Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

Laboratory Report SPO021-1 Introduction to Exercise Physiology

Carl Page University of Bedfordshire Ms. N Bretherton

2 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

THE DISCREPANCY IN ESTIMATED VO2MAX

CONCERNING DIVERSE PRACTICES

Introduction

How fit do you think you are? Agreement to

Dr David Stensel of the School of Sport and

Exercise Sciences at Loughborough University,

it is tough to identify precisely. Frequent

training while greatly suggested it is simply

fraction of the portrayal. "Genetics plays a big

part in fitness too. It's certainly the case that

two people of the same age can do the same

amount of exercise, but one can be fitter than

the other.”

Thus across various performances the

cardiovascular exercises can conclude a

participant VO2max “the highest rate of

oxygen consumption attainable during

maximal or exhaustive exercise”. Since

individuals VO2max can be calculated via

straight quantity of maximal oxygen uptake,

through being calculated in the maximum

amount of oxygen in millilitres, individuals can

use in one minute per kilogram of their body

weight.

Although there are numerous sub maximal

and maximal exercise tests have been

developed made from track/field walking and

jogging to treadmill laboratory settings. While

the valid and reliable approximations of

VO2max which are gained from normative

data as from previous studies published

online and paper e.g. the Journal of Sports

Science and Medicine (JSSM) and other

relevant worldwide sporting organisations.

Presented in this physiology journal are the

physiological tests which examined chosen

characteristics of participant’s execution

within a monitored laboratory. Since this

study shows the findings from physiology

assessments through to data collection. These

fitness assessments require the motivation of

participants exercise to exhaustion,

consequently VO2max depends on participant

factors. Therefore those with a high-level

Body Mass Index (BMI) will have an estimated

lower VO2max rating and cannot do exercises

further powerfully than individuals who are

healthy trained.

3 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

Methodologies

Participants volunteered to be in research and

understood the risks involved as Physical

Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) and

Informed Consents were used. Data gathered

used to evaluate the participants VO2 levels

of fitness against the norm for easy

comparisons. Consequently with participants

Body Mass Index (BMI) rating then able to

discover if participants are over/under or in

the ideal weight bracket for their height too.

Record all participants heart rate before,

immediately afterwards, and then five

minutes later of each test. Astrand Treadmill

Test, from the total running time an estimate

of the participants VO2max can be calculated

as follows: VO2max= (Time × 1.444) + 14.99

Where "Time" is the recorded test time exact

in minutes and parts of a minute. Test forces

the participant to run as extensive and

achievable on a treadmill. Assistant

discontinues the stopwatch, records the time

whenever the participant is incapable to

persist.

Queens College (VO2max) Step Test, step up

and down on the bench for three minutes

accordance to selected beat and at height

16.25 inches. Females: VO2max= 65.81-

(0.1847*HR), Males: VO2max= 111.33-

(0.42*HR).

Multi-Stage Fitness Test consists of 18 or 21

levels depending on CD/tape used. Test is

stopped once participant fails to reach the

line (within 2 meters) for two consecutive

ends. The reliability of the test would depend

on how strictly the test is run and the practice

allowed for the subjects.

12 minute Cooper Test, participants run for

twelve minutes, and the total distance

covered is recorded. The reliability would

depend on practice, pacing strategies and

motivation level. An estimate of the

participants VO2max can be calculated as

follows:

VO2max= (Distance covered in meters

– 504.9) ÷ 44.73

4 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

Results

The total of seven British Caucasian

participant’s male to female ratio 6:1 ages 18-

20 years old. Although following BMI

assessment is presented from NHS Direct

(UK);

Less than 18.5 participants are

underweight for their height.

18.5 to 24.9 participants are an ideal

weight for their height

25 to 29.9 participants are over the

ideal weight for their height

30 to 39.9 participants are obese

Over 39.9 participants very obese

List of fitness assessments and the room

temperatures participants performed at.

Fitness Assessment Room

Temperature

Astrand 18'C

Step Test 20'C

Multi-stage Fitness Test 18'C

Cooper 18'C

All four fitness assessment VO2max results of

each participant.

The groups heart rate differences before,

immediately afterwards, and then five

minutes later on two fitness assessments.

Multi-stage

Fitness Test

HR

Resting

Heart

Rate at

End

HR at

end + 5

mins

Mean 62 126 80

Median 60 120 84

Mode 54 156 60

Range 28 78 36

Standard

Deviation

10.39 29.11 14.58

12 Minute

Cooper VO2max

Test

HR

Resting

Heart

Rate at

End

HR at

end + 5

mins

Table 1. Test temperatures of all fitness tests.

Figure 2. Bar Chart presenting VO2Max of all fitness

tests

Figure 1. Pie Chart showing participants Body Mass

Index

Table 2. Heart rate data of the Multi-stage

Fitness Test.

5 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

Mean 63 133 81

Median 60 120 78

Mode 48 120 60

Range 42 94 54

Standard

Deviation

15.04 35.47 19.86

Discussion/Conclusion

VO2max was estimated through a number of

indirect exercise assessments. Yet

recommended that maximal exercise

assessments aren’t further unsafe compared

submaximal assessments delivered cautiously

obey procedures for practice acceptance

assessment and observer the physiological

reactions of the participant exercise

constantly. The sample is heterogeneous as

participants experience VO2max changes in

the fitness assessments. Although every

assessment followed “The protocol duration

of tests to VO2max should be between 8 and

10 min for healthy, moderately to highly

trained subjects.” (Med Sci Sports Exerc.

2007)

Support recommends the occurrence of VO2

plateau through increased performance

assessment is greatly variable stretching from

16% to 94% (Day et al. 2003; Rossiter,

Kowalchuk, and Whipp 2006; Yoon, Kravitz,

and Robergs 2007). Actually these

investigations recognised that a "plateau

phenomenon" is not a condition for

recognising an accurate VO2max in the

difference of participants (Noakes

2008). Intended for participants who do not

achieve an definite VO2 plateau, the VO2

peak reached in a maximal exercising fitness

assessment to the threshold of acceptance is

an effective guide of VO2max (Day et al. 2003;

Hawkins et al. 2007; Howley 2007).

Factors that affect maximal oxygen uptake,

individual variations their somatotype in

Table 3. Heart rate data of the 12 Minute

Cooper VO2max Test.

Figure 3. Line Chart displaying oxygen

consumption plateaus

6 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

VO2max reflect the volume of muscle mass

recruited. VO2max expressed relative to

body mass. More body fat mass = lower

relative VO2max. Genetics build up to 40% of

difference in VO2max connecting participants.

(Bouchard et all, 1992)

Normal values for relative (mL/kg/min) VO2

for various groups of individuals;

Untrained College-aged Females 30-

35 mL/kg/min

Untrained College-aged Males 35-45

mL/kg/min

Active College-aged Females 40-45

mL/kg/min

Active College-aged Males 45-50

mL/kg/min

Trained College-aged Females 50-60

mL/kg/min

Trained College-aged Males 55-65

mL/kg/min

Competitive College-aged Males 65-

85 mL/kg/min

Highest measured VO2max 95

mL/kg/min

Fick Equation;

VO2 = HR x SV x a-vO2diff

Maximal and submaximal VO2 is stated as

absolute or relative conditions. Absolute VO2

is the total volume of oxygen consumed and

expressed as L/min. Relative VO2 is the total

volume of oxygen consumed related to body

weight since allows comparison of aerobic

fitness among individuals of various body size.

Nonetheless reliant on couple effects, the

compound capacity to utilise oxygen in

crushing downward energy and the joint

capability of cardio-respiratory systems to

carrying the oxygen to the muscle tissue. As

both cardiac output and VO2 increase in

linearly with exercise intensity. Therefore

measuring heart rate is great way of

estimating all the participants VO2.

Cooper (1968) reported a correlation of 0.90

between VO2max and the distance covered in

a 12 min walk/run. The running economies of

each compared to participant are different.

Consequently further investigation process

and continuation laboratory setting a VO2max

capable of being attained in increasing

intensity which obtains assured

measurements by use of Douglas Bags. Since

it will gives more accurate reading of expired

Figure 4. Cardiac output and VO2 increase

linearly (California State University 2004)

California State University (2004).

7 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

VO2max as calculates the expired air which

can be presented on a graph for simpler

comparisons of participants levels of fitness.

Further conditions which can show the

execution of an accurate VO2max;

Stoppage of the heart rate to add

through rises in workout amount.

Breathing interchange ratio (RER)

more than 1.15

Therefore monitoring the heart rate and

changing room temperature VO2max can

be discovered through analysing how

each participant’s cardio-respiratory

systems keep up with the demands at

different stages for more valid and

reliable results.

References/Acknowledgements

Appendix

A. Informed Consent Sheets.

B. Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q's).

C. Fitness Test Scores Spreadsheet

D. SPO021-1 Introduction to Exercise Physiology Practical 6: Estimating VO2 Max from

Cardiovascular Exercise

Normative Data for VO2max

Non-Athletes

Age Male Female

10-19 47-56 38-46

20-29 43-52 33-42

30-39 39-48 30-38

40-49 36-44 26-35

50-59 34-41 24-33

60-69 31-38 22-30

70-79 28-35 20-27

Tables adapted from: Wilmore JH and Costill DL. (2005) Physiology of Sport and Exercise: 3rd Edition.

Champaign, IL: Human Kinetic

Female (values in ml/kg/min)

Age Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent Superior

13-19 <25.0 25.0 - 30.9 31.0 - 34.9 35.0 - 38.9 39.0 - 41.9 >41.9

20-29 <23.6 23.6 - 28.9 29.0 - 32.9 33.0 - 36.9 37.0 - 41.0 >41.0

30-39 <22.8 22.8 - 26.9 27.0 - 31.4 31.5 - 35.6 35.7 - 40.0 >40.0

40-49 <21.0 21.0 - 24.4 24.5 - 28.9 29.0 - 32.8 32.9 - 36.9 >36.9

50-59 <20.2 20.2 - 22.7 22.8 - 26.9 27.0 - 31.4 31.5 - 35.7 >35.7

60+ <17.5 17.5 - 20.1 20.2 - 24.4 24.5 - 30.2 30.3 - 31.4 >31.4

9 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

Male (values in ml/kg/min)

Age Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent Superior

13-19 <35.0 35.0 - 38.3 38.4 - 45.1 45.2 - 50.9 51.0 - 55.9 >55.9

20-29 <33.0 33.0 - 36.4 36.5 - 42.4 42.5 - 46.4 46.5 - 52.4 >52.4

30-39 <31.5 31.5 - 35.4 35.5 - 40.9 41.0 - 44.9 45.0 - 49.4 >49.4

40-49 <30.2 30.2 - 33.5 33.6 - 38.9 39.0 - 43.7 43.8 - 48.0 >48.0

50-59 <26.1 26.1 - 30.9 31.0 - 35.7 35.8 - 40.9 41.0 - 45.3 >45.3

60+ <20.5 20.5 - 26.0 26.1 - 32.2 32.3 - 36.4 36.5 - 44.2 >44.2

Table Reference: The Physical Fitness Specialist Certification Manual, The Cooper Institute for

Aerobics Research, Dallas TX, revised 1997 printed in Advance Fitness Assessment & Exercise

Prescription, 3rd Edition, Vivian H. Heyward, 1998.p48.

Queen's College Step Test, normative data for the Queen's College step up test, the following are

national norms for 16 to 19 year olds.

Gender Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor

Male <121 148 - 121 156 - 149 162 - 157 >162

Female <129 158 - 129 166 - 159 170 - 167 >170

Table Reference: Physical Education and the study of sport, B. Davies et al.

Normative data for the Multi-Stage Fitness Test.

Male

Age Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor

14 - 16 L12 S7 L11 S2 L8 S9 L7 S1 <L6 S6

17 - 20 L12 S12 L11 S6 L9 S2 L7 S6 <L7 S3

21 - 30 L12 S12 L11 S7 L9 S3 L7 S8 <L7 S5

31 - 40 L11 S7 L10 S4 L6 S10 L6 S7 <L6 S4

41 - 50 L10 S4 L9 S4 L6 S9 L5 S9 <L5 S2

10 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

Female

Age Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor

14 - 16 L10 S9 L9 S1 L6 S7 L5 S1 <L4 S7

17 - 20 L10 S11 L9 S3 L6 S8 L5 S2 <L4 S9

21 - 30 L10 S8 L9 S2 L6 S6 L5 S1 <L4 S9

31 - 40 L10 S4 L8 S7 L6 S3 L4 S6 <L4 S5

41 - 50 L9 S9 L7 S2 L5 S7 L4 S2 <L4 S1

Multi-Stage Fitness Test Level Expectations

Rating Men Women

Excellent > 13 > 12

Very Good 11 - 13 10 - 12

Good 9 - 11 8 - 10

Average 7 - 9 6 - 8

Poor 5 - 7 4 - 6

Very Poor < 5 < 4

Normative data for the 12 Minute Cooper VO2max Test

Male Athletes

Age Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor

13-14 >2700m 2400-2700m 2200-2399m 2100-2199m <2100m

15-16 >2800m 2500-2800m 2300-2499m 2200-2299m <2200m

17-19 >3000m 2700-3000m 2500-2699m 2300-2499m <2300m

20-29 >2800m 2400-2800m 2200-2399m 1600-2199m <1600m

11 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

30-39 >2700m 2300-2700m 1900-2299m 1500-1999m <1500m

40-49 >2500m 2100-2500m 1700-2099m 1400-1699m <1400m

>50 >2400m 2000-2400m 1600-1999m 1300-1599m <1300m

Female Athletes

Age Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor

13-14 >2000m 1900-2000m 1600-1899m 1500-1599m <1500m

15-16 >2100m 2000-2100m 1700-1999m 1600-1699m <1600m

17-20 >2300m 2100-2300m 1800-2099m 1700-1799m <1700m

20-29 >2700m 2200-2700m 1800-2199m 1500-1799m <1500m

30-39 >2500m 2000-2500m 1700-1999m 1400-1699m <1400m

40-49 >2300m 1900-2300m 1500-1899m 1200-1499m <1200m

>50 >2200m 1700-2200m 1400-1699m 1100-1399m <1100m

Websites

Brianmac Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/ Accessed (12/02/2011)

Top End Sports Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/ Accessed (12/02/2011)

Brianmac VO2max Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/VO2max.htm#vo2 Accessed

(23/02/2011)

Brianmac Body Mass Index (BMI) Test Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/idealw.htm

Accessed (12/02/2011)

BBC Body Mass Index (BMI) Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/cgi-

perl/health/fightingfat/bodymass.pl Accessed (12/02/2011)

Brianmac Performance Evaluation Tests Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/eval.htm Accessed

(12/02/2011)

Top End Sports Testing Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/testing/index.htm Accessed

(12/02/2011)

12 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

Top End Sports Testing Guide Conduct Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/testing/guide-

conduct.htm Accessed (12/02/2011)

Top End Sports Testing Norms Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/testing/norms.htm

Accessed (12/02/2011)

Top End Sports Testing Guide Select Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/testing/guide-

select.htm Accessed (12/02/2011)

Top End Sports Standing Height (Stature) Available at:

http://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/height.htm Accessed (23/02/2011)

Top End Sports Body Mass / Weight Available at:

http://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/mass.htm Accessed (23/02/2011)

Top End Sports 20m Multistage Fitness Test (Beep Test) Available at:

http://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/20mshuttle.htm Accessed (23/02/2011)

Brianmac Multi-Stage Fitness Test Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/beep.htm Accessed

(23/02/2011)

Brianmac Astrand Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/astrand.htm Accessed (15/03/2011)

Brianmac Queens Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/queens.htm Accessed (21/02/2011)

Top End Sports Step Queens Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/step-

queens.htm Accessed (21/02/2011)

Brianmac Cooper VO2max Test Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/gentest.htm Accessed

(23/02/2011)

Sport Fitness Advisor VO2max Available at: http://www.sport-fitness-advisor.com/VO2max.html

Accessed (23/02/2011)

California State University CV Adaptations Available at:

http://www.csun.edu/~bby44411/346pdf/cvadaptations.pdf Accessed (31/03/2011)

California State University CV Adaptations 2 Available at:

http://www.csun.edu/~bby44411/346pdf/cvadaptations2.pdf Accessed (31/03/2011)

Women Fitness VO2 Available at: http://www.womenfitness.net/vo2.htm Accessed (01/04/2011)

Calculator Standard Deviation Calculator Available at: http://www.calculator.net/standard-

deviation-calculator.html Accessed (01/04/2011)

Books

A. and C. Black, (11/2006), Dictionary of Sport and Exercise Science, A & C Black Publishers, 1-255.

MyAthens ebrary [Online]. Available at:

http://site.ebrary.com/lib/treshamins/docDetail.action?docID=10196632 (Accessed: 08/11/2010)

13 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

Pearson Education Limited (07/2007), BTEC National Sport Book 1 (2nd Edition), Pearson Education

Limited, Unit 6 Fitness testing for sport and exercise, 228-268. MyAthens ebrary [Online]. Available

at: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/treshamins/docDetail.action?docID=10300498 (Accessed: 23/03/2011)

Pearson Education Limited (07/2007), BTEC National Sport and Exercise Sciences, Pearson Education

Limited, Chapter 4 Research methods for sport and exercise sciences & Chapter 5 Research project

in sport and exercise sciences,124-200 MyAthens ebrary [Online]. Available at:

http://site.ebrary.com/lib/treshamins/docDetail.action?docID=10314091&p00=fitness%20testing

(Accessed: 23/03/2011)

Sport and exercise physiology testing guidelines: the British Association of Sport and Exercise

Sciences Guide. By Edward M. Winter, British Association of Sport and Exercise. Available at:

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UXJuiiPIFfIC&pg=PA212&dq=sport+Physiological+assessments

&hl=en&ei=yxVITbDKJoWAhAfRyPzYBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CGMQ6

AEwCA#v=onepage&q=sport%20Physiological%20assessments&f=false (Accessed: 31/01/2011)

Physiological assessment of human fitness By Peter J. Maud, Carl Foster. Available at:

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rtTokQPt9rIC&dq=sport+Physiological+assessments&printsec=f

rontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=zBRITeqDOce3hQeWrqmiBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&res

num=11&ved=0CEsQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=sport%20Physiological%20assessments&f=false

(Accessed: 1/02/2011)

The physiology of training By Gregory Whyte. Available at:

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lx1yTLwzU6QC&pg=PA35&dq=sport+Physiological+assessment

s&hl=en&ei=yxVITbDKJoWAhAfRyPzYBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEgQ6

AEwAw#v=onepage&q=sport%20Physiological%20assessments&f=false (Accessed: 1/02/2011)

Physiological tests for elite athletes By Christopher John Gore, Australian Sports Commission.

Available at: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=q7x_mYkkv-

EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=sport+Physiological+assessments&hl=en&ei=yxVITbDKJoWAhAfRyPzYB

A&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=sport%20Physiol

ogical%20assessments&f=false (Accessed: 1/02/2011)

Principles of exercise testing and interpretation including pathophysiology and clinical applications

4th edition. By Karlman Wasserman, James E. Hansen, Darryl Y. Sue. Page 31 Available at:

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y_pfyYtYKmwC&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=VO2+is+determined+

by&source=bl&ots=R1DZkn3ygG&sig=Pp_lvMlQhaEorlqiK9jrRhRHqXw&hl=en&ei=AkqTTZjpEITDhAfh

-

_iSDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=VO2%20is

%20determined%20by&f=false (Accessed: 30/03/2011)

14 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

Christopher B. Cooper, Thomas W. Storer (2001) Exercise testing and interpretation: a practical

approach. Chapter 3 Testing Methods, Page 96, Cambridge University Press.

Heyward, V.H. (2010) Advanced Fitness Assessments and Exercise Prescription. 6th Edition. Chapter

4 Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness. Pages 65–85. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.

Leger, L.A. & Lambert, J. (1982) A maximal multistage 20m shuttle run test to predict VO2max.

European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol 49, Pages 1–5.

Maud, P & Foster, C. (2004) Physiological assessment of human fitness. 2nd edn. Chapter 3

Measurement of V02max 9 Criteria… & Chapter 4 Determination of V02max From Spe... Champaign,

Illinois: Human Kinetics.

McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I. & Katch, V. L. (2005) Essentials of exercise physiology. 3rd edn. , Volume

1. Chapter 12 The Cardiovascular System and Ex, Pages 353–360 London: Lippincott, Williams &

Wilkins.

McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., Pechar, G.S., Jacobsen, L. & Ruck, S. (1972) Reliability and

interrelationships between maximal oxygen intake, physical working capacity and step-test scores in

college women. Medicine and Science in Sports 4: Pages 182–186.

Wilmore, J. & Costill, D. (2004) Physiology of sport and exercise. 4th edn.

Chapter 15 Physical Activity for Health and Fitness, Pages 459–465 Champaign, Illinois: Human

Kinetics.

Journals

Prediction of VO2 max before, during, and after 16 weeks of endurance training. (Maximal oxygen

uptake). Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 69.n3 (Sept 1998): p.p297 (7). Pat Vehrs, James

D. George and Gilbert W. Fellingham. Available at:

http://find.galegroup.com/gps/retrieve.do?contentSet=IAC-

Documents&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28KE%2

CNone%2C7%29VO2+MAX%24&sgHitCountType=None&inPS=true&sort=DateDescend&searchType

=BasicSearchForm&tabID=T002&prodId=IPS&searchId=R3&currentPosition=6&userGroupName=tre

sham&docId=A21187789&docType=IAC&contentSet=IAC-Documents

Sport Science Students Fitness Level at University Malaysia Sabah. European Journal of Social

Sciences Volume 12, Number 4 (2010) Available at:

http://upm.academia.edu/omarfauzeeMS/Papers/271926/Sport_Science_Students_Fitness_Level_a

t_University_Malaysia_Sabah

VO2max, protocol duration, and the VO2 plateau. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Jul; 39(7):1186-92.

15 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

Yoon BK, Kravitz L, Robergs R.Exercise Physiology Laboratories, Exercise Science Program, The

University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-1251, USA.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596788

Secular Trends in the Performance of Children and Adolescents (1980–2000): An Analysis of 55

Studies of the 20m Shuttle Run Test in 11 Countries. Tomkinson G.R.1; Léger L.A.2; Olds T.S.1;

Cazorla G.3, Source: Sports Medicine, Volume 33, Number 4, 2003, pp. 285-300(16), Adis

International. Available at:

http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/adis/smd/2003/00000033/00000004/art00003

Oxygen-Uptake Efficiency Slope as a Determinant of Fitness in Overweight Adolescents. Med Sci

Sports Exerc. 2007 October; 39(10): 1811–1816. Available at:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2266873/

O2, max: what do we know, and what do we still need to know? Benjamin D Levine, Institute for

Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, and the University of Texas

Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA. J Physiol. 2008 January 1; 586(Pt 1): 25–34.

Published online 2007 November 15. Available at:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2375567/

Effects of preferred and nonpreferred music on continuous cycling exercise performance. (Author

abstract)(Report). Perceptual and Motor Skills 110.1 (Feb 2010): p.257 (8). Priscila M. Nakamura,

Gleber Pereira, Camila B. Papini, Fabio Y. Nakamura and Eduardo Kokubun. Available at:

http://find.galegroup.com/gps/retrieve.do?contentSet=IAC-

Documents&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28ke%2

CNone%2C18%29music+and+exercise%24&sgHitCountType=None&inPS=true&sort=DateDescend&s

earchType=BasicSearchForm&tabID=T002&prodId=IPS&searchId=R1&currentPosition=6&userGroup

Name=tresham&docId=A221655092&docType=IAC&contentSet=IAC-Documents

Music and light during indoor cycling. (Author abstract)(Report).Perceptual and Motor Skills 108.2

(April 2009): p.597 (11). Naama Shaulov and Dubi Lufi. Available at:

http://find.galegroup.com/gps/retrieve.do?contentSet=IAC-

Documents&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28ke%2

CNone%2C18%29music+and+exercise%24&sgHitCountType=None&inPS=true&sort=DateDescend&s

earchType=BasicSearchForm&tabID=T002&prodId=IPS&searchId=R7&currentPosition=9&userGroup

Name=tresham&docId=A200979597&docType=IAC&contentSet=IAC-Documents

16 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

Articles

A new way to test your fitness, Sam Murphy, 23 October 2009. Available at:

http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2009/oct/23/fitness-test-new?INTCMP=SRCH

So you think you're fit? Joanna Moorhead, 20 January 2004.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2004/jan/20/healthandwellbeing.health2?INTCMP=SRCH

What is Lance Armstrong's secret? Matt Seaton, 28 July 2005. Available at:

http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2005/jul/28/thisweekssciencequestions3?INTCMP=SRCH

How can I test my fitness? Health & Fitness / 29 Sep 2005. Available at:

http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/health_and_fitness/4286804.stm

How fit are you? Health & Fitness / 29 Sep 2005. Available at:

http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/health_and_fitness/4742961.stm

What happens in a VO2 max test? Health & Fitness / 29 Sep 2005. Available at:

http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/health_and_fitness/4291516.stm

What makes a great Tour rider? Health / 06 Jul 2007 By Jane Elliott.

BBC News, health reporter. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6273202.stm

The three (st)ages of the triathlon Magazine / 17 Nov 2006 A POINT OF VIEW By Tim Egan. Available

at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6159674.stm