the design advantages of synthetic roofing solutions · 2016-03-07 · • about the instructor •...

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The Design Advantages of Synthetic Roofing Solutions

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©2008 · Table of Contents Slide 2 of 72

The Design Advantages of Synthetic Roofing Solutions

Presented By: DaVinci Roofscapes1413 Osage AveKansas City Kansas 66105

Description: Provides an overview of the features and benefits of slate and shake synthetic roofing products, including a discussion on the testing methods used to rate specific performance characteristics.

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The American Institute of Architects · Course No. AEC266 · This program qualifies for 1.0 HSW/SD/LU hour.

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How to use this Online Learning Course






Learning Objectives

At the end of this program, participants will be able to:

• list the green features of virgin-engineered polymer synthetic roofing materials

• state the design and architectural benefits of specifying a synthetic roofing solution including how synthetic products can contribute to LEED® point certification

• compare the advantages and disadvantages of traditional roofing materials versus synthetic products, and

• discuss the durability and long life cycle of synthetic roofing materials including the various testing methods and approvals related to roofing materials.






Table of Contents

Synthetic Roofing Materials

Features and Benefits

Roofing Material Comparison

Testing

Case studies

Application Images

Summary

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Introduction

Synthetic roofing materials have been available in the market for more than a decade, providing a cost-effective, viable alternative to traditional slate and shake roofing systems.

They were developed in response to:

• the continued popularity of the historic look of natural slate and wood shake, and

• the dwindling supply of non-renewable or slow-renewable natural roofing materials.

The result is a product that has proven to be durable, lightweight and, in many ways, is a good environmental choice.







The Composition of Synthetics

Although each manufacturer has its own formula, synthetics are typically comprised of a variety of engineered polymers, rubbers, and natural or cement components with fiber or polymer bonds. All synthetic roofing products utilize UV and color stabilizers.

There are many different types of polymers, therefore, each synthetic is very unique in composition.

As well, some manufacturers choose to use recycled materials, and some do not.

Due to the above variables, the end product can vary in performance, aesthetics and color stability.

This course will focus on synthetics made from one of the most stable polymers available: TPO.







TPO (ThermoPlastic Olefin)

TPO has very little thermal expansion (0.1” over 12” @ 0°-140° range) which is critical in a roofing material in terms of expansion and contraction.

This type of polymer also allows the material to remain pliable in all temperatures. As a result, it will not become brittle and break when installed at low temperatures, or buckle and deform at high temperatures. Many other types of synthetics have minimum temperature requirements, as their material may break or crack in colder weather when a nail is driven through it, or when walked upon.

Testing indicates that synthetics made from TPO polymers retain tensile strength and will not crack and warp over time.


Some TPO synthetics can be installed in temperatures as low as 15° F.






100 % Virgin Resins

Synthetics made from 100% virgin resins lead to a higher level of quality control in the raw materials and ensures consistency of the product across manufacturing runs.

Since no product in the blend comes from recycled material, no color “blotching” from batch to batch occurs.

The resins are blended with fire retardants to protect the roof against fire damage and UV stabilizers to ensure color fastness.

For additional UV protection, an optional Kynar® coating can be applied for a satin finish, which creates deeper, richer colors along with a gritty texture for added traction.

UV stabilizers in the resin provide exceptional UV protection.


Optional Kynar® surface coating






Manufacturing Process

Using advanced injection-molded techniques, high-quality synthetic materials are manufactured using a blend of TPO's - consisting of UV inhibitors, color stabilizers, and fire retardants.







Introduction

The aforementioned materials and manufacturing techniques result in a roofing material that has superior longevity, as well as other beneficial features, such as:

• green features• durability• Class A fire rated*• natural look, outstanding aesthetics• lightweight• easy to install and maintain• cost-effective

Each of the above points will be reviewed in this section of the course.

* When installed with specified underlayments







Green Features

Synthetics offer several green benefits:

• they use the least amount of the Earth’s resources of any roofing material

• products made of TPO, CaCo2, stabilizers, and inorganic pigments are generally safe for the environment; some meet California Proposition 65 standards

• some synthetics are 100% recyclable, check with the manufacturer

• 100% of the manufacturing waste is recycled back into the product

• it takes much less oil to manufacture synthetics than it does asphalt shingles - in fact, the crude oil that some manufacturers use is a by-product from the refinement of gasoline

• synthetic shake saves trees

• there is also a significant amount of labor, fuel, and destruction to the landscape needed to quarry natural slate, which synthetic materials eliminate - also, natural slate tiles will crack/break up to 15% during installation, resulting in costly waste







Green Features cont’d…

• because synthetic products are lightweight, they reduce the cost and carbon footprint associated with transportation

• a roof that lasts only 15-20 years can cause two or three times more landfill problems than a synthetic slate roof that lasts up to three times as long

• longevity of the shingle is more environmentally friendly because there is a lifetime savings to the environment – less shipping, manufacturing, installation, and disposal

• synthetic products can contribute to LEED® point certification for:– Heat Island Effect, Water Efficiency, Construction Waste Management, Resources Re-Use,

Regional Materials

• synthetic products may be available in colors approved by the Cool Roof Rating Council. Cool Roof rated colors reflect sunlight and heat away from the home or building. Higher emissivity and reflectivity rates lead to greater reductions in the cooling load, and in return, increase energy efficiency.







Durability

Synthetic roofs are designed to last a lifetime; are warranted for up to 50 years by the manufacturer.

Unlike some synthetics that change over time -leading to product failure - TPO synthetics are fade resistant and do not lose their tensile strength.

Freeze/thaw problems are generally associated with a material absorbing water, freezing, and then expanding to cause cracking and delaminating. TPO synthetic shingles do not absorb water and, therefore, negate freeze/thaw issues.







Durability cont’d…

Hail-resistant synthetic shingles have a Class 4 impact resistance, the highest rating possible for a roofing material. This can qualify homeowners for discounts on homeowner’s insurance.

Installed at any exposure, the material is rated up to 110 mph-ASTM D3161.

Shake, when installed at a 9” exposure and slate, when installed at a 6” exposure are Miami-Dade approved for up to 150 mph. This meets or exceeds code in most areas.







Class A Fire Rated

While the look of natural wood shake is popular, many neighborhoods and cities are moving to ban them due to the associated fire hazards.

As an alternative, synthetic shake, when installed with a specialty underlayment, is UL790 certified with Class A Fire Retardance and is more likely to be approved by local jurisdictions.

In areas prone to fires, synthetic shake shingle enhances the safety and security for neighborhoods nationwide.

Synthetic slate with a 30 lb. felt underlayment is standard Class A Fire Rated, the highest fire rating possible for a roofing material.







Aesthetics

The molds used for synthetic roofing products are designed to offer an authentic surface texture.

Some manufacturers offer a synthetic slate shingle that tapers from 1/2” thick at the butt end to 1/8” and replicates the look of a premium high-end slate tile. This design allows for an enhanced edge detail and shadow line and increases the visibility details from the ground level.

Synthetic shake is typically manufactured in 5/8” thickness and displays a deep-grained surface reminiscent of the texture of hand-split natural cedar shakes.







Aesthetics: Color Blends

With multiple color, width, and thickness options there is a synthetic that looks indigenous to almost any area or architectural style. The color blends emulate the full range of natural slate colors with a non-repeating appearance.

The proper mixing or blending of various styles and colors is critical to obtaining a natural look without patterns or color "blotching". Some manufacturers provide factory-collated color blends. Factory-collated bundles, versus on-site collating, assures that the roof looks as expected and eliminates the need of additional labor that would otherwise be incurred to sort and mix at the job site.

There are also custom colors and color blends available to satisfy an infinite spectrum of design requirements.







Aesthetics: Blended Widths

As well as factory-collated color blends, some manufacturers offer synthetic shingles that are bundled in multiple widths.

The bundles consist of five standard widths (pictured on next slide).

Unlike the “man-made” look that other products might have with one shingle width, this random pattern adds visual interest and enhances the aesthetic appeal of the structure.

Furthermore, multiple widths decrease labor time at the jobsite during installation (saving time and money and reducing landfill load for construction site waste).

Note: Typically, the standard length of slate is 18” and the standard length of shake shingle is 22”.







Aesthetics: Blended Widths cont’d…

Examples of bundled widths for both slate and shake shingles are illustrated below. Available in the pre-collated slate line is a 4” turret shingle that addresses the architecture design of a turret. It gives the turret a more finished look and reduces the number of cuts required.


Slate: 12”, 10”, 9”, 7”, 6” plus 4” for turret

Shake: 9”, 8”, 7”, 6”, 4”plus 12” valley shingleand 1-piece hip/ridge






Aesthetics: Custom Turret Package

Some manufactures offer a custom turret package. Since turret pitches may vary in design, it is beneficial to order the Pre-cut Turret Package in accordance with the precise pitch required. A turret package always consists of a minimum of the top 10 coursing rows, layered from the peak downward.







Lightweight

The weight of the roofing material has an impact on structural reinforcement, cost, and range of design.

Synthetic slate is lightweight, between 260-325 lbs. per square, depending on exposure (which is 1/2 - 1/3 the weight of quarried slate).

Consequently, the roof does not require additional roof support so it can be used in most re-roof situations.

The lightweight feature offers several benefits: for the installer; it facilitates handling and installation of the roofing material; for the client, it reduces installation time and costs.


Material Weight per Square

Metal 150 lbs

Three-Tab Shingles 240 lbs

Synthetic Slate 260 lbs

Wood 250 lbs

High-End Laminate 495 lbs

Concrete Tile 700 lbs

Clay Tile 900 lbs

Slate Up to 1200 lbs






Easy to Install

Natural slate is very difficult to install, which is why there are so few "slates" in the market today. The material is brittle, heavy, and has to be hand nailed. Breakage at the jobsite requires additional material which adds cost and increased landfill waste.

Conversely, a synthetic slate can be easily cut with a utility knife or circular saw, is lightweight, supports foot traffic, and can be installed with a nail gun. As a result, a synthetic slate installation requires less labor and results in less waste.

Similar to their natural counterparts, synthetic shake and slate shingles are installed one at a time, however, they provide greater durability and are easier to handle.







Easy to Install: Straight and Staggered Coursing

The material can be laid in a straight line, providing a more traditional look, or if the aesthetic requirements of the project demand a more custom “cottage-like” appearance, the shingles can be installed using staggered coursing.


Slate: Staggered CourseSlate: Straight Course






Easy to Install: Straight and Staggered Coursing cont’d…

Examples of a shake synthetic roof using a straight course installation (left image) and staggered course installation (right image) are shown below.

Shake: Staggered Course


Shake: Straight Course






Easy to Install: Custom Patterns

The weight and multiple sizes allow the material to also be laid in custom patterns.







Easy to Install: Accessory Pieces

To facilitate a complete installation, some manufacturers sell accessory pieces to complement their factory-collated bundles,suchas:

• 4” turret pieces• 6” slate hip/ridge pieces• 7” slate hip/ridge• 9” slate hip/ridge • 12” shake valley shingle• 1-piece hip/ridge (shake only) • 12” starter pieces available for both slate and

shake products







Easy to Install: Accessory Pieces cont’d…

Accessory pieces are generally sold in bundles, such as those defined in the table below. To assist with specification requirements, check with the manufacturer to determine the recommended number of bundles that are required for a particular project.


4” Turret 6” Hip/ Ridge 7” Hip/Ridge 9” Hip/Ridge 12” ShakeValley

12” Starter

Pieces / Bundle 40 20 20 20 10 20

Linear Ft. / Bundle 13 5 5 5 4.3 20

Pieces / Linear Ft. 3.07 4 4 4 2.3 1






Easy to Maintain

Unlike their natural counterparts, synthetic products do not require routine maintenance.

Natural slate must be examined every year for damage due to freeze thaw cycles, natural aging and deterioration. Broken slates must be cleared and replaced which can be expensive.

Natural wood shake is very fragile and even the smallest hail storm can cause damage to the shingles. Additionally - mold, mildew and insects can shorten the life of these shakes. The inspection process itself can damage natural slate and shake.

Recall, some synthetics carry a 50-year warranty, providing the client with peace of mind, as well as residual resale value.







Cost-Effective

Synthetic slate offers an upfront savings.

Savings average 50% when installing a synthetic over a comparable natural product due to the high cost of materials, structural reinforcements and labor.

While the install cost of a synthetic shake roof may be comparable, or more than its natural counterpart, there is a life cycle cost savings factor, since a natural shake roof will have to be replaced twice in the lifetime of a synthetic.

When the maintenance and replacement costs of natural shake and slate roof types are considered, the synthetics offer a clear life cycle cost advantage.







Introduction

Due to its many favorable attributes, a synthetic slate or shake may be chosen to be used in place of not only their natural counterpart, but in lieu of:

• clay tile• concrete tile• metal roof• asphalt roof

This section of the course presents a discussion of the features and benefits of synthetics compared to traditional roofing materials, beginning with wood shake.







Wood Shake

Strengths• reasonable cost• established performance• high-end look

Weaknesses• limited life (15-20 years)• susceptible to hail, rot and insects• fire retardant treatment is costly and wears off

Synthetic Advantages• 3-4 times the life expectancy of wood shake• Class A fire rating

(with a specialty underlayment)• hail resistant• similar weight – no extra support required







Natural Slate

Strengths• longevity• aesthetics• established performance• fire and hail resistant (heavier/thicker shingles

only)

Weaknesses• weight• difficult for re-roof• high cost• limited number of experienced installers;

locating a good installer can be difficult

Synthetic Advantages• cost savings• lightweight• easier to install







Concrete Tile

Strengths• longevity• variety of styles• fire resistant

Weaknesses• weight (re-roof)• freeze/thaw problems• efflorescence• difficult installation/increased labor

Synthetic Advantages• lightweight• easy to install• impact resistance







Metal (Stone Coated)

Strengths• longevity

Weaknesses• not overly popular – the “look” does not have

a wide appeal• cost can fluctuate (currently, price is rising)

Synthetic Advantages• offers a true slate look • complements traditional architecture• a synthetic roofing solution harmonizes better

in neighborhoods having varied looks







Tile

Strengths• longevity• variety of styles• fire resistant

Weaknesses• heavy/difficult to install• expensive• susceptible to freeze/thaw and impact

Synthetic Advantages• less expensive• lighter weight







Cast Molded Cement Slate

Strengths• multiple shingle widths are available• variety of colors and finishes• color blends are offered

Weaknesses• heavy (700 lbs./sq.)• no hail rating• efflorescence• Class A fire requires special installation







Cast Molded Cement Slate cont’d…

Synthetic Advantages• lightweight• available in pre-planned color blends• Class 4 impact rating• no efflorescence• no freeze/thaw issues







Testing






Introduction

Although architects and developers are impressed by the many features and benefits of synthetic roof products, they often require key documents to comply with architectural guidelines.

In this section of the course we present a discussion on the testing of roofing materials that is required for authority approvals, such as ICC-ES, UL, ASTM, and Miami-Dade.

Testing

Please remember the exam password MATERIALS. You will be required to enter it in order to proceed with the online examination.






Testing Summary

Listed below are the main tests/approvals that are of concern when researching synthetic roof products.

Testing• fire • impact • wind uplift • accelerated weathering• freeze/thaw• water absorption

Approvals• ICC-ES approved• Miami-Dade

Each of the above points will be explored in subsequent slides, beginning with fire testing.

Testing






Fire Test

To determine the fire resistance of a product, a test sample is subjected to a fire test (ASTM E 108 equiv. UL 790). The test specimen is affixed to a deck while an intermittent flame is applied.

To pass a Class A Fire Test, the flame must not burn through to the roof deck for at least 90 minutes.

There are slate synthetics available, having a regular 30 lb. felt underlayment, that rate Class A.

Testing






Fire Test cont’d…

Similarly, shake synthetics (with a specialty underlayment) rated Class A. Note that untreated natural shakes do not have a fire rating, posing serious fire hazards. Pictured below, fire spreads from the brand, through the untreated natural shakes, and through the roof’s deck, in about 10 minutes.

Untreated natural shake: flame spreads and engulfs entire roof and decking.

Testing

Test terminated 10:32 min/sec.






Fire Test cont’d…

Non-Class A Fire rated products produce similar results as shown below. It took less than 11 minutes for the roofing material to burn completely off and expose the decking.

Deck is exposed in less than 11 minutes

Testing

Flame spreads across the product and ignites decking (edges, tops, eves, hips, ridges).

Product melts






Impact Test

UL 2218 Impact Test provides impact resistance data for the evaluation of roof covering materials.

The test involves dropping a 2” steel ball weighing 1.2 lbs. from 20 ft. onto an installation. Test is repeated. Both impacts must be within a ¼”.

Some synthetics rate Class 4, which is the highest rating.

Testing






Wind Uplift Test

ASTM D3161 (equiv. UL 997 Straight Wind) is the test used to determine the blow-off resistance of roofing materials at a given wind velocity. In this test, a roofing assembly is subjected to sustained winds at specified velocities for two hours. Some slate and shake products are certified at 110 mph.

TAS 125 is the test to determine wind uplift resistance in High Velocity Hurricane Zones. A roofing assembly is subjected to positive and negative pressure in 60-minute cycles to measure wind uplift resistance at 150 mph. TAS 125 certification is needed to meet Florida Building Codes and Miami-Dade acceptance.

Testing






Accelerated Weathering

ASTM 4798 Accelerated Weathering test is used to determine material performance in terms of color-fade, tensile strength, curling/warping, and coating adhesion.

Using a QUV test chamber, specimens are subjected to roughly 4500 hours of exposure to UV radiation, elevated temperature, moisture, and thermal shock.

Results of tests on some TPO synthetic slate show nearly imperceptible color change, along with no appreciable change in tensile strength.

Testing

QUV Test Chamber






Accelerated Weathering cont’d…

This chart indicates the results of accelerated testing of TPO synthetic slate. Color change is represented by the Y axis (Change in Delta E). After 4,000 hours (industry standard test) the material color change is insignificant. At 8,000 hours it registers 1.2, which is still extremely low.

Testing






Freeze / Thaw

Freeze/Thaw testing (ICC-ES Acceptance Criteria ACO7 section 4.9) is critical since freeze/thaw issues are a major cause of roof material deterioration.

The objective of this test is to determine material performance under extreme temperature cycling.

Test specimens are exposed to temperatures ranging from -40° F to 180° F in a continuous cycle for one month.

When tested, some TPO synthetics showed no signs of crazing, cracking, or other surface changes. Furthermore, there was no delamination of the optional Kynar® topcoat.

Testing






Water Absorption

The objective of the water absorption test (ASTM D 471 Water Absorption) is to determine if the material absorbs water to discount any freeze/thaw issues.

Test samples are submerged in water at 158° F for one week.

To ascertain water absorption values, the samples are weighed before and after submersion.

Some TPO synthetics yielded virtually no absorption (.18% of material weight).

Testing






Additional Tests

The table below indicates additional tests and results of TPO synthetic roofing materials that are available in today’s market.

Testing

Test Objectives Method Results

TAS-100 Earn certification for wind-driven rain. Pass or fail only.

A roofing assembly is subjected to increasing wind speeds, along with an abundance of water blown at the system at speeds up to 110 mph.

Passed test

ASTM D 3462 Nail Pull-Through Resistance

Identify nail tear resistance to determine if nails will pull through the shingle.

Shingle is nailed and stabilized at 73°F and then at 32°F. Force is applied until shingle is pulled past nail.

138 lbs./ft. of force required at 73°F and 166.9 lbs./ft. at 32° F.

ASTM G21 Fungus (algae) test

Determine if material supports algae growth.

Sample is inoculated with blue green algae and put in a warm, damp place, along with a control sample for 4 to 6 weeks.

The algae did not grow on the sample shingle.

TAS 125 / Miami-Dade

Earn certification for wind upliftresistance in High Velocity HurricaneZones.

A roofing assembly is subjected to positive and negative pressure in 60-minute cycles to measure wind uplift resistance at 150 mph.

Passed

ICC-ES AC07Section 4.4

Test penetration Samples subjected to applied load in an Instron machine.

200 lbs. passed






Case Studies






The following case study shows how synthetic slate material can help a home contribute to the LEED Certification Process.

A synthetic slate was chosen to be used on a home in Hillsdale, New Jersey which was to be a LEED-H Platinum project house.

The polymer slates were chosen because they are 100% recyclable, have a 50-year warranty and are manufactured in the USA. The tiles offer a smaller carbon footprint by reducing job site waste and weighing one-third as much as real slate, so transportation costs are reduced.

Case Study 1Case Studies






Case Study 1 cont’d…

For this project the synthetic slates were to help the homeowner to harvest rainwater cleanly. The roof tiles could also contribute to the LEED Certification Process (LEED for New Construction - LEED-NC Standard 2.2) by:

• WE 1.1 - 1.2 - Water Efficient Landscaping - some synthetic tiles work well with captured rain systems, preserving potable water. (1-2 points)

• MR 2.1 - 2.2 - Construction Waste Management - synthetic tiles divert 50% to 75% of roofing materials from landfills. (1-2 points)

• MR 3.1 - 3.2 - Resource Re-Use - When carefully removed, 5% to 10% of synthetic tiles can be re-used. (1-2 points)

• MR 5.1 - 5.2 - Regional Materials - If the synthetic tile is manufactured within 500 miles of the project, there is significant transportation savings within the 500 mile radius. (1-2 points)

Case Studies






Case Study 2

The following case study discusses Cool Roof colors with synthetic slate roofing material, and how these tiles can contribute to a more energy-efficient home.

Synthetic slate roof tiles were chosen for a home project in Narragansett, Rhode Island. The 4,300-square-foot ocean view home was constructed to LEED standards and features a multitude of environmentally-friendly building products and practices.

Case Studies







For this home, synthetic slates in a cool color were chosen. This means that the tiles have been rated by the Cool Roof Rating Council (CCRC) to reflect sunlight and heat away from the home.

Meeting the initial qualifications for a Cool Roof means the synthetic tiles meet or exceed initial ENERGY STAR® program requirements for 25 percent solar reflectivity and qualify for LEED-NC 7.2 Heat Island Effect.

A Cool Roof is measured by two properties: solar reflectance and thermal emittance. Both properties are measured from 0 to 1. The higher the value, the cooler the roof. During independent testing, the synthetic slates used for this project measured in a range of 0.26 to 0.34 for solar reflectance and in the range of 0.67 to 0.72 for thermal emittance.

Case Studies






Case Study 3

This case study focuses on the use of synthetic slate tiles for use on historical renovation projects.

Mount St. Mary College, located in Newburgh, New York, had a unique problem. A campus building needed a new roof, but not just any roof. It had to provide top-rate durability and weather tightness – but also had to reflect the 140-year old Victorian style building’s historical significance.

Case Studies







The old, red asbestos shingle roof had faded to pink with gray streaks, and was doing a disservice to the architectural beauty of the building.

A synthetic slate roofing material was chosen for this historical building’s new roof, as the college wanted natural slate, but did not want to deal with the maintenance. The college liked the authentic look as well as the 50-year warranty and the competitive price.

Before beginning the work, the college’s Director of Facilities made a presentation to the City of Newburg Architectural Review Committee to get their approval for the new roof. The committee had reviewed different upgrades to some of the upscale house in the area, including some historic homes. The committee is responsible for making sure the aesthetics of the products used fit the architectural and the historic flavor of the community. Fortunately, the synthetic slate roofing material was approved.

Case Studies






Application Images






Examples of Synthetic Shake InstallationsApplication Images






Examples of Synthetic Slate InstallationsApplication Images






Example of Custom Blend Synthetic SlateApplication Images






Synthetic Slate Installations

Open Valley

Application Images

Closed Valley

Hip/Ridge Dormer Installation






Synthetic Shake Installations

Open Valley with Standing Seam Metal

Application Images

Ridge

Drip Edge Snow Guard Installation






Summary






Important Points

• Using advanced injection-molded techniques, high-quality synthetic materials are manufactured using a TPO blend, consisting of 100% virgin resins, UV inhibitors, color stabilizers, and fire retardants.

• Since each manufacturer has its own formula, end products can vary in both performance and aesthetics.

• High-quality synthetics provide a lightweight roofing material that has several green features, superior longevity, durability, pleasing aesthetics, cost-effectiveness, Class A fire rating*, ease of installation and maintenance.

• As well as factory-collated color blends, some manufacturers offer synthetic shingles that are bundled in multiple widths. Unlike the “man-made” look that other products might have with one shingle width, this random pattern adds visual interest and heightens the design of the roof.

* When installed with specified underlayments

Summary






Important Points cont’d…

• When compared to traditional roofing materials, synthetics provide numerous advantages, such as no freeze/thaw issues or efflorescence, Class 4 impact rating, and durability.

• When researching synthetic roof products, there are several tests that are of concern, including testing wind uplift, fire testing, impact testing, accelerated weathering, and freeze/thaw.

• Approval agencies governing roofing materials include Miami-Dade and ICC-ES.

• A synthetic roof can enhance the aesthetics of a structure and look so genuine only the roofer will know it is not from nature.

Summary






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©2008 DaVinci Roofscapes. The material contained in this course was researched, assembled, and produced by DaVinci Roofscapes and remains their property. Questions or concerns about this course should be directed to the instructor.

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the design advantages of synthetic roofing solutions · 2016-03-07 · • about the instructor •...

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