the digestive system
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The Digestive System. Feed Me!. Digestive system uses mechanical and chemical energy to break organic material Material is absorbed into the cells of our bodies; used to make energy or other molecules Mechanical: Grinding, smashing tearing, crushing Chemical: Enzymes and Acidic solutions. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Digestive System
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Feed Me!• Digestive system uses
mechanical and chemical energy to break organic material
• Material is absorbed into the cells of our bodies; used to make energy or other molecules
• Mechanical:– Grinding, smashing tearing,
crushing• Chemical:– Enzymes and Acidic solutions
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The Mouth: Mechanical• Chewing:
– Tearing and grinding food into small lumps; increase surface area for enzyme activity
• Teeth:– Strongest bones in the body; 32 in a
normal mouth– Incisors cutting food; 8– Canines tearing food; 4– Premolars grinding food; 8– Molars grinding food ; 12
• Tongue:– Strongest muscle in the body– Pushes food down esophagus– Taste food– Wet area for chemical digestion
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Smile!• How many sets of teeth do we have?
– 2; milk teeth (fall out) and permanent teeth• Wisdom teeth last molars to form (may never
form)– Ruins teeth placement in many people (mouth too
small)– Removed surgical
• Parts of a tooth:1) Crown part of tooth above gums2) Gums flesh around jaw bone3) Enamel hard outer layer; easily scrubbed
away if weakened4) Dentine soft, bone-like middle of tooth5) Root blood vessels/nerves keeping tooth
alive6) Cement strong material holding tooth to jaw
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Tooth Pain is the WORST Pain• Why do we brush our teeth?– Reduce bad breath– Reduce tooth decay– Reduce gum disease
• What causes all these?– Bacteria living on our teeth; eating
mashed food– Bacteria produce acid as they eat; slowly
breakdown enamel• Plaque sticky layer of food and
bacteria• Cavity holes in teeth from tooth
decay• Pulp cavity decay reaches root;
extremely painful!
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The War Against Plaque!• How can we reduce tooth decay?1) Fluoride in water and toothpaste– Strengthens enamel of teeth by
resisting bacteria acid– Not done in Asia…Thoughts?
2) Brush BEFORE meals, not after– After meals your mouth acidity is
much higher, so the enamel is weak; must wait 30 mins!
– Brushing after can make teeth decay faster
3) Brush your gums– Bacteria can hide in space between
gums and teeth
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The Mouth: Chemical• Salivary glands:
– Hidden under tongue – Release mucus (watery solution) and
enzymes to help breakdown food• Amylase:
– Enzyme that breaks down starch into di and monosaccharaides
• Bolus:– Ball of mashed food
• Taste buds:– Alert us to nutrients we need to consume– Sugar Sweet– Acids Sour– Toxins Bitter– Salts Salty– Protein Umami
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The (O)Esophagus• Swallowing pushes food down the esophagus to the stomach• Peristalsis:
– Contractions of muscle waves move food in one direction• Food has to pass by the trachea (entrance to the lungs) so a
small cartilage cover (epiglottis) blocks the opening• Eating too fast can send food “Down the Wrong Pipe”
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The Stomach: Mechanical• Walls of stomach contract to crush food and help mix food
with digestive juices• Pyloric Sphincter muscular ring at exit of stomach that lets a
small amount of digested food (chyme) through at a time• Why?– Too much acidic liquid in the intestine at one time
will damage it
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The Stomach: Chemical• Glands in stomach release
Gastric juices (Pepsin and HCl)
• Pepsin breaks down proteins into amino acids
• HCl keeps the stomach at a pH 2!
• Food can take up to 4 hours to digest; become chyme
• Why doesn’t HCl eat through the stomach?– Lining of stomach makes
protective mucus
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Heart Burn and Stomach Ulcers• “Heart Burn” is when
stomach acid gets into the esophagus and causes a burning feeling in the chest
• Caused by spicy food
• Stomach Ulcer is a hole in the stomach lining which can cause major health problems
• Caused by high acidic levels
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The Small Intestine: Chemical• Duodenum (first 25cm)– Pancreas releases enzymes to:• Amylase: Starch Maltose• Trypsin: Proteins Peptides• Lipase: Fats Fatty Acids• NaHCO3 to neutralize stomach
acid– Liver releases bile to:• Break apart fat globs (emulsify)• Neutralize pH
– Gallbladder releases extra bile when needed
• Ileum second round of enzymes to finish digestion; absorption
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The Small Intestine: Mechanical• 6 m long but only 2.5 cm wide; covers 9m2
How does this fit inside you?– Villi folds on the intestine membrane;
one cell thick so absorption can occur• Peristaltic contractions move food through
intestine and continue to break down food• Food is absorbed into the blood through
villus• Lacteals absorb fatty acids/glycerols into
lymph which carries it to blood in heart• Capillaries absorb sugars and amino
acids• Hepatic portal vein transfer food
molecules to liver
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You Ate It, Now Use It• After absorption, food
molecules are assimilated• Assimilation to become a
useful part of a cell or organ• Liver1) Glycogen is made from excess
blood glucose2) Amino acids used to make
proteins3) Fatty acids/glycerols are made
into fat4) Form cholesterol from fat5) Excess amino acids
deaminated
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Liquid Waste• Excess water, vitamins,
minerals, drugs and toxins are removed as urine
• Most of urine is Urea• Deamination excess amino
acids cannot be stored, so liver removes the amino group (NH2) to make sugars and fats– NH2 becomes ammonia (NH3)– NH3 joins CO2 to make Urea– Urea is toxic, so it is filtered
from the blood by the kidneys
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The Large Intestine• Only 1.5m long but 6.5cm wide• Indigestible material is
compacted as much water as possible is absorbed back into the body
• Anaerobic bacteria produce vitamins B and K for us while digesting the material
• After 18-24 hours, waste is removed from the body as feces
• Passes through the last part of the digestive system, the rectum (the butt)– Anus releases feces (egestion)