the discovery of radioactivity - perry...

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The Discovery of Radioactivity Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered xrays in 1895. The invisible rays caused photographic plates to darken. * 1901 Nobel Prize * Element 111 = Roentgenium * a Roentgen = unit of radiation exposure Henri Bequerel was studying phosphorescence. * phosphorescent pitchblende darken photographic plates * noticed that it didn't have to be exposed to light to do this

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Page 1: The Discovery of Radioactivity - Perry Localperrylocal.org/.../files/2011/11/nuclear-notes-ch-24.pdfThe Discovery of Radioactivity Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered x rays in

The Discovery of Radioactivity

Wilhelm Roentgen accidentallydiscovered x­rays in 1895.

The invisible rays caused photographic plates to darken.

* 1901 Nobel Prize* Element 111 = Roentgenium* a Roentgen = unit of radiation

exposure 

Henri Bequerel was studying phosphorescence.* phosphorescent pitchblende darken photographic 

plates* noticed that it didn't have to be exposed to light to 

do this

Page 2: The Discovery of Radioactivity - Perry Localperrylocal.org/.../files/2011/11/nuclear-notes-ch-24.pdfThe Discovery of Radioactivity Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered x rays in

Marie and Pierre Curie*  took Bequerel's pitchblende sample and isolated what was emitting the invisible rays

* discovered uranium atoms were doing this

Radioactivity:  process of emitting rays and particles (radiation)

* later won Nobel prizes * discovered Polonium and Radium

* radioactivity is the spontaneous decay of an unstable iosotope to a more stable one

XAZmass number = p+ and no

atomic number = p+ = IDENTITY!!!

Page 3: The Discovery of Radioactivity - Perry Localperrylocal.org/.../files/2011/11/nuclear-notes-ch-24.pdfThe Discovery of Radioactivity Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered x rays in

REPULSIVEELECTROSTATIC FORCE

balance between the tworelated to nuclear stability

BAND OF STABILITY* the more protons added, the more neutrons needed to increase the strong nuclear force

Page 4: The Discovery of Radioactivity - Perry Localperrylocal.org/.../files/2011/11/nuclear-notes-ch-24.pdfThe Discovery of Radioactivity Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered x rays in

Natural Radioactive Decay Modes1. alpha emission2.  beta emission3.  gamma emission4.  positron emission5.  electron capture

Many times, one element will change into a brand new element.  This is called TRANSMUTATION.  

Alpha decay

Try these:

*This is the most common way for a heavy, unstable nucleus to become more stable.

234 92 U

Polonium­218

222 86 Rn

Am247

95

Page 5: The Discovery of Radioactivity - Perry Localperrylocal.org/.../files/2011/11/nuclear-notes-ch-24.pdfThe Discovery of Radioactivity Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered x rays in

Beta decay

With *normal* beta decay:a neutron in the nucleus gets converted into a proton and then 

kicks out a beta particle

6328 Ni

14 6 C

* nuclei rich in neutrons do this

Silicon­32

Gamma emission = high energy photons* energy comes from the excited nucleus* often accompanies beta decay* several photons with different energy can be emitted* does NOT change A or Z!

Page 6: The Discovery of Radioactivity - Perry Localperrylocal.org/.../files/2011/11/nuclear-notes-ch-24.pdfThe Discovery of Radioactivity Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered x rays in

Radiation Penetrating Power:

Positron emissionPositron:  an electron that has a positive charge

Protons turn into neutron and a positron

K­40

Page 7: The Discovery of Radioactivity - Perry Localperrylocal.org/.../files/2011/11/nuclear-notes-ch-24.pdfThe Discovery of Radioactivity Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered x rays in

electron capture * electron closest to nucleus gets caught* 1s vacancy is filled by higher electrons* Cascade effect* energy released = x­ray

Po­204

Nuclear Stability

* band of stability

* all isotopes containing 84 or more protons are unstable and will decay.

Z n/p20 180 1.5

Page 8: The Discovery of Radioactivity - Perry Localperrylocal.org/.../files/2011/11/nuclear-notes-ch-24.pdfThe Discovery of Radioactivity Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered x rays in

Isotopes that are neutron­rich lieabove the band of stability.Beta emission is common.

Page 9: The Discovery of Radioactivity - Perry Localperrylocal.org/.../files/2011/11/nuclear-notes-ch-24.pdfThe Discovery of Radioactivity Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered x rays in
Page 10: The Discovery of Radioactivity - Perry Localperrylocal.org/.../files/2011/11/nuclear-notes-ch-24.pdfThe Discovery of Radioactivity Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered x rays in

Nuclear decay calculations* t1/2 = half­life

* after 10 half­lives, the amt of radioactivity drops below detectable levels ("safe")

* Po ­ 213 = 0.0000042 seconds

* U ­ 238 = 4,500,000,000 years

* not a linear process

Page 11: The Discovery of Radioactivity - Perry Localperrylocal.org/.../files/2011/11/nuclear-notes-ch-24.pdfThe Discovery of Radioactivity Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered x rays in

I ­131 is used to treat thyroid cancer.t1/2 = 8 daysHow long would it take to decay to 25% of the original amt?

Page 12: The Discovery of Radioactivity - Perry Localperrylocal.org/.../files/2011/11/nuclear-notes-ch-24.pdfThe Discovery of Radioactivity Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered x rays in

Remaining amount of Radioactive Element:

N = No (1/2)n

remaining amount initial

amount

# t1/2

can be replaced with t/T where t = elapsed timeT = t1/2

Krypton­85 is used in indicator lights of appliances.  The half­life of krypton­85 is 11 y.  How much of a 2.000 mg sample remains after 33 y?

Initial amount =Elapsed time = t1/2 = 

N = No (1/2)n

Page 13: The Discovery of Radioactivity - Perry Localperrylocal.org/.../files/2011/11/nuclear-notes-ch-24.pdfThe Discovery of Radioactivity Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered x rays in

Artificial transmutations:* bombardment of stable nuclei with charged and uncharged particles.* particles are accelerated in a magnetic or electric field

Fermi Lab in Illinois

4 mile circumference