The Current State of Ubiquitous Computing

Ubiquitous Computing is a movement in computer science to bring computing away from the

specialized ldquodesktoprdquo location and make it available everywhere that people live and work

Ubiquitous computing spans a very broad range of technologies which we can summarize in the

ldquoUbiquitous Computing Equationrdquo Ubiquitous Computing = Mobile Computing + Intelligent

Environments In this paper we present taxonomy of approaches to ubiquitous computing then

we present the EasyLiving project at Microsoft Research EasyLiving is a prototype architecture

to support many of the technologies and scenarios of ubiquitous computing

Present thinking in ubiquitous applications

In the twenty-first century the technology revolution will move into the everyday the small and the invisible The impact of technology will increase ten-fold as it is imbedded in the fabric of everyday life As technology becomes more imbedded and invisible it calms our lives by removing annoyances while keeping us connected with what is truly important This imbedding this invisibility this radical ease-of-use requires radical innovations in our connectivity infrastructure mdash M D Weiser

Ubiquitous computing is about networked microprocessors embedded in everyday objects - not

just cellphones and home appliances but also books bookshelves bus stops and bathtubs--all

talking to each other over some form of links Hundreds of internet-enabled computers per

human being

As you know networked computers are insecure If the ubiquitous systems we deploy in our

homes offices shops and vehicles are as vulnerable as todays PCs the risks for society will be

catastrophic

A very good example of an ubiquitous approach in staying connected with your friends is Your

Messenger You can be connected to your friend wherever you are But what about your enemies

or malicious users

Messengers have built in security features (blocking) where you can control who can see you and

who you do not want to see But until recently even if you block someone there are software that

can detect whether you are online or not That is until Microsoft Patched it up

Ubiquitous computing vision however is over a decade old at this point and we now inhabit the

future

imagined by its pioneers The future though may not have worked out as the field collectively

imagined In this article we explore the vision that has driven the ubiquitous computing research

agenda and the contemporary practice that has emerged Drawing on crosscultural investigations

of technology adoption we argue for developing a lsquolsquoubicomp of the presentrsquorsquo which takes the

messiness of everyday life as a central theme

bull Collaboration with Interactive walls and Tables

Collaborative Environment

Computers will be disappeared in the architecture

The functionality remains ubiquitously available

(Tender et al 2002)

bull Emotions in the world

FeelingsEmotions will be judged by the sensors

Generated results in respect to emotionsfeelings Ex ndash smart homes

(Emotions in the world)

bull In future The characterization of computer as the ldquointimate computerrdquo or ldquorather like a

human assistantrdquo makes this inappropriate attention to the machine itself particularly

apparent

(Weiser 1993)

When computing becomes ubiquitous you will not need to manually set preferences

Everything will be controlled by natural actions opposing to the current point-and-click

interfaces

The object you interact with will learn from you and provide information based on your

environment

Everything will become interactive and more importantly reactive

In the coming future ubiquitous computing will greatly reform our world to create a smart

world filled with a variety of embedded intelligence or smart real and virtual things

ranging from-

software to hardware

man-made artifacts to natural objects

everyday appliances to sophisticated systems

small rooms to large buildings from enclosed sites to open spaces

Stationary places to moveable vehicles

Towards a ubicomp of the present

What this suggests then is an alternative domain of ubicomp researchmdasha ubicomp not of the

future but of the present William Gibson famously quipped that

lsquolsquoThe future is already here itrsquos just not very evenly distributedrsquorsquo [43] We take each

component of this aphorism as a component of an alternative research agenda for ubicomp

The future is already here

The future is already here The technological trends that Weiser insightfully extrapolated

have just as he anticipated resulted in radical transformations and reconfigurations of the

role of computation in everyday life Weiser anticipated a world in which computation would

be embedded into our everyday worldsmdashnot just physically embedded but also socially and

procedurally embedded becoming part and parcel of how we act in the world It has not

perhaps taken the form that he anticipated although PDAs cell phones large-scale displays

and digital cameras do bear family resemblances to the devices that Weiser imagined would

come to populate our world However the fact that the details are different should not blind

us to the remarkable accuracy of Weiserrsquos vision Computation is embedded into the

technology and practice of everyday life we continually use computational devices without

thinking of them as computational in any way The desktop computer has not been displaced

but augmented Interestingly though while the technological form of ubiquitous computing

differs only in its details from the model that Weiser had anticipated it is perhaps the use of

ubiquitous computing which would have surprised him One notable aspect of Weiserrsquos

article is that as he lays out a vision for a radically different form of computational

experience the settings into which those devices are to be deployed and the activities that

they are used to support remain largely unexamined Weiserrsquos ubiquitous computing

technology is used in workplaces it relies on large fixed infrastructure investments by

commercial entities it is directed towards the needs of corporate efficiency Weiserrsquos

ubiquitous computing is a tool for labor From the perspective of a lsquoubicomp of the presentrsquo

we can note that Weiser was entirely correct in one regardmdashthat the purposes to which

people would put computational devices are not radically new ones but rather reflect existing

social and cultural needs However again this did not necessarily take the form that had been

anticipated Computational technologies are embedded in social structures and cultural

scripts of many sorts ubicomp technologies prove also to be sites of social engagement

generational conflict domestic regulation religious practice state surveillance civic protest

romantic encounters office politics artistic expression and more What this suggests then

is that we need a deeper understanding of how social and cultural practice is carried out in

and around emerging information technologies If ubiquitous computing is already here then

we need to pay considerably more attention to just what it is being used to do and its effects

Interestingly while considerations of the social and cultural elements in ubicomprsquos agenda

has traditionally been thought of in terms of lsquosocial impactsrsquo our focus here is more on

technology as a site of social and cultural production that is as an aspect of how social and

cultural work are done rather than as something which will inevitably transform social

practice Indeed it may be quite the other way around

Conclusion

Instead we take the fact that we already live in a world of ubiquitous computing to be a

rather wonderful thing The challenge now is to understand it The UC will bring

information technology beyond the big problems like corporate finance and school

homework to the little annoyances like where are the car-keys Can I get a parking place

and Is that shirt I saw last week at Macyrsquos still on the rack Many researchers are working

towards this new era ndash among them our work at Xerox PARC MITrsquos AIorientedldquoThings

That Thinkrdquo program7 the many mobile and wearable computing programs8

Computers for personal use have focused on the excitement of interaction But when

computers are all around so that we want to compute while doing something else and have

more time to be more fully human we must radically rethink the goals context and

technology of the computer and all the other technology crowding into our lives

As we learn to design calm technology we will enrich not only our space of artifacts but

also our opportunities for being with other people When our world is filled with

interconnected imbedded computers calm technology will play a central role in a more

humanly empowered twenty-first century

Ethical issues related to ubiquitous computing

In accordance with widely held norms of behavior or of written standards of conduct adopted by the members of a profession----- [1(httpwwwyourdictionarycomethical)]

What ethical implications are to be expected from deploying ubiquitous computing and the

implied surveillance for care giving and other domains These issues may be discussed from

both an end-user perspective as well as from a designer perspective Can there be a code of ethics

for designers of ubiquitous systems

Computer ethics is a new branch of ethics that is growing and changing rapidly as

computer technology also grows and develops The term computer ethics is open

to interpretations both broad and narrow

(httpwwwcsuclaeduclassesspring03cs239l5slidespetrospdf)

Huge impact of pervasive computing on society both good amp evilMain concerns1048708 Is society ready for the pervasive future 1048708 Are people mature enough for a largescale pervasive environment 1048708 What are the environmental issues 1048708 Is the legal system ready for a pervasiveenvironment 1048708 What about peoplersquos rights and privacy Are they threatened

Letrsquos talk abouthellip

1048708 Social behavior

1048708 The environment

1048708 Privacy and human rights

Social behavior

Individual Behavior

1048708 Ubiquitous computing challenges individuals to

rethink their behavior

Present thinking in ubiquitous applications

In the twenty-first century the technology revolution will move into the everyday the small and the invisible The impact of technology will increase ten-fold as it is imbedded in the fabric of everyday life As technology becomes more imbedded and invisible it calms our lives by removing annoyances while keeping us connected with what is truly important This imbedding this invisibility this radical ease-of-use requires radical innovations in our connectivity infrastructure mdash M D Weiser

Ubiquitous computing is about networked microprocessors embedded in everyday objects - not

just cellphones and home appliances but also books bookshelves bus stops and bathtubs--all

talking to each other over some form of links Hundreds of internet-enabled computers per

human being

As you know networked computers are insecure If the ubiquitous systems we deploy in our

homes offices shops and vehicles are as vulnerable as todays PCs the risks for society will be

catastrophic

A very good example of an ubiquitous approach in staying connected with your friends is Your

Messenger You can be connected to your friend wherever you are But what about your enemies

or malicious users

Messengers have built in security features (blocking) where you can control who can see you and

who you do not want to see But until recently even if you block someone there are software that

can detect whether you are online or not That is until Microsoft Patched it up

Ubiquitous computing vision however is over a decade old at this point and we now inhabit the

future

imagined by its pioneers The future though may not have worked out as the field collectively

imagined In this article we explore the vision that has driven the ubiquitous computing research

agenda and the contemporary practice that has emerged Drawing on crosscultural investigations

of technology adoption we argue for developing a lsquolsquoubicomp of the presentrsquorsquo which takes the

messiness of everyday life as a central theme

bull Collaboration with Interactive walls and Tables

Collaborative Environment

Computers will be disappeared in the architecture

The functionality remains ubiquitously available

(Tender et al 2002)

bull Emotions in the world

FeelingsEmotions will be judged by the sensors

Generated results in respect to emotionsfeelings Ex ndash smart homes

(Emotions in the world)

bull In future The characterization of computer as the ldquointimate computerrdquo or ldquorather like a

human assistantrdquo makes this inappropriate attention to the machine itself particularly

apparent

(Weiser 1993)

When computing becomes ubiquitous you will not need to manually set preferences

Everything will be controlled by natural actions opposing to the current point-and-click

interfaces

The object you interact with will learn from you and provide information based on your

environment

Everything will become interactive and more importantly reactive

In the coming future ubiquitous computing will greatly reform our world to create a smart

world filled with a variety of embedded intelligence or smart real and virtual things

ranging from-

software to hardware

man-made artifacts to natural objects

everyday appliances to sophisticated systems

small rooms to large buildings from enclosed sites to open spaces

Stationary places to moveable vehicles

Towards a ubicomp of the present

What this suggests then is an alternative domain of ubicomp researchmdasha ubicomp not of the

future but of the present William Gibson famously quipped that

lsquolsquoThe future is already here itrsquos just not very evenly distributedrsquorsquo [43] We take each

component of this aphorism as a component of an alternative research agenda for ubicomp

The future is already here

The future is already here The technological trends that Weiser insightfully extrapolated

have just as he anticipated resulted in radical transformations and reconfigurations of the

role of computation in everyday life Weiser anticipated a world in which computation would

be embedded into our everyday worldsmdashnot just physically embedded but also socially and

procedurally embedded becoming part and parcel of how we act in the world It has not

perhaps taken the form that he anticipated although PDAs cell phones large-scale displays

and digital cameras do bear family resemblances to the devices that Weiser imagined would

come to populate our world However the fact that the details are different should not blind

us to the remarkable accuracy of Weiserrsquos vision Computation is embedded into the

technology and practice of everyday life we continually use computational devices without

thinking of them as computational in any way The desktop computer has not been displaced

but augmented Interestingly though while the technological form of ubiquitous computing

differs only in its details from the model that Weiser had anticipated it is perhaps the use of

ubiquitous computing which would have surprised him One notable aspect of Weiserrsquos

article is that as he lays out a vision for a radically different form of computational

experience the settings into which those devices are to be deployed and the activities that

they are used to support remain largely unexamined Weiserrsquos ubiquitous computing

technology is used in workplaces it relies on large fixed infrastructure investments by

commercial entities it is directed towards the needs of corporate efficiency Weiserrsquos

ubiquitous computing is a tool for labor From the perspective of a lsquoubicomp of the presentrsquo

we can note that Weiser was entirely correct in one regardmdashthat the purposes to which

people would put computational devices are not radically new ones but rather reflect existing

social and cultural needs However again this did not necessarily take the form that had been

anticipated Computational technologies are embedded in social structures and cultural

scripts of many sorts ubicomp technologies prove also to be sites of social engagement

generational conflict domestic regulation religious practice state surveillance civic protest

romantic encounters office politics artistic expression and more What this suggests then

is that we need a deeper understanding of how social and cultural practice is carried out in

and around emerging information technologies If ubiquitous computing is already here then

we need to pay considerably more attention to just what it is being used to do and its effects

Interestingly while considerations of the social and cultural elements in ubicomprsquos agenda

has traditionally been thought of in terms of lsquosocial impactsrsquo our focus here is more on

technology as a site of social and cultural production that is as an aspect of how social and

cultural work are done rather than as something which will inevitably transform social

practice Indeed it may be quite the other way around

Conclusion

Instead we take the fact that we already live in a world of ubiquitous computing to be a

rather wonderful thing The challenge now is to understand it The UC will bring

information technology beyond the big problems like corporate finance and school

homework to the little annoyances like where are the car-keys Can I get a parking place

and Is that shirt I saw last week at Macyrsquos still on the rack Many researchers are working

towards this new era ndash among them our work at Xerox PARC MITrsquos AIorientedldquoThings

That Thinkrdquo program7 the many mobile and wearable computing programs8

Computers for personal use have focused on the excitement of interaction But when

computers are all around so that we want to compute while doing something else and have

more time to be more fully human we must radically rethink the goals context and

technology of the computer and all the other technology crowding into our lives

As we learn to design calm technology we will enrich not only our space of artifacts but

also our opportunities for being with other people When our world is filled with

interconnected imbedded computers calm technology will play a central role in a more

humanly empowered twenty-first century

Ethical issues related to ubiquitous computing

In accordance with widely held norms of behavior or of written standards of conduct adopted by the members of a profession----- [1(httpwwwyourdictionarycomethical)]

What ethical implications are to be expected from deploying ubiquitous computing and the

implied surveillance for care giving and other domains These issues may be discussed from

both an end-user perspective as well as from a designer perspective Can there be a code of ethics

for designers of ubiquitous systems

Computer ethics is a new branch of ethics that is growing and changing rapidly as

computer technology also grows and develops The term computer ethics is open

to interpretations both broad and narrow

(httpwwwcsuclaeduclassesspring03cs239l5slidespetrospdf)

Huge impact of pervasive computing on society both good amp evilMain concerns1048708 Is society ready for the pervasive future 1048708 Are people mature enough for a largescale pervasive environment 1048708 What are the environmental issues 1048708 Is the legal system ready for a pervasiveenvironment 1048708 What about peoplersquos rights and privacy Are they threatened

Letrsquos talk abouthellip

1048708 Social behavior

1048708 The environment

1048708 Privacy and human rights

Social behavior

Individual Behavior

1048708 Ubiquitous computing challenges individuals to

rethink their behavior

agenda and the contemporary practice that has emerged Drawing on crosscultural investigations

of technology adoption we argue for developing a lsquolsquoubicomp of the presentrsquorsquo which takes the

messiness of everyday life as a central theme

bull Collaboration with Interactive walls and Tables

Collaborative Environment

Computers will be disappeared in the architecture

The functionality remains ubiquitously available

(Tender et al 2002)

bull Emotions in the world

FeelingsEmotions will be judged by the sensors

Generated results in respect to emotionsfeelings Ex ndash smart homes

(Emotions in the world)

bull In future The characterization of computer as the ldquointimate computerrdquo or ldquorather like a

human assistantrdquo makes this inappropriate attention to the machine itself particularly

apparent

(Weiser 1993)

When computing becomes ubiquitous you will not need to manually set preferences

Everything will be controlled by natural actions opposing to the current point-and-click

interfaces

The object you interact with will learn from you and provide information based on your

environment

Everything will become interactive and more importantly reactive

In the coming future ubiquitous computing will greatly reform our world to create a smart

world filled with a variety of embedded intelligence or smart real and virtual things

ranging from-

software to hardware

man-made artifacts to natural objects

everyday appliances to sophisticated systems

small rooms to large buildings from enclosed sites to open spaces

Stationary places to moveable vehicles

Towards a ubicomp of the present

What this suggests then is an alternative domain of ubicomp researchmdasha ubicomp not of the

future but of the present William Gibson famously quipped that

lsquolsquoThe future is already here itrsquos just not very evenly distributedrsquorsquo [43] We take each

component of this aphorism as a component of an alternative research agenda for ubicomp

The future is already here

The future is already here The technological trends that Weiser insightfully extrapolated

have just as he anticipated resulted in radical transformations and reconfigurations of the

role of computation in everyday life Weiser anticipated a world in which computation would

be embedded into our everyday worldsmdashnot just physically embedded but also socially and

procedurally embedded becoming part and parcel of how we act in the world It has not

perhaps taken the form that he anticipated although PDAs cell phones large-scale displays

and digital cameras do bear family resemblances to the devices that Weiser imagined would

come to populate our world However the fact that the details are different should not blind

us to the remarkable accuracy of Weiserrsquos vision Computation is embedded into the

technology and practice of everyday life we continually use computational devices without

thinking of them as computational in any way The desktop computer has not been displaced

but augmented Interestingly though while the technological form of ubiquitous computing

differs only in its details from the model that Weiser had anticipated it is perhaps the use of

ubiquitous computing which would have surprised him One notable aspect of Weiserrsquos

article is that as he lays out a vision for a radically different form of computational

experience the settings into which those devices are to be deployed and the activities that

they are used to support remain largely unexamined Weiserrsquos ubiquitous computing

technology is used in workplaces it relies on large fixed infrastructure investments by

commercial entities it is directed towards the needs of corporate efficiency Weiserrsquos

ubiquitous computing is a tool for labor From the perspective of a lsquoubicomp of the presentrsquo

we can note that Weiser was entirely correct in one regardmdashthat the purposes to which

people would put computational devices are not radically new ones but rather reflect existing

social and cultural needs However again this did not necessarily take the form that had been

anticipated Computational technologies are embedded in social structures and cultural

scripts of many sorts ubicomp technologies prove also to be sites of social engagement

generational conflict domestic regulation religious practice state surveillance civic protest

romantic encounters office politics artistic expression and more What this suggests then

is that we need a deeper understanding of how social and cultural practice is carried out in

and around emerging information technologies If ubiquitous computing is already here then

we need to pay considerably more attention to just what it is being used to do and its effects

Interestingly while considerations of the social and cultural elements in ubicomprsquos agenda

has traditionally been thought of in terms of lsquosocial impactsrsquo our focus here is more on

technology as a site of social and cultural production that is as an aspect of how social and

cultural work are done rather than as something which will inevitably transform social

practice Indeed it may be quite the other way around

Conclusion

Instead we take the fact that we already live in a world of ubiquitous computing to be a

rather wonderful thing The challenge now is to understand it The UC will bring

information technology beyond the big problems like corporate finance and school

homework to the little annoyances like where are the car-keys Can I get a parking place

and Is that shirt I saw last week at Macyrsquos still on the rack Many researchers are working

towards this new era ndash among them our work at Xerox PARC MITrsquos AIorientedldquoThings

That Thinkrdquo program7 the many mobile and wearable computing programs8

Computers for personal use have focused on the excitement of interaction But when

computers are all around so that we want to compute while doing something else and have

more time to be more fully human we must radically rethink the goals context and

technology of the computer and all the other technology crowding into our lives

As we learn to design calm technology we will enrich not only our space of artifacts but

also our opportunities for being with other people When our world is filled with

interconnected imbedded computers calm technology will play a central role in a more

humanly empowered twenty-first century

Ethical issues related to ubiquitous computing

In accordance with widely held norms of behavior or of written standards of conduct adopted by the members of a profession----- [1(httpwwwyourdictionarycomethical)]

What ethical implications are to be expected from deploying ubiquitous computing and the

implied surveillance for care giving and other domains These issues may be discussed from

both an end-user perspective as well as from a designer perspective Can there be a code of ethics

for designers of ubiquitous systems

Computer ethics is a new branch of ethics that is growing and changing rapidly as

computer technology also grows and develops The term computer ethics is open

to interpretations both broad and narrow

(httpwwwcsuclaeduclassesspring03cs239l5slidespetrospdf)

Huge impact of pervasive computing on society both good amp evilMain concerns1048708 Is society ready for the pervasive future 1048708 Are people mature enough for a largescale pervasive environment 1048708 What are the environmental issues 1048708 Is the legal system ready for a pervasiveenvironment 1048708 What about peoplersquos rights and privacy Are they threatened

Letrsquos talk abouthellip

1048708 Social behavior

1048708 The environment

1048708 Privacy and human rights

Social behavior

Individual Behavior

1048708 Ubiquitous computing challenges individuals to

rethink their behavior

In the coming future ubiquitous computing will greatly reform our world to create a smart

world filled with a variety of embedded intelligence or smart real and virtual things

ranging from-

software to hardware

man-made artifacts to natural objects

everyday appliances to sophisticated systems

small rooms to large buildings from enclosed sites to open spaces

Stationary places to moveable vehicles

Towards a ubicomp of the present

What this suggests then is an alternative domain of ubicomp researchmdasha ubicomp not of the

future but of the present William Gibson famously quipped that

lsquolsquoThe future is already here itrsquos just not very evenly distributedrsquorsquo [43] We take each

component of this aphorism as a component of an alternative research agenda for ubicomp

The future is already here

The future is already here The technological trends that Weiser insightfully extrapolated

have just as he anticipated resulted in radical transformations and reconfigurations of the

role of computation in everyday life Weiser anticipated a world in which computation would

be embedded into our everyday worldsmdashnot just physically embedded but also socially and

procedurally embedded becoming part and parcel of how we act in the world It has not

perhaps taken the form that he anticipated although PDAs cell phones large-scale displays

and digital cameras do bear family resemblances to the devices that Weiser imagined would

come to populate our world However the fact that the details are different should not blind

us to the remarkable accuracy of Weiserrsquos vision Computation is embedded into the

technology and practice of everyday life we continually use computational devices without

thinking of them as computational in any way The desktop computer has not been displaced

but augmented Interestingly though while the technological form of ubiquitous computing

differs only in its details from the model that Weiser had anticipated it is perhaps the use of

ubiquitous computing which would have surprised him One notable aspect of Weiserrsquos

article is that as he lays out a vision for a radically different form of computational

experience the settings into which those devices are to be deployed and the activities that

they are used to support remain largely unexamined Weiserrsquos ubiquitous computing

technology is used in workplaces it relies on large fixed infrastructure investments by

commercial entities it is directed towards the needs of corporate efficiency Weiserrsquos

ubiquitous computing is a tool for labor From the perspective of a lsquoubicomp of the presentrsquo

we can note that Weiser was entirely correct in one regardmdashthat the purposes to which

people would put computational devices are not radically new ones but rather reflect existing

social and cultural needs However again this did not necessarily take the form that had been

anticipated Computational technologies are embedded in social structures and cultural

scripts of many sorts ubicomp technologies prove also to be sites of social engagement

generational conflict domestic regulation religious practice state surveillance civic protest

romantic encounters office politics artistic expression and more What this suggests then

is that we need a deeper understanding of how social and cultural practice is carried out in

and around emerging information technologies If ubiquitous computing is already here then

we need to pay considerably more attention to just what it is being used to do and its effects

Interestingly while considerations of the social and cultural elements in ubicomprsquos agenda

has traditionally been thought of in terms of lsquosocial impactsrsquo our focus here is more on

technology as a site of social and cultural production that is as an aspect of how social and

cultural work are done rather than as something which will inevitably transform social

practice Indeed it may be quite the other way around

Conclusion

Instead we take the fact that we already live in a world of ubiquitous computing to be a

rather wonderful thing The challenge now is to understand it The UC will bring

information technology beyond the big problems like corporate finance and school

homework to the little annoyances like where are the car-keys Can I get a parking place

and Is that shirt I saw last week at Macyrsquos still on the rack Many researchers are working

towards this new era ndash among them our work at Xerox PARC MITrsquos AIorientedldquoThings

That Thinkrdquo program7 the many mobile and wearable computing programs8

Computers for personal use have focused on the excitement of interaction But when

computers are all around so that we want to compute while doing something else and have

more time to be more fully human we must radically rethink the goals context and

technology of the computer and all the other technology crowding into our lives

As we learn to design calm technology we will enrich not only our space of artifacts but

also our opportunities for being with other people When our world is filled with

interconnected imbedded computers calm technology will play a central role in a more

humanly empowered twenty-first century

Ethical issues related to ubiquitous computing

In accordance with widely held norms of behavior or of written standards of conduct adopted by the members of a profession----- [1(httpwwwyourdictionarycomethical)]

What ethical implications are to be expected from deploying ubiquitous computing and the

implied surveillance for care giving and other domains These issues may be discussed from

both an end-user perspective as well as from a designer perspective Can there be a code of ethics

for designers of ubiquitous systems

Computer ethics is a new branch of ethics that is growing and changing rapidly as

computer technology also grows and develops The term computer ethics is open

to interpretations both broad and narrow

(httpwwwcsuclaeduclassesspring03cs239l5slidespetrospdf)

Huge impact of pervasive computing on society both good amp evilMain concerns1048708 Is society ready for the pervasive future 1048708 Are people mature enough for a largescale pervasive environment 1048708 What are the environmental issues 1048708 Is the legal system ready for a pervasiveenvironment 1048708 What about peoplersquos rights and privacy Are they threatened

Letrsquos talk abouthellip

1048708 Social behavior

1048708 The environment

1048708 Privacy and human rights

Social behavior

Individual Behavior

1048708 Ubiquitous computing challenges individuals to

rethink their behavior

ubiquitous computing which would have surprised him One notable aspect of Weiserrsquos

article is that as he lays out a vision for a radically different form of computational

experience the settings into which those devices are to be deployed and the activities that

they are used to support remain largely unexamined Weiserrsquos ubiquitous computing

technology is used in workplaces it relies on large fixed infrastructure investments by

commercial entities it is directed towards the needs of corporate efficiency Weiserrsquos

ubiquitous computing is a tool for labor From the perspective of a lsquoubicomp of the presentrsquo

we can note that Weiser was entirely correct in one regardmdashthat the purposes to which

people would put computational devices are not radically new ones but rather reflect existing

social and cultural needs However again this did not necessarily take the form that had been

anticipated Computational technologies are embedded in social structures and cultural

scripts of many sorts ubicomp technologies prove also to be sites of social engagement

generational conflict domestic regulation religious practice state surveillance civic protest

romantic encounters office politics artistic expression and more What this suggests then

is that we need a deeper understanding of how social and cultural practice is carried out in

and around emerging information technologies If ubiquitous computing is already here then

we need to pay considerably more attention to just what it is being used to do and its effects

Interestingly while considerations of the social and cultural elements in ubicomprsquos agenda

has traditionally been thought of in terms of lsquosocial impactsrsquo our focus here is more on

technology as a site of social and cultural production that is as an aspect of how social and

cultural work are done rather than as something which will inevitably transform social

practice Indeed it may be quite the other way around

Conclusion

Instead we take the fact that we already live in a world of ubiquitous computing to be a

rather wonderful thing The challenge now is to understand it The UC will bring

information technology beyond the big problems like corporate finance and school

homework to the little annoyances like where are the car-keys Can I get a parking place

and Is that shirt I saw last week at Macyrsquos still on the rack Many researchers are working

towards this new era ndash among them our work at Xerox PARC MITrsquos AIorientedldquoThings

That Thinkrdquo program7 the many mobile and wearable computing programs8

Computers for personal use have focused on the excitement of interaction But when

computers are all around so that we want to compute while doing something else and have

more time to be more fully human we must radically rethink the goals context and

technology of the computer and all the other technology crowding into our lives

As we learn to design calm technology we will enrich not only our space of artifacts but

also our opportunities for being with other people When our world is filled with

interconnected imbedded computers calm technology will play a central role in a more

humanly empowered twenty-first century

Ethical issues related to ubiquitous computing

In accordance with widely held norms of behavior or of written standards of conduct adopted by the members of a profession----- [1(httpwwwyourdictionarycomethical)]

What ethical implications are to be expected from deploying ubiquitous computing and the

implied surveillance for care giving and other domains These issues may be discussed from

both an end-user perspective as well as from a designer perspective Can there be a code of ethics

for designers of ubiquitous systems

Computer ethics is a new branch of ethics that is growing and changing rapidly as

computer technology also grows and develops The term computer ethics is open

to interpretations both broad and narrow

(httpwwwcsuclaeduclassesspring03cs239l5slidespetrospdf)

Huge impact of pervasive computing on society both good amp evilMain concerns1048708 Is society ready for the pervasive future 1048708 Are people mature enough for a largescale pervasive environment 1048708 What are the environmental issues 1048708 Is the legal system ready for a pervasiveenvironment 1048708 What about peoplersquos rights and privacy Are they threatened

Letrsquos talk abouthellip

1048708 Social behavior

1048708 The environment

1048708 Privacy and human rights

Social behavior

Individual Behavior

1048708 Ubiquitous computing challenges individuals to

rethink their behavior

Computers for personal use have focused on the excitement of interaction But when

computers are all around so that we want to compute while doing something else and have

more time to be more fully human we must radically rethink the goals context and

technology of the computer and all the other technology crowding into our lives

As we learn to design calm technology we will enrich not only our space of artifacts but

also our opportunities for being with other people When our world is filled with

interconnected imbedded computers calm technology will play a central role in a more

humanly empowered twenty-first century

Ethical issues related to ubiquitous computing

In accordance with widely held norms of behavior or of written standards of conduct adopted by the members of a profession----- [1(httpwwwyourdictionarycomethical)]

What ethical implications are to be expected from deploying ubiquitous computing and the

implied surveillance for care giving and other domains These issues may be discussed from

both an end-user perspective as well as from a designer perspective Can there be a code of ethics

for designers of ubiquitous systems

Computer ethics is a new branch of ethics that is growing and changing rapidly as

computer technology also grows and develops The term computer ethics is open

to interpretations both broad and narrow

(httpwwwcsuclaeduclassesspring03cs239l5slidespetrospdf)

Huge impact of pervasive computing on society both good amp evilMain concerns1048708 Is society ready for the pervasive future 1048708 Are people mature enough for a largescale pervasive environment 1048708 What are the environmental issues 1048708 Is the legal system ready for a pervasiveenvironment 1048708 What about peoplersquos rights and privacy Are they threatened

Letrsquos talk abouthellip

1048708 Social behavior

1048708 The environment

1048708 Privacy and human rights

Social behavior

Individual Behavior

1048708 Ubiquitous computing challenges individuals to

rethink their behavior

Ethical issues related to ubiquitous computing

In accordance with widely held norms of behavior or of written standards of conduct adopted by the members of a profession----- [1(httpwwwyourdictionarycomethical)]

What ethical implications are to be expected from deploying ubiquitous computing and the

implied surveillance for care giving and other domains These issues may be discussed from

both an end-user perspective as well as from a designer perspective Can there be a code of ethics

for designers of ubiquitous systems

Computer ethics is a new branch of ethics that is growing and changing rapidly as

computer technology also grows and develops The term computer ethics is open

to interpretations both broad and narrow

(httpwwwcsuclaeduclassesspring03cs239l5slidespetrospdf)

Huge impact of pervasive computing on society both good amp evilMain concerns1048708 Is society ready for the pervasive future 1048708 Are people mature enough for a largescale pervasive environment 1048708 What are the environmental issues 1048708 Is the legal system ready for a pervasiveenvironment 1048708 What about peoplersquos rights and privacy Are they threatened

Letrsquos talk abouthellip

1048708 Social behavior

1048708 The environment

1048708 Privacy and human rights

Social behavior

Individual Behavior

1048708 Ubiquitous computing challenges individuals to

rethink their behavior

1048708 The airport anecdotehellip

1048708 Old habits die hard

1048708 Is your grandmother

ready for this

1048708 The only possible

exception health care

Social behavior

Individual Behavior (cont)

1048708 Impact on work environments (eg employeesrsquo supervision)

1048708 Human relationships

1048708 The cell phone example

1048708 Every cell phone owner usually leaves the cell phone on

1048708 Every one expects that you should have your cell phone on (ldquoif itrsquos off then why do you have

it rdquo)

1048708 Cell phone related behavior has become important to some people

1048708 Constant (possibility of) communication affects the relationships between individuals (eg

family members etc)

1048708 People may become more insecure because they rely on the cell phone (eg for emergencies)

Environmental Issues1048708 Computing devices consist of various hazardous

andor non-recyclable materials

1048708 Plastics heavy metals toxic materials

1048708 Pervasive computing goals require massively

distributed devices embedded in the

environment

1048708 Environmental issues of mass production and

destruction of these devices

1048708 Energy consumption

Environmental Issues (cont)

1048708 Computer recycling no efficient methods

1048708 Current design amp production practices do not take recycling into consideration

1048708 Computing devices become obsolete very quickly

1048708 Pervasive computing should incorporate mechanisms to minimize environmental impact

1048708 Save physical materials

1048708 Save energy

1048708 Extend the lifetime of devices

1048708 ldquoSmartrdquo amp efficient disposal

1048708 World wide agreement is needed

Environmental Issues

Minimizing physical materials

1048708 Functional integration

1048708 Combine several functions into a single device (eg PDA + cell phone + universal remote

control + hellip)

1048708 Resource sharing

1048708 Many users sharing one resource

1048708 Requires personalization features (eg use of biometrics)

1048708 Most computers are tremendously

underutilized

(challenges internet scale operating system and

economic models providing incentives for users to

lease out computer resources)

Environmental Issues

Minimizing physical materials (cont)

1048708 Modular design

1048708 Each device should have the components

needed for a specific application and no more

1048708 Modular design usually leads to ldquobulkyrdquo

components

In the industrialized nations of the world the information revolution already has

significantly altered many aspects of life -- in banking and commerce work and

employment medical care national defense transportation and entertainment

Consequently information technology has begun to affect (in both good and bad

ways) community life family life human relationships education freedom

democracy and so on (to name a few examples) Computer ethics in the broadest

sense can be understood as that branch of applied ethics which studies and analyzes

such social and ethical impacts of information technology

In recent years this robust new field has led to new university courses conferences

workshops professional organizations curriculum materials books articles

journals and research centers And in the age of the world-wide-web computer

ethics is quickly being transformed into global information ethics

A typical problem in computer ethics arises because there is a policy vacuum about

how computer technology should be used Computers provide us with new

capabilities and these in turn give us new choices for action Often either no policies

for conduct in these situations exist or existing policies seem inadequate A central

task of computer ethics is to determine what we should do in such cases that is

formulate policies to guide our actions One difficulty is that along with a policy

vacuum there is often a conceptual vacuum Although a problem in computer ethics

may seem clear initially a little reflection reveals a conceptual muddle What is

needed in such cases is an analysis that provides a coherent conceptual framework

within which to formulate a policy for action [Moor 1985 266]

Conclusion

Thus Ethics is a major issue that needs to be followed by people of all folks in life We cannot ignore ethics whether it may be in the field of Ubiquitous Computing as without it

no courtesy would be maintained Hence the world requires a medium or a belief that needs to be followed so that the

Ubiquitous Devices too can have a long lasting name in the History of mankind

Intelligencerdquo concept in ubiquitous computing

Natural and palpable interfaces to invisible computers spontaneous and continuous interaction

user intentiondemand anticipation and proactive computing self-management system and

autonomic computing organic computing sustainable computing intelligence scalability etc

Distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) distributed soft computing naturalbiological modeling

for ubiquitous intelligence multi-agent modeling approach massive multi-agent system

heterogeneous intelligence management and collaborations intelligence competition and

evolution amorphous computing spray computing etc

Meaning and impact of ubiquitous intelligence social implications of ubiquitous intelligence and

smart world positive and negative sides of ubiquitous computing ethical issues training policy

and legal issues economic and culture impacts psychological and emotional factors politeness

in computational intelligence etc

Conclusion-

The ubiquitous intelligence as an emerging and very promising multidiscipline aims at new

models and technologies for graceful integrations and mutual actions of real worlds and virtual e-

worlds with different scales and purposes

Discussion on agents and multi agent systems

Discussion of current mobile devices wearables amp network applications in ubiquitous computing

Areas in Ubiquitous security

Privacy issues in ubiquitous society privacy regulation and low privacy intrusion automatic

detection privacy protection framework and infrastructure identity and behavior trust trust

model and measure risk estimation trust management security technology for privacy and trust

guarantee etc

Privacy VS ubiquitous computing

1048708 At the heart of the ubiquitous computing vision lies an inherent contradiction

1048708 Computing environment must be highly knowledgeable about the user BUT

1048708 Large numbers of users different physical regions and service providers pose threat to privacy

and trust among parties

Privacy issues and concerns

1048708 Pervasive computing requires continuous monitoring of user actions

1048708 Data are not always ldquoanonymousrdquo

1048708 Who has access to this information

1048708 Governments

1048708 Law enforcement agents

1048708 Marketing companies

1048708 Strangers

1048708 All internet users

Privacy issues and concerns (cont)

1048708 The vision ubiquitous computing is thrilling and temptinghellip

1048708 This guarantees commercial success

1048708 But after the technology is widespread will the users be able to say ldquothanks butno thanks rdquo

Balance between privacy and

ubiquitous computing

1048708 Increased Awareness

1048708 The user is informed about the ldquoprivacy levelrdquo of a certain

applicationsituationlocation

1048708 Maintaining an audit trail

1048708 Monitoring who has sensitive information about a person

1048708 Helps investigating abuse of personal info

1048708 Fear of being tracked down may sometimes helphellip

1048708 Creating a ldquosixth senserdquo

1048708 Sense the environment and judge whether it looks ldquosuspiciousrdquo or not

Balance between privacy and ubiquitous computing (cont)

1048708 Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PETs)

1048708 Subject oriented (anonymity proxies)

1048708 Object oriented (exchanged objects do not contain traces of identification)

1048708 Transaction oriented (clean up transactions)

1048708 System oriented (combination of some or all of the previous concepts)

Security

Interactions cross multiple organisational boundaries

Specification analysis and integration for heterogeneous OS databases firewalls routers

Lessons from history

Cell phones IR garage doors CATV decoders

Everything worth hacking gets hacked

Need for secure lsquoout of the boxrsquo set up

Identify friend or foe 1048782 level of trust

Small communicators with confidential data are easily lost or stolen ndash biometric

authentication

Necessary security technology exists

Privacy

Location service tracks movement to within metres (cf mobile phones but pay-as-you-go

can be anonymous)

Clearly indicate you are being sensed or recorded + user control to stop recording or

control distribution of information

You are now predictable

System can co-relate location context and behaviour patterns

Do you want employer colleagues or insurance company to know you carry a medical

monitor

Tension between authentication and anonymity ndash business want to authenticate you for

financial transactions and to provide lsquopersonalizedrsquo service of web sites

Constant spam of context dependent advertising

(httpseniorprojecteuresources1ExpertMeetingWadhwa2pdf)

Ubiquitous Computing Ethics and Social Inclusion1048708 Key Ethical Issues1048708 Freedom from harm1048708 How to ensure new technologies are effectively tested to ensure they will cause no harm1048708 Respect for human dignity1048708 Do ubiquitous computing solutions because of their nature of being unseen provide a particularly effective response to issues of stigmatisation1048708 Informed Consent1048708 Because of this same quality of being unseen do ubiquitous computing solutions create more challenges for providing informed consent1048708 With a vulnerable group as the primary users what other key challenges exist for achieving informed consent1048708 Self-determination1048708 By utilising ubiquitous computing how much control is given up ndash is there a risk of technology paternalism1048708 Do opt-out options lessen the effectiveness of technologies put in place to enhance safety and health1048708 Privacy1048708 What are the implications of the Internet of Things and the ability to track location of persons and things as it impacts the individualrsquos right to privacy How does this relate to identity

Management ndash the nightmare

1048782 Huge complex systems

1048708 Current design amp production practices do not take recycling into consideration

1048708 Computing devices become obsolete very quickly

1048708 Pervasive computing should incorporate mechanisms to minimize environmental impact

1048708 Save physical materials

1048708 Save energy

1048708 Extend the lifetime of devices

1048708 ldquoSmartrdquo amp efficient disposal

1048708 World wide agreement is needed

Environmental Issues

Minimizing physical materials

1048708 Functional integration

1048708 Combine several functions into a single device (eg PDA + cell phone + universal remote

control + hellip)

1048708 Resource sharing

1048708 Many users sharing one resource

1048708 Requires personalization features (eg use of biometrics)

1048708 Most computers are tremendously

underutilized

(challenges internet scale operating system and

economic models providing incentives for users to

lease out computer resources)

Environmental Issues

Minimizing physical materials (cont)

1048708 Modular design

1048708 Each device should have the components

needed for a specific application and no more

1048708 Modular design usually leads to ldquobulkyrdquo

components

In the industrialized nations of the world the information revolution already has

significantly altered many aspects of life -- in banking and commerce work and

employment medical care national defense transportation and entertainment

Consequently information technology has begun to affect (in both good and bad

ways) community life family life human relationships education freedom

democracy and so on (to name a few examples) Computer ethics in the broadest

sense can be understood as that branch of applied ethics which studies and analyzes

such social and ethical impacts of information technology

In recent years this robust new field has led to new university courses conferences

workshops professional organizations curriculum materials books articles

journals and research centers And in the age of the world-wide-web computer

ethics is quickly being transformed into global information ethics

A typical problem in computer ethics arises because there is a policy vacuum about

how computer technology should be used Computers provide us with new

capabilities and these in turn give us new choices for action Often either no policies

for conduct in these situations exist or existing policies seem inadequate A central

task of computer ethics is to determine what we should do in such cases that is

formulate policies to guide our actions One difficulty is that along with a policy

vacuum there is often a conceptual vacuum Although a problem in computer ethics

may seem clear initially a little reflection reveals a conceptual muddle What is

needed in such cases is an analysis that provides a coherent conceptual framework

within which to formulate a policy for action [Moor 1985 266]

Conclusion

Thus Ethics is a major issue that needs to be followed by people of all folks in life We cannot ignore ethics whether it may be in the field of Ubiquitous Computing as without it

no courtesy would be maintained Hence the world requires a medium or a belief that needs to be followed so that the

Ubiquitous Devices too can have a long lasting name in the History of mankind

Intelligencerdquo concept in ubiquitous computing

Natural and palpable interfaces to invisible computers spontaneous and continuous interaction

user intentiondemand anticipation and proactive computing self-management system and

autonomic computing organic computing sustainable computing intelligence scalability etc

Distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) distributed soft computing naturalbiological modeling

for ubiquitous intelligence multi-agent modeling approach massive multi-agent system

heterogeneous intelligence management and collaborations intelligence competition and

evolution amorphous computing spray computing etc

Meaning and impact of ubiquitous intelligence social implications of ubiquitous intelligence and

smart world positive and negative sides of ubiquitous computing ethical issues training policy

and legal issues economic and culture impacts psychological and emotional factors politeness

in computational intelligence etc

Conclusion-

The ubiquitous intelligence as an emerging and very promising multidiscipline aims at new

models and technologies for graceful integrations and mutual actions of real worlds and virtual e-

worlds with different scales and purposes

Discussion on agents and multi agent systems

Discussion of current mobile devices wearables amp network applications in ubiquitous computing

Areas in Ubiquitous security

Privacy issues in ubiquitous society privacy regulation and low privacy intrusion automatic

detection privacy protection framework and infrastructure identity and behavior trust trust

model and measure risk estimation trust management security technology for privacy and trust

guarantee etc

Privacy VS ubiquitous computing

1048708 At the heart of the ubiquitous computing vision lies an inherent contradiction

1048708 Computing environment must be highly knowledgeable about the user BUT

1048708 Large numbers of users different physical regions and service providers pose threat to privacy

and trust among parties

Privacy issues and concerns

1048708 Pervasive computing requires continuous monitoring of user actions

1048708 Data are not always ldquoanonymousrdquo

1048708 Who has access to this information

1048708 Governments

1048708 Law enforcement agents

1048708 Marketing companies

1048708 Strangers

1048708 All internet users

Privacy issues and concerns (cont)

1048708 The vision ubiquitous computing is thrilling and temptinghellip

1048708 This guarantees commercial success

1048708 But after the technology is widespread will the users be able to say ldquothanks butno thanks rdquo

Balance between privacy and

ubiquitous computing

1048708 Increased Awareness

1048708 The user is informed about the ldquoprivacy levelrdquo of a certain

applicationsituationlocation

1048708 Maintaining an audit trail

1048708 Monitoring who has sensitive information about a person

1048708 Helps investigating abuse of personal info

1048708 Fear of being tracked down may sometimes helphellip

1048708 Creating a ldquosixth senserdquo

1048708 Sense the environment and judge whether it looks ldquosuspiciousrdquo or not

Balance between privacy and ubiquitous computing (cont)

1048708 Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PETs)

1048708 Subject oriented (anonymity proxies)

1048708 Object oriented (exchanged objects do not contain traces of identification)

1048708 Transaction oriented (clean up transactions)

1048708 System oriented (combination of some or all of the previous concepts)

Security

Interactions cross multiple organisational boundaries

Specification analysis and integration for heterogeneous OS databases firewalls routers

Lessons from history

Cell phones IR garage doors CATV decoders

Everything worth hacking gets hacked

Need for secure lsquoout of the boxrsquo set up

Identify friend or foe 1048782 level of trust

Small communicators with confidential data are easily lost or stolen ndash biometric

authentication

Necessary security technology exists

Privacy

Location service tracks movement to within metres (cf mobile phones but pay-as-you-go

can be anonymous)

Clearly indicate you are being sensed or recorded + user control to stop recording or

control distribution of information

You are now predictable

System can co-relate location context and behaviour patterns

Do you want employer colleagues or insurance company to know you carry a medical

monitor

Tension between authentication and anonymity ndash business want to authenticate you for

financial transactions and to provide lsquopersonalizedrsquo service of web sites

Constant spam of context dependent advertising

(httpseniorprojecteuresources1ExpertMeetingWadhwa2pdf)

Ubiquitous Computing Ethics and Social Inclusion1048708 Key Ethical Issues1048708 Freedom from harm1048708 How to ensure new technologies are effectively tested to ensure they will cause no harm1048708 Respect for human dignity1048708 Do ubiquitous computing solutions because of their nature of being unseen provide a particularly effective response to issues of stigmatisation1048708 Informed Consent1048708 Because of this same quality of being unseen do ubiquitous computing solutions create more challenges for providing informed consent1048708 With a vulnerable group as the primary users what other key challenges exist for achieving informed consent1048708 Self-determination1048708 By utilising ubiquitous computing how much control is given up ndash is there a risk of technology paternalism1048708 Do opt-out options lessen the effectiveness of technologies put in place to enhance safety and health1048708 Privacy1048708 What are the implications of the Internet of Things and the ability to track location of persons and things as it impacts the individualrsquos right to privacy How does this relate to identity

Management ndash the nightmare

1048782 Huge complex systems

In the industrialized nations of the world the information revolution already has

significantly altered many aspects of life -- in banking and commerce work and

employment medical care national defense transportation and entertainment

Consequently information technology has begun to affect (in both good and bad

ways) community life family life human relationships education freedom

democracy and so on (to name a few examples) Computer ethics in the broadest

sense can be understood as that branch of applied ethics which studies and analyzes

such social and ethical impacts of information technology

In recent years this robust new field has led to new university courses conferences

workshops professional organizations curriculum materials books articles

journals and research centers And in the age of the world-wide-web computer

ethics is quickly being transformed into global information ethics

A typical problem in computer ethics arises because there is a policy vacuum about

how computer technology should be used Computers provide us with new

capabilities and these in turn give us new choices for action Often either no policies

for conduct in these situations exist or existing policies seem inadequate A central

task of computer ethics is to determine what we should do in such cases that is

formulate policies to guide our actions One difficulty is that along with a policy

vacuum there is often a conceptual vacuum Although a problem in computer ethics

may seem clear initially a little reflection reveals a conceptual muddle What is

needed in such cases is an analysis that provides a coherent conceptual framework

within which to formulate a policy for action [Moor 1985 266]

Conclusion

Thus Ethics is a major issue that needs to be followed by people of all folks in life We cannot ignore ethics whether it may be in the field of Ubiquitous Computing as without it

no courtesy would be maintained Hence the world requires a medium or a belief that needs to be followed so that the

Ubiquitous Devices too can have a long lasting name in the History of mankind

Intelligencerdquo concept in ubiquitous computing

Natural and palpable interfaces to invisible computers spontaneous and continuous interaction

user intentiondemand anticipation and proactive computing self-management system and

autonomic computing organic computing sustainable computing intelligence scalability etc

Distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) distributed soft computing naturalbiological modeling

for ubiquitous intelligence multi-agent modeling approach massive multi-agent system

heterogeneous intelligence management and collaborations intelligence competition and

evolution amorphous computing spray computing etc

Meaning and impact of ubiquitous intelligence social implications of ubiquitous intelligence and

smart world positive and negative sides of ubiquitous computing ethical issues training policy

and legal issues economic and culture impacts psychological and emotional factors politeness

in computational intelligence etc

Conclusion-

The ubiquitous intelligence as an emerging and very promising multidiscipline aims at new

models and technologies for graceful integrations and mutual actions of real worlds and virtual e-

worlds with different scales and purposes

Discussion on agents and multi agent systems

Discussion of current mobile devices wearables amp network applications in ubiquitous computing

Areas in Ubiquitous security

Privacy issues in ubiquitous society privacy regulation and low privacy intrusion automatic

detection privacy protection framework and infrastructure identity and behavior trust trust

model and measure risk estimation trust management security technology for privacy and trust

guarantee etc

Privacy VS ubiquitous computing

1048708 At the heart of the ubiquitous computing vision lies an inherent contradiction

1048708 Computing environment must be highly knowledgeable about the user BUT

1048708 Large numbers of users different physical regions and service providers pose threat to privacy

and trust among parties

Privacy issues and concerns

1048708 Pervasive computing requires continuous monitoring of user actions

1048708 Data are not always ldquoanonymousrdquo

1048708 Who has access to this information

1048708 Governments

1048708 Law enforcement agents

1048708 Marketing companies

1048708 Strangers

1048708 All internet users

Privacy issues and concerns (cont)

1048708 The vision ubiquitous computing is thrilling and temptinghellip

1048708 This guarantees commercial success

1048708 But after the technology is widespread will the users be able to say ldquothanks butno thanks rdquo

Balance between privacy and

ubiquitous computing

1048708 Increased Awareness

1048708 The user is informed about the ldquoprivacy levelrdquo of a certain

applicationsituationlocation

1048708 Maintaining an audit trail

1048708 Monitoring who has sensitive information about a person

1048708 Helps investigating abuse of personal info

1048708 Fear of being tracked down may sometimes helphellip

1048708 Creating a ldquosixth senserdquo

1048708 Sense the environment and judge whether it looks ldquosuspiciousrdquo or not

Balance between privacy and ubiquitous computing (cont)

1048708 Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PETs)

1048708 Subject oriented (anonymity proxies)

1048708 Object oriented (exchanged objects do not contain traces of identification)

1048708 Transaction oriented (clean up transactions)

1048708 System oriented (combination of some or all of the previous concepts)

Security

Interactions cross multiple organisational boundaries

Specification analysis and integration for heterogeneous OS databases firewalls routers

Lessons from history

Cell phones IR garage doors CATV decoders

Everything worth hacking gets hacked

Need for secure lsquoout of the boxrsquo set up

Identify friend or foe 1048782 level of trust

Small communicators with confidential data are easily lost or stolen ndash biometric

authentication

Necessary security technology exists

Privacy

Location service tracks movement to within metres (cf mobile phones but pay-as-you-go

can be anonymous)

Clearly indicate you are being sensed or recorded + user control to stop recording or

control distribution of information

You are now predictable

System can co-relate location context and behaviour patterns

Do you want employer colleagues or insurance company to know you carry a medical

monitor

Tension between authentication and anonymity ndash business want to authenticate you for

financial transactions and to provide lsquopersonalizedrsquo service of web sites

Constant spam of context dependent advertising

(httpseniorprojecteuresources1ExpertMeetingWadhwa2pdf)

Ubiquitous Computing Ethics and Social Inclusion1048708 Key Ethical Issues1048708 Freedom from harm1048708 How to ensure new technologies are effectively tested to ensure they will cause no harm1048708 Respect for human dignity1048708 Do ubiquitous computing solutions because of their nature of being unseen provide a particularly effective response to issues of stigmatisation1048708 Informed Consent1048708 Because of this same quality of being unseen do ubiquitous computing solutions create more challenges for providing informed consent1048708 With a vulnerable group as the primary users what other key challenges exist for achieving informed consent1048708 Self-determination1048708 By utilising ubiquitous computing how much control is given up ndash is there a risk of technology paternalism1048708 Do opt-out options lessen the effectiveness of technologies put in place to enhance safety and health1048708 Privacy1048708 What are the implications of the Internet of Things and the ability to track location of persons and things as it impacts the individualrsquos right to privacy How does this relate to identity

Management ndash the nightmare

1048782 Huge complex systems

needed in such cases is an analysis that provides a coherent conceptual framework

within which to formulate a policy for action [Moor 1985 266]

Conclusion

Thus Ethics is a major issue that needs to be followed by people of all folks in life We cannot ignore ethics whether it may be in the field of Ubiquitous Computing as without it

no courtesy would be maintained Hence the world requires a medium or a belief that needs to be followed so that the

Ubiquitous Devices too can have a long lasting name in the History of mankind

Intelligencerdquo concept in ubiquitous computing

Natural and palpable interfaces to invisible computers spontaneous and continuous interaction

user intentiondemand anticipation and proactive computing self-management system and

autonomic computing organic computing sustainable computing intelligence scalability etc

Distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) distributed soft computing naturalbiological modeling

for ubiquitous intelligence multi-agent modeling approach massive multi-agent system

heterogeneous intelligence management and collaborations intelligence competition and

evolution amorphous computing spray computing etc

Meaning and impact of ubiquitous intelligence social implications of ubiquitous intelligence and

smart world positive and negative sides of ubiquitous computing ethical issues training policy

and legal issues economic and culture impacts psychological and emotional factors politeness

in computational intelligence etc

Conclusion-

The ubiquitous intelligence as an emerging and very promising multidiscipline aims at new

models and technologies for graceful integrations and mutual actions of real worlds and virtual e-

worlds with different scales and purposes

Discussion on agents and multi agent systems

Discussion of current mobile devices wearables amp network applications in ubiquitous computing

Areas in Ubiquitous security

Privacy issues in ubiquitous society privacy regulation and low privacy intrusion automatic

detection privacy protection framework and infrastructure identity and behavior trust trust

model and measure risk estimation trust management security technology for privacy and trust

guarantee etc

Privacy VS ubiquitous computing

1048708 At the heart of the ubiquitous computing vision lies an inherent contradiction

1048708 Computing environment must be highly knowledgeable about the user BUT

1048708 Large numbers of users different physical regions and service providers pose threat to privacy

and trust among parties

Privacy issues and concerns

1048708 Pervasive computing requires continuous monitoring of user actions

1048708 Data are not always ldquoanonymousrdquo

1048708 Who has access to this information

1048708 Governments

1048708 Law enforcement agents

1048708 Marketing companies

1048708 Strangers

1048708 All internet users

Privacy issues and concerns (cont)

1048708 The vision ubiquitous computing is thrilling and temptinghellip

1048708 This guarantees commercial success

1048708 But after the technology is widespread will the users be able to say ldquothanks butno thanks rdquo

Balance between privacy and

ubiquitous computing

1048708 Increased Awareness

1048708 The user is informed about the ldquoprivacy levelrdquo of a certain

applicationsituationlocation

1048708 Maintaining an audit trail

1048708 Monitoring who has sensitive information about a person

1048708 Helps investigating abuse of personal info

1048708 Fear of being tracked down may sometimes helphellip

1048708 Creating a ldquosixth senserdquo

1048708 Sense the environment and judge whether it looks ldquosuspiciousrdquo or not

Balance between privacy and ubiquitous computing (cont)

1048708 Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PETs)

1048708 Subject oriented (anonymity proxies)

1048708 Object oriented (exchanged objects do not contain traces of identification)

1048708 Transaction oriented (clean up transactions)

1048708 System oriented (combination of some or all of the previous concepts)

Security

Interactions cross multiple organisational boundaries

Specification analysis and integration for heterogeneous OS databases firewalls routers

Lessons from history

Cell phones IR garage doors CATV decoders

Everything worth hacking gets hacked

Need for secure lsquoout of the boxrsquo set up

Identify friend or foe 1048782 level of trust

Small communicators with confidential data are easily lost or stolen ndash biometric

authentication

Necessary security technology exists

Privacy

Location service tracks movement to within metres (cf mobile phones but pay-as-you-go

can be anonymous)

Clearly indicate you are being sensed or recorded + user control to stop recording or

control distribution of information

You are now predictable

System can co-relate location context and behaviour patterns

Do you want employer colleagues or insurance company to know you carry a medical

monitor

Tension between authentication and anonymity ndash business want to authenticate you for

financial transactions and to provide lsquopersonalizedrsquo service of web sites

Constant spam of context dependent advertising

(httpseniorprojecteuresources1ExpertMeetingWadhwa2pdf)

Ubiquitous Computing Ethics and Social Inclusion1048708 Key Ethical Issues1048708 Freedom from harm1048708 How to ensure new technologies are effectively tested to ensure they will cause no harm1048708 Respect for human dignity1048708 Do ubiquitous computing solutions because of their nature of being unseen provide a particularly effective response to issues of stigmatisation1048708 Informed Consent1048708 Because of this same quality of being unseen do ubiquitous computing solutions create more challenges for providing informed consent1048708 With a vulnerable group as the primary users what other key challenges exist for achieving informed consent1048708 Self-determination1048708 By utilising ubiquitous computing how much control is given up ndash is there a risk of technology paternalism1048708 Do opt-out options lessen the effectiveness of technologies put in place to enhance safety and health1048708 Privacy1048708 What are the implications of the Internet of Things and the ability to track location of persons and things as it impacts the individualrsquos right to privacy How does this relate to identity

Management ndash the nightmare

1048782 Huge complex systems

Meaning and impact of ubiquitous intelligence social implications of ubiquitous intelligence and

smart world positive and negative sides of ubiquitous computing ethical issues training policy

and legal issues economic and culture impacts psychological and emotional factors politeness

in computational intelligence etc

Conclusion-

The ubiquitous intelligence as an emerging and very promising multidiscipline aims at new

models and technologies for graceful integrations and mutual actions of real worlds and virtual e-

worlds with different scales and purposes

Discussion on agents and multi agent systems

Discussion of current mobile devices wearables amp network applications in ubiquitous computing

Areas in Ubiquitous security

Privacy issues in ubiquitous society privacy regulation and low privacy intrusion automatic

detection privacy protection framework and infrastructure identity and behavior trust trust

model and measure risk estimation trust management security technology for privacy and trust

guarantee etc

Privacy VS ubiquitous computing

1048708 At the heart of the ubiquitous computing vision lies an inherent contradiction

1048708 Computing environment must be highly knowledgeable about the user BUT

1048708 Large numbers of users different physical regions and service providers pose threat to privacy

and trust among parties

Privacy issues and concerns

1048708 Pervasive computing requires continuous monitoring of user actions

1048708 Data are not always ldquoanonymousrdquo

1048708 Who has access to this information

1048708 Governments

1048708 Law enforcement agents

1048708 Marketing companies

1048708 Strangers

1048708 All internet users

Privacy issues and concerns (cont)

1048708 The vision ubiquitous computing is thrilling and temptinghellip

1048708 This guarantees commercial success

1048708 But after the technology is widespread will the users be able to say ldquothanks butno thanks rdquo

Balance between privacy and

ubiquitous computing

1048708 Increased Awareness

1048708 The user is informed about the ldquoprivacy levelrdquo of a certain

applicationsituationlocation

1048708 Maintaining an audit trail

1048708 Monitoring who has sensitive information about a person

1048708 Helps investigating abuse of personal info

1048708 Fear of being tracked down may sometimes helphellip

1048708 Creating a ldquosixth senserdquo

1048708 Sense the environment and judge whether it looks ldquosuspiciousrdquo or not

Balance between privacy and ubiquitous computing (cont)

1048708 Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PETs)

1048708 Subject oriented (anonymity proxies)

1048708 Object oriented (exchanged objects do not contain traces of identification)

1048708 Transaction oriented (clean up transactions)

1048708 System oriented (combination of some or all of the previous concepts)

Security

Interactions cross multiple organisational boundaries

Specification analysis and integration for heterogeneous OS databases firewalls routers

Lessons from history

Cell phones IR garage doors CATV decoders

Everything worth hacking gets hacked

Need for secure lsquoout of the boxrsquo set up

Identify friend or foe 1048782 level of trust

Small communicators with confidential data are easily lost or stolen ndash biometric

authentication

Necessary security technology exists

Privacy

Location service tracks movement to within metres (cf mobile phones but pay-as-you-go

can be anonymous)

Clearly indicate you are being sensed or recorded + user control to stop recording or

control distribution of information

You are now predictable

System can co-relate location context and behaviour patterns

Do you want employer colleagues or insurance company to know you carry a medical

monitor

Tension between authentication and anonymity ndash business want to authenticate you for

financial transactions and to provide lsquopersonalizedrsquo service of web sites

Constant spam of context dependent advertising

(httpseniorprojecteuresources1ExpertMeetingWadhwa2pdf)

Ubiquitous Computing Ethics and Social Inclusion1048708 Key Ethical Issues1048708 Freedom from harm1048708 How to ensure new technologies are effectively tested to ensure they will cause no harm1048708 Respect for human dignity1048708 Do ubiquitous computing solutions because of their nature of being unseen provide a particularly effective response to issues of stigmatisation1048708 Informed Consent1048708 Because of this same quality of being unseen do ubiquitous computing solutions create more challenges for providing informed consent1048708 With a vulnerable group as the primary users what other key challenges exist for achieving informed consent1048708 Self-determination1048708 By utilising ubiquitous computing how much control is given up ndash is there a risk of technology paternalism1048708 Do opt-out options lessen the effectiveness of technologies put in place to enhance safety and health1048708 Privacy1048708 What are the implications of the Internet of Things and the ability to track location of persons and things as it impacts the individualrsquos right to privacy How does this relate to identity

Management ndash the nightmare

1048782 Huge complex systems

Privacy issues in ubiquitous society privacy regulation and low privacy intrusion automatic

detection privacy protection framework and infrastructure identity and behavior trust trust

model and measure risk estimation trust management security technology for privacy and trust

guarantee etc

Privacy VS ubiquitous computing

1048708 At the heart of the ubiquitous computing vision lies an inherent contradiction

1048708 Computing environment must be highly knowledgeable about the user BUT

1048708 Large numbers of users different physical regions and service providers pose threat to privacy

and trust among parties

Privacy issues and concerns

1048708 Pervasive computing requires continuous monitoring of user actions

1048708 Data are not always ldquoanonymousrdquo

1048708 Who has access to this information

1048708 Governments

1048708 Law enforcement agents

1048708 Marketing companies

1048708 Strangers

1048708 All internet users

Privacy issues and concerns (cont)

1048708 The vision ubiquitous computing is thrilling and temptinghellip

1048708 This guarantees commercial success

1048708 But after the technology is widespread will the users be able to say ldquothanks butno thanks rdquo

Balance between privacy and

ubiquitous computing

1048708 Increased Awareness

1048708 The user is informed about the ldquoprivacy levelrdquo of a certain

applicationsituationlocation

1048708 Maintaining an audit trail

1048708 Monitoring who has sensitive information about a person

1048708 Helps investigating abuse of personal info

1048708 Fear of being tracked down may sometimes helphellip

1048708 Creating a ldquosixth senserdquo

1048708 Sense the environment and judge whether it looks ldquosuspiciousrdquo or not

Balance between privacy and ubiquitous computing (cont)

1048708 Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PETs)

1048708 Subject oriented (anonymity proxies)

1048708 Object oriented (exchanged objects do not contain traces of identification)

1048708 Transaction oriented (clean up transactions)

1048708 System oriented (combination of some or all of the previous concepts)

Security

Interactions cross multiple organisational boundaries

Specification analysis and integration for heterogeneous OS databases firewalls routers

Lessons from history

Cell phones IR garage doors CATV decoders

Everything worth hacking gets hacked

Need for secure lsquoout of the boxrsquo set up

Identify friend or foe 1048782 level of trust

Small communicators with confidential data are easily lost or stolen ndash biometric

authentication

Necessary security technology exists

Privacy

Location service tracks movement to within metres (cf mobile phones but pay-as-you-go

can be anonymous)

Clearly indicate you are being sensed or recorded + user control to stop recording or

control distribution of information

You are now predictable

System can co-relate location context and behaviour patterns

Do you want employer colleagues or insurance company to know you carry a medical

monitor

Tension between authentication and anonymity ndash business want to authenticate you for

financial transactions and to provide lsquopersonalizedrsquo service of web sites

Constant spam of context dependent advertising

(httpseniorprojecteuresources1ExpertMeetingWadhwa2pdf)

Ubiquitous Computing Ethics and Social Inclusion1048708 Key Ethical Issues1048708 Freedom from harm1048708 How to ensure new technologies are effectively tested to ensure they will cause no harm1048708 Respect for human dignity1048708 Do ubiquitous computing solutions because of their nature of being unseen provide a particularly effective response to issues of stigmatisation1048708 Informed Consent1048708 Because of this same quality of being unseen do ubiquitous computing solutions create more challenges for providing informed consent1048708 With a vulnerable group as the primary users what other key challenges exist for achieving informed consent1048708 Self-determination1048708 By utilising ubiquitous computing how much control is given up ndash is there a risk of technology paternalism1048708 Do opt-out options lessen the effectiveness of technologies put in place to enhance safety and health1048708 Privacy1048708 What are the implications of the Internet of Things and the ability to track location of persons and things as it impacts the individualrsquos right to privacy How does this relate to identity

Management ndash the nightmare

1048782 Huge complex systems

1048708 Helps investigating abuse of personal info

1048708 Fear of being tracked down may sometimes helphellip

1048708 Creating a ldquosixth senserdquo

1048708 Sense the environment and judge whether it looks ldquosuspiciousrdquo or not

Balance between privacy and ubiquitous computing (cont)

1048708 Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PETs)

1048708 Subject oriented (anonymity proxies)

1048708 Object oriented (exchanged objects do not contain traces of identification)

1048708 Transaction oriented (clean up transactions)

1048708 System oriented (combination of some or all of the previous concepts)

Security

Interactions cross multiple organisational boundaries

Specification analysis and integration for heterogeneous OS databases firewalls routers

Lessons from history

Cell phones IR garage doors CATV decoders

Everything worth hacking gets hacked

Need for secure lsquoout of the boxrsquo set up

Identify friend or foe 1048782 level of trust

Small communicators with confidential data are easily lost or stolen ndash biometric

authentication

Necessary security technology exists

Privacy

Location service tracks movement to within metres (cf mobile phones but pay-as-you-go

can be anonymous)

Clearly indicate you are being sensed or recorded + user control to stop recording or

control distribution of information

You are now predictable

System can co-relate location context and behaviour patterns

Do you want employer colleagues or insurance company to know you carry a medical

monitor

Tension between authentication and anonymity ndash business want to authenticate you for

financial transactions and to provide lsquopersonalizedrsquo service of web sites

Constant spam of context dependent advertising

(httpseniorprojecteuresources1ExpertMeetingWadhwa2pdf)

Ubiquitous Computing Ethics and Social Inclusion1048708 Key Ethical Issues1048708 Freedom from harm1048708 How to ensure new technologies are effectively tested to ensure they will cause no harm1048708 Respect for human dignity1048708 Do ubiquitous computing solutions because of their nature of being unseen provide a particularly effective response to issues of stigmatisation1048708 Informed Consent1048708 Because of this same quality of being unseen do ubiquitous computing solutions create more challenges for providing informed consent1048708 With a vulnerable group as the primary users what other key challenges exist for achieving informed consent1048708 Self-determination1048708 By utilising ubiquitous computing how much control is given up ndash is there a risk of technology paternalism1048708 Do opt-out options lessen the effectiveness of technologies put in place to enhance safety and health1048708 Privacy1048708 What are the implications of the Internet of Things and the ability to track location of persons and things as it impacts the individualrsquos right to privacy How does this relate to identity

Management ndash the nightmare

1048782 Huge complex systems

System can co-relate location context and behaviour patterns

Do you want employer colleagues or insurance company to know you carry a medical

monitor

Tension between authentication and anonymity ndash business want to authenticate you for

financial transactions and to provide lsquopersonalizedrsquo service of web sites

Constant spam of context dependent advertising

(httpseniorprojecteuresources1ExpertMeetingWadhwa2pdf)

Ubiquitous Computing Ethics and Social Inclusion1048708 Key Ethical Issues1048708 Freedom from harm1048708 How to ensure new technologies are effectively tested to ensure they will cause no harm1048708 Respect for human dignity1048708 Do ubiquitous computing solutions because of their nature of being unseen provide a particularly effective response to issues of stigmatisation1048708 Informed Consent1048708 Because of this same quality of being unseen do ubiquitous computing solutions create more challenges for providing informed consent1048708 With a vulnerable group as the primary users what other key challenges exist for achieving informed consent1048708 Self-determination1048708 By utilising ubiquitous computing how much control is given up ndash is there a risk of technology paternalism1048708 Do opt-out options lessen the effectiveness of technologies put in place to enhance safety and health1048708 Privacy1048708 What are the implications of the Internet of Things and the ability to track location of persons and things as it impacts the individualrsquos right to privacy How does this relate to identity

Management ndash the nightmare

1048782 Huge complex systems

Billions of processors

Multiple organisations

Managing physical world controlling sensors actuators

1048782 Humans will be in the way

1048782 Errors propagate to bring down complete regions

1048782 Hacker and virus paradise

1048782 System propagates false information about individuals or organisation

1048782 Complexity of sw installation on a workstation or server ndash how do you cope with billions

Management Solutions

1048782 Intelligent agents mobile agents policy

1048782 QoS Management

Fat pipes and large storage can convert media streams to short traffic bursts in core network but

still needed for wireless links

1048782 Adaptive self-management is the only answer

Partitioned domains of responsibility

Genetic algorithms may be suitable for long-term strategy but need more deterministic solutions

for short term decision making

1048782 Remove human from the loop

Conclusion (httpseniorprojecteuresources1ExpertMeetingWadhwa2pdf)

Themes Emerging from Discussions1048708 The need to resist against broad categorisation of individuals as ldquoageingrdquo or ldquoelderlyrdquo ndash but rather to focus on clinical or other needs1048708 Need to effectively address ethical ambiguities ndash how to use ethical costbenefit comparisons to reach solutionsprovide guidance

1048708 Will the availability of technology to solve problems limit how far caregivers will go in trying to find the root issue of eldersrsquo needs (ie taking the technological way out of every situation)1048708 Viewing technology as empowering users rather than merely safeguarding them from harm ndash in the case of the elderly solutions need to look at what people CAN do and want to do rather than only focusing on what they can no longer do1048708 In designing technology solutions there is a need to clearly determine whose needs are being met (the elderrsquos or the caregivers)1048708 Self-determination Subject must have full control of applications with opt-out capabilities1048708 Need to recognise continuing constraints of technologies ndash many are still in their infancy and there are continuing strong barriers to overcome in terms of accuracy cost and availabilityaccessibility