The Developing Person

Chapter Four

Major Themes of Development

Nature/Nurture

Continuity/Stage

Stability/Change

Physical, Mental, Social

Prenatal Development Zygote

Fertilized egg 100 cells in a week

Differentiation

Embryo After 10 days Attach to uterine wall

Next 6 weeks Organs begin to function: heart, liver

Fetus 9 weeks By month six, self sufficient enough to stand chance of survival

Fetal Development By end of sixth month

Responsive to sound Mother’s voice studies

Teratogens Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Newborn – “a blooming, buzzing confusion” -WJ Reflexes

Rooting Babinski Moro/ “Startle” Reflex

Voice Recognition/Mother Preferences

Infant Cognitive Development

Piaget’s Copernican RevolutionThe Basics

Schemas Assimilation Accomodation

Stage Theory Cognitive Development

The following slides will outline each of Piaget’s stages . . .

Sensorimotor Stage

Birth to 2 years oldThe world is basically experienced through the senses

and motor skills and their interactions with each other and with the environment

Object permanence is lacked until about 6 months Life without abstract thought

Modern research has fine tuned this stage Newborns have more abilities than Piaget had expected

Preoperational Stage 2 to 6 years old

Moving away from simple sense and motor experience with the world, but still not quite abstract

Lack the idea of conservation “real room” vs. model room studies

Children acquire conservation earlier than Piaget had expected Children in the stage are Egocentric

They lack the ability to see the world through others’ eyes “Three mountain” task

Children start to develop a theory of mind during this phase “Me” vs. “You”

Finally . . .

Concrete Operational Phase7 to 11 years

Begin to be able to comprehend mathematic equations Need to have the “concrete” material to manipulate

Formal Operational Phase12 to adulthood

Purely abstract reasoning

Infant Social Development The Basics

Attachment Separation anxiety/stranger anxiety

Secure vs. insecure Ainsworth’s strange situation studies

Body contact Harlow’s Monkey Study

Familiarity Critical period

Konrad Lorenz/imprinting

Parenting Authoritarian/Permissive/Authoritative

Day Care

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages•Infancy•Toddlerhood•Preschool•Elementary

•Adolescent•Young Adult•Middle Adult•Late Adult

Trust vs. Mistrust

Autonomy/Shame

Initiative/Guilt

Competence/

Inferiority

Identity/Role Conf

Intimacy/Isolation

Generative/Stag.

Integrity/despair

0-1year

1-2years

3-5years

6-puberty

Teens-twenties

20s-40s

40s-60s

60s and up

Kohlberg’s Moral Stages Preconventional (before 9 years)

Morality because of reward/punishment Conventional (adolescence)

Morality for social good Postconventional (????)

Morality for ultimate good

Carol Gilligan

Freud’s Psychosexual TheoryStage Characteristics

Oral (0-2yr) Activity centered around the mouth

Anal (2-4yr) Potty training

Phallic (4-mid childhood)

Egocentric, overly confident

Latency (middle childhood)

Sexual denial and repression

Genital )(adol. – adult)

Adopts traditional attitudes toward sex