Against the ArmeniansTurkish Genocide Against the ArmeniansTurkish Genocide Against the ArmeniansTurkish Genocide Against the Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey
1914 1922
ErzerumErzerum 215,000215,000 1,5001,500
VanVan 197,000197,000 500500
KharbertKharbert 204,000204,000 35,00035,000
DiarbekirDiarbekir 124,000124,000 3,0003,000
BitlisBitlis 220,000220,000 56,00056,000
SivasSivas 225,000225,000 16,80016,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey
Western AnatoliaWestern Anatolia 371,800371,800 27,00027,000
Cilicia and Northern SyriaCilicia and Northern Syria 309,000309,000 70,00070,000
European TurkeyEuropean Turkey 194,000194,000 163,000163,000
Trapizond DistrictTrapizond District 73,39073,390 15,00015,000
Total:Total: 2,133,1902,133,190 387,800387,800
Turkish Genocide Against the ArmeniansTurkish Genocide Against the Armenians
Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918
Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918
Arab Disappointment!Arab Disappointment!
The League of Nations Mandates
The League of Nations Mandates
“New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge!
“New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge!
Prince Faisal “ruler” of Trans-Jordan.
Prince Abdullah “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinctgeographic regions].
The House of Saud put on the throne of thenewly-created Saudi Arabia.
The Pahlavi Family put on the throne of a new Iran.
Mustafa Kemal leads a military/nationalistmovement in Turkey.
Prince Faisal “ruler” of Trans-Jordan.
Prince Abdullah “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinctgeographic regions].
The House of Saud put on the throne of thenewly-created Saudi Arabia.
The Pahlavi Family put on the throne of a new Iran.
Mustafa Kemal leads a military/nationalistmovement in Turkey.
Treaty of Lausanne, 1923
Treaty of Lausanne, 1923
Modern Turkey Is Born.Modern Turkey Is Born.
Mustafa Kemal “Atatürk”
(1881-1938)
Mustafa Kemal “Atatürk”
(1881-1938)
Ataturk’s Reform Program
Ataturk’s Reform Program Capital moved from Constantinople to
Ankara.
Secularism Qur’an in Turkish translation.
Adoption of a republican constitution and aSwiss civil code.
Westernization & nationalism:
Compulsory, secular education.
Banning the fez.
Western [Roman] script.
Western clothing.
Women unveiled & given full citizenship and the right to vote.
Capital moved from Constantinople to Ankara.
Secularism Qur’an in Turkish translation.
Adoption of a republican constitution and aSwiss civil code.
Westernization & nationalism:
Compulsory, secular education.
Banning the fez.
Western [Roman] script.
Western clothing.
Women unveiled & given full citizenship and the right to vote.
Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia!Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia!
First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persiain 1908.
Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.
Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledgingallegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul,promised exclusive oil rights to the British.
Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.
In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.
First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persiain 1908.
Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.
Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledgingallegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul,promised exclusive oil rights to the British.
Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.
In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.
Oil Becomes the New International“Coin of the Realm!”
Oil Becomes the New International“Coin of the Realm!”
American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gainoil concessions in Bahrainin 1929.
In 1933, American oil
companies win an oilconcession in Saudi Arabia.
ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.
American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gainoil concessions in Bahrainin 1929.
In 1933, American oil
companies win an oilconcession in Saudi Arabia.
ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.
Rezah Khan (1877-1944)Rezah Khan (1877-1944) an Iranian officer,
seizedcontrol of the govt. in 1921.
declared himself SHAH in1925.
created the Pahlavi Dynasty.
ruled from 1925-1941.
initiated some modern reforms.
forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.
an Iranian officer, seizedcontrol of the govt. in 1921.
declared himself SHAH in1925.
created the Pahlavi Dynasty.
ruled from 1925-1941.
initiated some modern reforms.
forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.
Reforms in IranReforms in Iran
Secularization seizure of religious lands.
Adoption of the French civilcode.
Built the Trans-IranianRailroad.
Improved education.
Secularization seizure of religious lands.
Adoption of the French civilcode.
Built the Trans-IranianRailroad.
Improved education.
The Middle East Between the Wars
The Middle East Between the Wars
Essential Question: Essential Question:
How did Britain’s actions in Palestine after
1918 lay the groundwork for the on-going conflict between the Jews & the Arabs in the Middle East today?
How did Britain’s actions in Palestine after
1918 lay the groundwork for the on-going conflict between the Jews & the Arabs in the Middle East today?
Palestine Was Part of the
Ottoman Empire
Palestine Was Part of the
Ottoman Empire
Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920 Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920
In 1920, there was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs inPalestine.
By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs forevery Jew.
In 1920, there was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs inPalestine.
By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs forevery Jew.The Arabs felt that they were losing control of their “country!”
The Arabs felt that they were losing control of their “country!”
British Mandate
in PalestineCreated
July, 1922
British Mandate
in PalestineCreated
July, 1922
Jewish Settlements: The Kibbutz SystemJewish Settlements: The Kibbutz System
First one founded in 1908.
Communal living.
“Make the DesertBloom!”
First one founded in 1908.
Communal living.
“Make the DesertBloom!”
1929 Arab Riots 1929 Arab Riots IZBAH AL-YAHUD!
[“Slaughter All the Jews!”]IZBAH AL-YAHUD!
[“Slaughter All the Jews!”]
Jewish
1919 1,806
1920 8,223
1921 8,294
1922 8,685
1923 8,175
1924 13,892
1925 34,386
1926 13,855
1927 3,034
1928 2,178
1929 5,249
1930 4,944
Immigration
1931 4,075
1932 12,533
1933 37,337
1934 45,267
1935 66,472
1936 29,595
1937 10,629
1938 14,675
1939 31,195
1940 10,643
1941 4,592
Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939
Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939
The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj
Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.
The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj
Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.
An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.
An end to the transferof lands to Jewish owners.
A new “generalrepresentative government.”
An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.
An end to the transferof lands to Jewish owners.
A new “generalrepresentative government.”
Their Goals:Their Goals:
The Peel Commission Partition Plan, 1937
The Peel Commission Partition Plan, 1937
British White Paper of 1939
British White Paper of 1939 Limited Jewish
immigration toPalestine to 75,000 over the next five years.
It ended Jewish landpurchases.
Independence forPalestine within 10 years.
It is NOT British policythat Palestine become aJewish state.
Limited Jewish immigration toPalestine to 75,000 over the next five years.
It ended Jewish landpurchases.
Independence forPalestine within 10 years.
It is NOT British policythat Palestine become aJewish state.
The “Arab Legion” of the
British Army During WW2
The “Arab Legion” of the
British Army During WW2
The “Jewish Brigade” of the
British Army During WW2
The “Jewish Brigade” of the
British Army During WW2
Hitler’s“Final
Solution”
Hitler’s“Final
Solution”
The Jewish population in each country in 1942.
The Jewish population in each country in 1942.
Nazi Concentration & Extermination Camps
Nazi Concentration & Extermination Camps
The Nazi HolocaustThe Nazi Holocaust
6,000,00 Jews killed by the Nazis [1/2 in the concentration camps.]
6,000,00 Jews killed by the Nazis [1/2 in the concentration camps.]
Aliyah Bet : Illegal Jewish Immigration
Aliyah Bet : Illegal Jewish Immigration
Aliyah Bet Aliyah Bet
Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.
The Exodus, 1947.
Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.
The Exodus, 1947.
British “Detention” Camps
in Cyprus : 1946-1948
British “Detention” Camps
in Cyprus : 1946-1948
Jewish “Freedom Fighters”
(or “Terrorists”?)
Jewish “Freedom Fighters”
(or “Terrorists”?)
Irgun Zvai Leumi[Natl. Military
Org.]
Irgun Zvai Leumi[Natl. Military
Org.]
Avraham Stern &The Stern Gang
Avraham Stern &The Stern Gang
U. N. Partition Plan of 1947
U. N. Partition Plan of 1947
Israel Becomes a Nation:
May 14, 1948
Israel Becomes a Nation:
May 14, 1948
David Ben-Gurion,
1st Prime Minister
David Ben-Gurion,
1st Prime Minister
Chaim Weizmann,
1st President
Chaim Weizmann,
1st President
War Begins!: May 15, 1948
War Begins!: May 15, 1948
Arab Refugees, 1948Arab Refugees, 1948
The Palestinian Diaspora begins!The Palestinian Diaspora begins!
Armistice Signed, 1949Armistice Signed, 1949