the design of everyday things and interactive...
TRANSCRIPT
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THE DESIGN OF EVERYDAY THINGS ANDINTERACTIVE SYSTEMSBy David Ledo
Image credits: ACM UIST 2017
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THE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF EVERYDAY THINGSHow some things went wrong
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Bad designs are everywhere.Sometimes it’s cumbersome,
sometimes it’s funny, and sometimes it’s fatal.
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EARLY TRACTORSHigh centre of gravity
Narrow front wheel base
Farmers work long hours and quickly
Terrain is uneven
... high number of fatalitiesSlide based on slides by Saul Greenberg
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MODERN TRACTORSRoll cage
Low centre of gravity
Wider wheel bases
... less accidents now, used to be called driver’s error
Slide based on slides by Saul Greenberg
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REMOTE CONTROLSYour phone rings when watching a movie...
Quick! Hit pause!
Slide based on slides by Saul Greenberg
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REMOTE CONTROLS - TAKE 2Your phone rings when watching a movie...
Quick! Hit pause!
Slide based on slides by Saul Greenberg
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Slide based on slides by Saul Greenberg
WHY IS THIS EASIER?Big button easier to hit (Fitt’s Law)
Visually distinctive:Colour, location, shape.
Easier to find without looking
TiVo designed it for usability
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Image from Nielsen and Norman Group: Remote Control Anarchy (2004)
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THE “GRANDMA” REMOTE
Image from College Humor
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HAWAII FALSE ALARM
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https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/13/us/hawaii-missile.html
HAWAII FALSE ALARM
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“From a drop-down menu on a computer program, he saw two options: “Test missile alert” and “Missile alert.” He was supposed to choose the former; as much of the world now knows, he chose the latter, an initiation of a real-life missile alert.”- Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2018/01/14/hawaii-missile-alert-how-one-employee-pushed-the-wrong-button-and-caused-a-wave-of-panic/?utm_term=.8322cf450104
HAWAII FALSE ALARM
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https://theoutline.com/post/2954/user-interface-designers-are-horrified-by-ha-waii-s-missile-alert-system?zd=1&zi=vosurkrx
HAWAII FALSE ALARM
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MY STRUGGLES AS AN 8 YEAR OLD
Windows 95
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MY STRUGGLES TODAY
Park Plus App, Feb 24, 2018
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THE DESIGN OF EVERYDAY THINGSDon Norman
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AFFORDANCES
SIGNIFIERS
MAPPINGS
CONCEPTUAL MODELS
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AFFORDANCES
SIGNIFIERS
MAPPINGS
CONCEPTUAL MODELS
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GESTALT PSYCHOLOGYAND AFFORDANCE1935 Simplified
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Action is the relieving of tension.
Depending on tension, objects may attract us, repel us or be indifferent.
Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Koffka, 1935)
GESTALT AND ACTION
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Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Koffka, 1935)
hungry
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Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Koffka, 1935)
hungry
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Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Koffka, 1935)
hungry
eat me
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Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Koffka, 1935)
not hungry
...
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Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Koffka, 1935)
there’s wind and papers are flying all over
use me as paper weight
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Characteristics of the object might affect that attraction/repulsion
Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Koffka, 1935)
GESTALT AND ACTION
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Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Koffka, 1935)
hungry
:(
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Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Koffka, 1935)
hungry
:(
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Relationship with object is tied to the current condition
Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Koffka, 1935)
GESTALT AND ACTION
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Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Koffka, 1935)
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Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Koffka, 1935)
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Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Koffka, 1935)
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Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Koffka, 1935)
:)
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... days later
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MAIL MAIL MAIL
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Stimulus might “stick around” after
Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Koffka, 1935)
GESTALT AND ACTION
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Relationships are learned or chosen (when an object demands attention, e.g. phone ringing)
Principles of Gestalt Psychology (Koffka, 1935)
GESTALT AND ACTION
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GIBSONAND AFFORDANCE1954
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Set of action possibilities an individual (human or animal) can accomplish. Such actions are relative to that particular individual.
The Theory of Affordances (Gibson, 1954)
AFFORDANCE
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“The affordances of the environment are what it offers the animal, what it provides or furnishes, either for good or ill. The verb to afford is found in the dictionary, but the noun affordance is not. I have made it up.”
The Theory of Affordances (Gibson, 1954)
AFFORDANCE
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Set of action possibilities an individual (human or animal) can accomplish. Such actions are relative to that particular individual.
The Theory of Affordances (Gibson, 1954)
AFFORDANCE
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An elongated object affords wielding
A rigid object with a sharp edge affords cutting
A graspable object of moderate size and weight affords throwing
The Theory of Affordances (Gibson, 1954)
AFFORDANCE
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The Theory of Affordances (Gibson, 1954)
AFFORDANCE
What does this chair afford?
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The Theory of Affordances (Gibson, 1954)
AFFORDANCE
It affords...
SittingStanding on itThrowing (if it’s light)Self-defense
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Set of action possibilities an individual (human or animal) can accomplish. Such actions are relative to that particular individual.
The Theory of Affordances (Gibson, 1954)
AFFORDANCE
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AFFORDANCE
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NORMAN’S PERCIEVED AFFORDANCESShifting to design
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An invitation to action
Typically designed
Suggests how the object might be used
Design of Everyday Things (1964)
PERCEIVED AFFORDANCE
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Creates issues when the perceived affordance is not the same as the actual affordance
PERCEIVED AFFORDANCE
Design of Everyday Things (1988)
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Design of Everyday Things (1988), slide credits: Lora Oehlberg
Switch suggests toggling knob suggests turning button suggests pressing slot suggests inserting, handle suggests turning
PERCEIVED AFFORDANCE
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Making virtual items resemble physical counterparts
Slide credits: Lora Oehlberg
SKEUOMORPHISM
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Image credit: Steven Houben
SKEUOMORPHISM
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Slide credit: Saul Greenberg
SKEUOMORPHISM
IBM Real Objects (1998)
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BumpTop (Agarawala and Balakrishnan, 2006)
SKEUOMORPHISM
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Limiting possible actions through appearance
Design of Everyday Things (1988)
VISIBLE CONSTRAINTS
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Design of Everyday Things (1988), Slide credits: Lora Oehlberg
VISIBLE CONSTRAINTS
PUSH OR PULL? WHICH SIDE? CAN ONLY PUSH,SIDE TO PUSH CLEARLY VISIBLE
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VISIBLE CONSTRAINTSControls disabled when an image is selected
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AFFORDANCES
SIGNIFIERS
MAPPINGS
CONCEPTUAL MODELS
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MAPPINGS“What does this button do?”
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The set of possible relations between objects
MAPPING
Design of Everyday Things (1988)
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How controls relate to displays
CONTROL-DISPLAY COMPATIBILITY
Design of Everyday Things (1988)
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CONTROL-DISPLAY COMPATIBILITY
Design of Everyday Things (1988)
David’s thermostat...
Controls are inverted,Reading the temperature is not
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How controls relate to displays
CONTROL-DISPLAY COMPATIBILITY
Design of Everyday Things (1988)
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The thing that happens right after an action is assumed by people to be caused by that action.
Essentially: Feedback
CAUSE AND EFFECT
Design of Everyday Things (1988)
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incorrect effectinvoking unfamiliar function just as computer hangs
causes “superstitious” behaviors
invisible effectcommand with no apparent result often re-entered repeatedlye.g., mouse click to raise menu on unresponsive system
FALSE CAUSALITY
Design of Everyday Things (1988)
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People transfer their learning/expectations of similar objects to the current objectsPositive transfer: previous learning’s also apply to new situation
Negative transfer: previous learning’s conflict with the new situation
TRANSFER EFFECTS
Design of Everyday Things (1988)
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PROBLEMATIC MAPPINGS
Revolv Home Control (2014)
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PROBLEMATIC MAPPINGS
Slide credits: Lora Oehlberg
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PROBLEMATIC MAPPINGSEarphone player controls -
Top and bottom: volume up and down
Middle button:1 tap: pause 2 taps: next song 3 taps: previous song problems in timing = ???
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AFFORDANCES
SIGNIFIERS
MAPPINGS
CONCEPTUAL MODELS
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Any mark or sound, any perceivable indicator that communicates appropriate behavior to a person.
Designed of Everyday Things: Revised and Expanded Edition (2014)
SIGNIFIER
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Signifiers are signals.
Some signifiers are signs, labels, and drawings placed in the world, such as the signs labeled “push,” “pull,” or “exit” on doors, or arrows and diagrams indicating what is to be acted upon or in which direction to gesture, or other instructions.
Some signifiers are simply the perceived affordances, such as the handle of a door or the physical structure of a switch.
Designed of Everyday Things: Revised and Expanded Edition (2014)
SIGNIFIER
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How do we know what is possible and the current state of a device?
Designed of Everyday Things: Revised and Expanded Edition (2014)
DISCOVERABILITY
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Here it is hard to tell what is interactive (i.e. what can be clicked).
DISCOVERABILITY
Image credit: Steven Houben
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How do we know what is possible and the current state of a device?
Designed of Everyday Things: Revised and Expanded Edition (2014)
DISCOVERABILITY
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How do we know what is possible and the current state of a device?
Proxemic–Aware Controls (Ledo, Greenberg, Marquardt, Boring, 2015)
DISCOVERABILITY
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DISCOVERABILITYHow do we know when auto-flash will trigger?
Phone camera will show a yellow lightning icon at the bottom.
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Informing users what the result of an action will be.
“Inviting the appropriate action is a prerequisite for feedforward but it is not sufficient. The product also needs to communicate what the user can expect. Feedback informs the user about the action that is carried out, shows that the product is responding, indicates progress, confirms navigation, etc.”
(Vermeulen, Luyten, van den Hoven, Coninx, 2013)
FEEDFORWARD
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Hand icon in Crossy Road is animated to show that players should tap on the screen.
Crossy Road
FEEDFORWARD
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Gestures have low discoverability: how do we know what can be done?
OctoPocus – system revealing pathways for possible gestures
http://www.olivierbau.com/octopocus.php
(Bau, MacKay, 2008)
FEEDFORWARD
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FEEDFORWARDLorem ipsum dolor amet pabst bespoke locavore chia, heirloom wolf street art vice adaptogen
raclette VHS. Knausgaard brunch skateboard, adaptogen occupy disrupt bushwick pok pok hell
of organic readymade authentic scenester. Fixie thundercats health goth, aesthetic blue bottle
actually coloring book tattooed polaroid cliche etsy forage adaptogen crucifix. Tumeric neutra
austin, single-origin coffee hammock intelligentsia palo santo church-key direct trade beard af
readymade ugh banh mi squid. Godard tilde post-ironic PBR&B everyday carry meggings art
party mumblecore cardigan cornhole gochujang tumblr fashion axe ennui succulents. Wolf
stumptown normcore franzen fixie coloring book. +1 tattooed asymmetrical brooklyn beard.
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FEEDFORWARDLorem ipsum dolor amet pabst bespoke locavore chia, heirloom wolf street art vice adaptogen
raclette VHS. Knausgaard brunch skateboard, adaptogen occupy disrupt bushwick pok pok hell
of organic readymade authentic scenester. Fixie thundercats health goth, aesthetic blue bottle
actually coloring book tattooed polaroid cliche etsy forage adaptogen crucifix. Tumeric neutra
austin, single-origin coffee hammock intelligentsia palo santo church-key direct trade beard af
readymade ugh banh mi squid. Godard tilde post-ironic PBR&B everyday carry meggings art
party mumblecore cardigan cornhole gochujang tumblr fashion axe ennui succulents. Wolf
stumptown normcore franzen fixie coloring book. +1 tattooed asymmetrical brooklyn beard.
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FEEDFORWARDLorem ipsum dolor amet pabst bespoke locavore chia, heirloom wolf street art vice adaptogen
raclette VHS. Knausgaard brunch skateboard, adaptogen occupy disrupt bushwick pok pok hell
of organic readymade authentic scenester. Fixie thundercats health goth, aesthetic blue bottle
actually coloring book tattooed polaroid cliche etsy forage adaptogen crucifix. Tumeric neutra
austin, single-origin coffee hammock intelligentsia palo santo church-key direct trade beard af
readymade ugh banh mi squid. Godard tilde post-ironic PBR&B everyday carry meggings art
party mumblecore cardigan cornhole gochujang tumblr fashion axe ennui succulents. Wolf
stumptown normcore franzen fixie coloring book. +1 tattooed asymmetrical brooklyn beard.
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FEEDFORWARDLorem ipsum dolor amet pabst bespoke locavore chia, heirloom wolf street art vice adaptogen
raclette VHS. Knausgaard brunch skateboard, adaptogen occupy disrupt bushwick pok pok hell
of organic readymade authentic scenester. Fixie thundercats health goth, aesthetic blue bottle
actually coloring book tattooed polaroid cliche etsy forage adaptogen crucifix. Tumeric neutra
austin, single-origin coffee hammock intelligentsia palo santo church-key direct trade beard af
readymade ugh banh mi squid. Godard tilde post-ironic PBR&B everyday carry meggings art
party mumblecore cardigan cornhole gochujang tumblr fashion axe ennui succulents. Wolf
stumptown normcore franzen fixie coloring book. +1 tattooed asymmetrical brooklyn beard.
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DISCOVERABILITYCursor icons provide information about:
Effect of action (feedforward)
Current state (feedback)
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DISCOVERABILITY
part of the ‘viewport’ we are at
instances of the search within the document
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DISCOVERABILITY“Windows Modern” (Windows 8+) people can tell that it is possible to scroll further, as hinted by widgets to the right
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DISCOVERABILITY: HAMBURGER MENUS
https://lmjabreu.com/post/why-and-how-to-avoid-hamburger-menus/https://www.nngroup.com/articles/hamburger-menus/
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HAMBURGER MENUS WORKAROUNDS
https://lmjabreu.com/post/why-and-how-to-avoid-hamburger-menus/https://www.nngroup.com/articles/hamburger-menus/
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AFFORDANCES
SIGNIFIERS
MAPPINGS
CONCEPTUAL MODELS
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People have “mental models” of how things work, built from affordances, causality, constraints, mapping, positive transfer, cultural standards, instructions, interactions...
Models allow people to mentally simulate operation of device
Models may be wrong particularly if above attributes are misleading
Designed of Everyday Things: Revised and Expanded Edition (2014)
CONCEPTUAL MODEL
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perceived affordances: holes afford insertion constraints: big hole for fingers, small for thumb
Designed of Everyday Things: Revised and Expanded Edition (2014)
CONCEPTUAL MODEL
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perceived affordances: holes afford insertion constraints: big hole for fingers, small for thumb
mapping: between holes and fingers suggested and constrained by appearance
Designed of Everyday Things: Revised and Expanded Edition (2014)
CONCEPTUAL MODEL
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perceived affordances: holes afford insertion constraints: big hole for fingers, small for thumb
mapping: between holes and fingers suggested and constrained by appearance
positive transfer: learned when young, constant mechanism
Designed of Everyday Things: Revised and Expanded Edition (2014)
CONCEPTUAL MODEL
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perceived affordances: holes afford insertion constraints: big hole for fingers, small for thumb
mapping: between holes and fingers suggested and constrained by appearance
positive transfer: learned when young, constant mechanism
conceptual model: implications clear of how the operating parts work
Designed of Everyday Things: Revised and Expanded Edition (2014)
CONCEPTUAL MODEL
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By Design 2nd edition: Why There Are No Locks on the Bathroom Doors in the Hotel Louis XIV and Other Object Lessons (Caplan, 2004, 1st edition in 1982)
CONCEPTUAL MODEL
By Design: Why There Are No Locks on the Bathroom Doors in the Hotel Louis XIV and Other Object LessonsRalph Caplan
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By Design 2nd edition: Why There Are No Locks on the Bathroom Doors in the Hotel Louis XIV and Other Object Lessons (Caplan, 2004, 1st edition in 1982)
CONCEPTUAL MODEL
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By Design 2nd edition: Why There Are No Locks on the Bathroom Doors in the Hotel Louis XIV and Other Object Lessons (Caplan, 2004, 1st edition in 1982)
CONCEPTUAL MODEL“Private bathroom” - individual use, but not personal.
Bathroom had two doors.
What happens if the bathroom doors have locks?
How would you solve this?
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By Design 2nd edition: Why There Are No Locks on the Bathroom Doors in the Hotel Louis XIV and Other Object Lessons (Caplan, 2004, pp. 180)
CONCEPTUAL MODEL
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Which hand do you write with? Left or right?
CONCEPTUAL MODEL
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“Let’s now step away from the computer for a moment and look at the example of handwriting with pencil and paper. These are “devices” that one interacts with in the real world, after all. Consider this simple question:
Which hand do you write with, right or left?
When we give talks on this subject, we have the audience raise their hands. Who uses their right hand? Do we have any left-handers in the audience? Which hand would you, the reader, raise? Now, of course, we have led you into a trap, because:
You are all wrong. No matter which hand you raised, you are wrong.
This is not a trick question. Rather the question is fundamentally ill-posed. People write with both hands, as demonstrated by Guiard (Guiard 1987)”
Input Technologies and Techniques (Hinckley and Wigdor, 2002)
CONCEPTUAL MODEL
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Yves Guiard’s 1987 Paper Transfer Experiment (Asymmetric Division of Labor in Human Skilled Bimanual Action:The Kinematic Chain as a Model, Journal of Motor Behavior, 1987)
CONCEPTUAL MODEL
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The Backwards Brain Bicycle - Smarter Every Day 133, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFzDaBzBlL0
CONCEPTUAL MODELBackwards Bicycle, Smarter Every Day
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https://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2013/02/how-do-users-really-hold-mobile-devices.php
CONCEPTUAL MODELHow do people hold mobile phones?
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Fat Thumb (Boring, Ledo, Chen, Marquardt, Tang, Greenberg, 2012)
CONCEPTUAL MODELCorners are hard to reach
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SKETCHING PROMPTS1. Draw different affordances in objects that you can think of. Think of ways in which affordances can repurpose how you use an object
2. Think of different mental models to print a file
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AFFORDANCES
SIGNIFIERS
MAPPINGS
CONCEPTUAL MODELS
Invitations to Action Effects of Action
Properties of ActionProcess behind Action
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FOOD FOR THOUGHTLook at the examples used to illustrate the different concepts
See how they might describe some of the other concepts