THE DEBATE OVER SLAVERY

THE MORALITY & LEGITIMACY OF SLAVERY

Read either the William Lloyd Garrison or John C Calhoun Article.Complete the questions associated with your article in Complete Sentences… ON YOUR OWNFind someone who read the other article.Discuss, do not merely exchange, your answers.

THE DEBATE OVER SLAVERY

GARRISON• Founder of The

Liberator newspaper• Founder of The

American Anti-Slavery Society

• Argued for "immediate and complete emancipation of all slaves."

CALHOUN• Former VP• South Carolina

Senator• Pushed for

Nullification and Secession Previously

FINAL CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR ANDANTEBELLUM POLITICAL ISSUES

GROWING POLITICAL DIVISION

PARTY SYSTEM RECAP

First Party System• Federalist vs. Democratic Republicans

• Ends with Era of Good Feelings

Second Party System• Democrats vs. Whigs

Third Party System?• Democrats vs. Whigs vs. Free Soilers?

• Not Yet, But We’re Close

THE FREE SOIL PARTY'Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor and Free Men,'

• Short Lived Party• Former anti-slavery members of

the Whig Party and the Democratic Party.

• Its main purpose was opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery.

1848 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION1848 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

Lewis CassDemocrat

Zachary TaylorWhig

Martin Van BurenFree Soil

1848Election Results

1848Election Results

47.3%

10.1%

41.5%

• Though a slaveholder, Taylor did not push for the expansion of slavery.

• He pushed settlers in New Mexico and California to draft constitutions for statehood, setting the stage for the Compromise of 1850.

• Taylor died suddenly of a stomach-related illness in July 1850.

MILLARD FILLMORE• Taylor’s VP, would replace him as

president.• Strong supporter of the compromise

of 1850.• Appointed Brigham Young as the first

governor of the Utah Territory in 1850.• Lost the Whig nomination for the

election of 1852.• Is the last American president not to

be either a “Democrat” or “Republican”.

1852 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION1852 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

Franklin PierceDemocrat

Gen Winfield ScottWhig

John Parker HaleFree Soil

1852Election Results

1852Election Results

PIERCE AS PRESIDENT

• Signed the Gadsden Purchase

• Failed in his attempt to acquire Cuba from Spain

• Ostend Manifesto• Supporter of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Established the opening of 2 ports in Japan

• 1854 under Commodore Matthew Perry

Died in 1869 from cirrhosis of the liver

LINCOLN AND DOUGLASDEBATE OVER THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT

Lets read some excerpts aloud and discuss the questions…

THE KNOW NOTHINGS OR THE AMERICAN PARTY

• The Know Nothing was a movement by the nativist American political faction of the 1850s, characterized by political xenophobia, anti-Catholic sentiment, and occasional violence.

• It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholic immigrants • Often regarded as hostile to republican

values and controlled by the Pope in Rome.

• Mainly active from 1854 to 1856• Membership was limited to Protestant

males of British American lineage.

1856

ELECTION OF 1856

JAMES BUCHANAN AS PRESIDENT Excerpts from his Inaugural Address:

• “As a natural consequence, Congress has also prescribed that when the Territory of Kansas shall be admitted as a State it "shall be received into the Union with or without slavery, as their constitution may prescribe at the time of their admission."

• A difference of opinion has arisen in regard to the point of time when the people of a Territory shall decide this question for themselves.

• This is, happily, a matter of but little practical importance. Besides, it is a judicial question, which legitimately belongs to the Supreme Court of the United States, before whom it is now pending, and will, it is understood, be speedily and finally settled. ”

LOOMING LEGAL QUESTIONS

THE DRED SCOTT CASE (1857)

Dred Scott’s story:• He was slave in AL and MO• He was sold and brought into IL and WI• He tried to buy his freedom and he was

denied by his owner • He sued on the basis that he had lived in

free and worked in territory declared free by the MO Compromise

THE DRED SCOTT DECISION (1857)

In a 7-2 vote, Scott lost his case. " We think they [people of African ancestry] are not included, and were not intended to be included, under the word "citizens" in the Constitution, and can therefore claim none of the rights and privileges which that instrument provides for and secures to citizens of the United States." — Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, speaking for the majority

Taney hoped this decision would solve the slavery question once and for all.

3 major points:1) Slaves are not citizens and therefore can not use the

Supreme Court2) Slaves are property 3) Property is protected by the 4th Amendment (search

and seizure) and therefore slaves are allowed by their owners to be taken anywhere in the US

DRED SCOTTPUBLIC REACTION

“It is no novelty to find the Supreme Court following the lead of the Slavery Extension party, to which most of its members belong. Five of the Judges are slaveholders, and two of the other four owe their appointments to their facile ingenuity in making State laws bend to Federal demands in behalf of "the Southern institution.“

- Editorial in the Albany, New York, Evening Journal, 1857

Speech on the Dred Scott DecisionAbraham LincolnSpeech at Springfield, IllinoisJune 26, 1857

HOW DRED SCOTT HELPED START THE CIVIL WAR

Northerners were outraged and Southerners were full of glee

• The schism between North and South was only growing

The MO Compromise had been declared unconstitutional.

• Congress does not have the authority to prohibit slavery

• A new “band-aid” would be needed

RISING SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

UNCLE TOM’S CABIN -1852Harriet Beecher Stowe – Daughter of Rev. Lyman Beecher who would send ‘Beecher’s Bibles’ to KS…“So you’re the little lady that started the war?” – Abraham Lincoln

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Excerpt

JOHN BROWN SHIFTS FOCUS -BROWN AND THE SLAVE

• Throughout 1858 John Brown takes trips into the state of Missouri to free slaves.

• His most successful expedition was on Dec. 20th, 1858 when he was able to free 11 slaves at one time.

JOHN BROWN’S RAID ON HARPER’S FERRY• On October 16, Brown set out for

Harpers Ferry with 21 men • First they captured the federal

armory and arsenal. They then captured Hall's Rifle Works, a supplier of weapons to the government.

• The local militia pinned Brown and his men down. Brown's son, Oliver, was sent out to negotiate with the citizens. He was shot and killed.

• Marines and soldiers under the leadership of then Colonel Robert E. Lee arrived, and took control.

• In the end, 10 of Brown's 22 men were killed

EXECUTION• Brown was found guilty of murder,

conspiring with slaves, and treason.• The trial was a week long and

deliberation ran 45 minutes.• Brown was put to death on December

2nd, 1859.

JOHN BROWN'S LAST PROPHECY

CHARLESTOWN, VA, 2ND, DECEMBER, 1859I JOHN BROWN AM NOW QUITE CERTAIN THAT THE CRIMES OF THIS GUILTY, LAND: WILL NEVER BE PURGED AWAY; BUT WITH BLOOD. I HAD AS I NOW THINK: VAINLY FLATTERED MYSELF THAT WITHOUT VERY MUCH BLOODSHED; IT MIGHT BE DONE.

THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD

• The network now generally known as the Underground Railroad was formed in the early 19th century, and reached its height between 1850 and 1860.

• One estimate suggests that by 1850, 100,000 slaves had escaped via the "Railroad".

THE BREAKING POINT: THE ELECTION OF 1860

The Political Quadrille, 1860, Cincinnati, OH

THE CANDIDATESFYI: Voter Turnout in…1992 = 55%1996 = 49%2000 = 54%2004 = 60%2008 = 61%2012 = 58%

1860 = 81%

CRASH COURSE US HISTORY

Using their timeline, students may work with a partner and use Amsco to determine the 3 most significant ‘causes’ of the Civil War (I would argue they could even go back as far as the 3/5 compromise, or Georgia allowing slavery – but they should probably try to keep it more current than that)

• In a paragraph for each, students must defend WHY they think each of their 3 causes are the most important – not just a paragraph description of each –

• Historical Argumentation/Relevant Historical EvidenceIf we need to fill time: Class Discussion “When was the point of no return for a war between the states?” Students are required to site specific text or historical evidence in their responses.