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Name _________________________________________________________ Date _______________ Period ______ Class __________ Quaestio: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Crusades – Wars That Changed the World Directions: Read and examine the selection at each station and answer the connected question. Rise and Fall of Papal Power At the start of the Crusades, the power of the Papacy (the position of the Pope) was already on the rise, but the Crusades took that power to even greater heights. As the one person who had the authority to call for a Crusade, only the Pope had the power to bring together knights and lords from the many lands Western Europe to fight as an army at his instruction. The people of Europe also looked to the Popes as guides and leaders, and gave their money to the church to support the Crusades. In the end, however, the power of the Pope declined along with the failing Crusades, while at the same time the Kings of Europe were becoming more powerful, and even challenging the orders of the Pope (who actually ordered a few small Crusades against those kings). While still a strong force in Western Europe, the Papacy would never again be as strong as it was in the midst of the Crusades. 1. How did the Crusades affect the power of the Pope? Trade Across the Mediterranean Crusaders learned early that traveling to the Middle East overland was difficult and dangerous. There was a need for quicker and safer transportation of men and supplies from Western Europe to the Eastern Mediterranean. Northern Italian cities along the coast, such as Venice and Genoa, built large fleets of ships to bring the Crusaders to their destinations, if they could afford it. As Crusading died out, the Venetians and Genoese used their now numerous ships for trade, which increased and expanded. New luxury goods from the Middle East and beyond were being imported by Italian merchants, such as silks and other fabrics, precious stones, perfumes, pearls, ivory, and spices. Those who had lived in the Crusader States had become accustomed to these fine goods, and demand increased across Europe, bringing greater and greater wealth to Northern Italy. 2. Why did trade increase in Western Europe after the Crusades? Give two reasons.

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Page 1: The Crusades – Wars That Changed the World That Changed the World Directions: Read and examine the selection at each station and answer the connected question. Rise and Fall of Papal

Name_________________________________________________________Date_______________Period______Class__________Quaestio:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Crusades – Wars That Changed the World Directions:Readandexaminetheselectionateachstationandanswertheconnectedquestion.

Rise and Fall of Papal Power AtthestartoftheCrusades,thepowerofthePapacy(thepositionofthePope)wasalreadyontherise,buttheCrusadestookthatpowertoevengreaterheights.AstheonepersonwhohadtheauthoritytocallforaCrusade,onlythePopehadthepowertobringtogetherknightsandlordsfromthemanylandsWesternEuropetofightasanarmyathisinstruction.ThepeopleofEuropealsolookedtothePopesasguidesandleaders,andgavetheirmoneytothechurchtosupporttheCrusades.Intheend,however,thepowerofthePopedeclinedalongwiththefailingCrusades,whileatthesametimetheKingsofEuropewerebecomingmorepowerful,andevenchallengingtheordersofthePope(whoactuallyorderedafewsmallCrusadesagainstthosekings).WhilestillastrongforceinWesternEurope,thePapacywouldneveragainbeasstrongasitwasinthemidstoftheCrusades.

1. HowdidtheCrusadesaffectthepowerofthePope?Trade Across the Mediterranean

CrusaderslearnedearlythattravelingtotheMiddleEastoverlandwasdifficultanddangerous.TherewasaneedforquickerandsafertransportationofmenandsuppliesfromWesternEuropetotheEasternMediterranean.NorthernItaliancitiesalongthecoast,suchasVeniceandGenoa,builtlargefleetsofshipstobringtheCrusaderstotheirdestinations,iftheycouldaffordit.AsCrusadingdiedout,theVenetiansandGenoeseusedtheirnownumerousshipsfortrade,whichincreasedandexpanded.NewluxurygoodsfromtheMiddleEastandbeyondwerebeingimportedbyItalianmerchants,suchassilksandotherfabrics,preciousstones,perfumes,pearls,ivory,andspices.

ThosewhohadlivedintheCrusaderStateshadbecomeaccustomedtothesefinegoods,anddemandincreasedacrossEurope,bringinggreaterandgreaterwealthtoNorthernItaly.

2. WhydidtradeincreaseinWesternEuropeaftertheCrusades?Givetworeasons.

Page 2: The Crusades – Wars That Changed the World That Changed the World Directions: Read and examine the selection at each station and answer the connected question. Rise and Fall of Papal

Feudal System and the Power of Monarchs UntiltheCrusades,thepoliticalsystemdominantinMedievalEuropehadbeenFeudalism,inwhichland-owninglordsprovidedlandtotheirvassalsinexchangeforprotection.FeudalEuropewasdecentralized,meaningmajorcentralauthorities,suchaskingsoremperors,hadlittlerealcontrolovertheirlands.Truepowerwasinthehandsofhigh-rankinglordswithtitleslikeDuke,Count,Prince,orBaron.ThisbalancebegantoshiftduringtheCrusades.Monarchs,orKings,wontherighttocollecttaxesfromtheirsubjectstoraisefundsfortheCrusades,whichincreasedtheircontrolovertheirlands.Atthesametime,lordsinneedofmoneytogoonCrusadethemselvesbegandemandingcashratherthancropsfromtheirpeasants,whowenttotownstosellwhattheyhadgrown.Nolongerserfsboundtotheland,thesepeasantswerenowonlyrentinglandandcouldleaveiftheywished,whichgavelordslesscontrol.AslordsleftfortheCrusades,thekingshadlesscompetition,andifthelordsdiedoverseas,andmanydid,theirlandsweregiventotheking.

3. DescribetwowaystheCrusadesweakenedtheFeudalsysteminWesternEurope?Explainwhy.Religious Diversity in Europe

WhiletheCrusadesweresupposedtobeabouttheHolyLand,manylesswell-knownactuallytookplaceinEurope.Sweden,Denmark,andtheTeutonicKnightsofGermanyfoughtthe“NorthernCrusades”againstpagans(non-Christians)wholivedinNorthernEuropearoundtheBalticSea,whereChristianityhadnotyetreached.EasilydefeatedbyChristianknights,theBalticpagansweregivenforcedbaptisms,theirlandswereconquered,andmanywerekilled.Intheend,theselandsbecameChristian.InSpain,anotherCrusadewastakingplaceagainsttheMuslimsinthesouth.FightingbetweenIslamicSpainandtheNorthernChristian

Kingdomshadbeenhappeningforcenturies,butwhenthePopeturneditintoaCrusade,knightscamefromEngland,France,andbeyondtohelpexpeltheMuslims.By1492,thelastMuslimterritorywasconquered,andSpainwasconqueredforChristianity.OnegroupthatsufferedthroughouttheCrusadeswastheJews.TheylivedinmanypartsofEurope,butduringtheCrusadesmanyJewishcommunitieswereattackedandmassacred,andmanykingsforcedJewstoleavetheircountries.

4. HowwastheideaofCrusadeusedagainstreligiousminoritiesinEurope?Givethreeexamples.

Page 3: The Crusades – Wars That Changed the World That Changed the World Directions: Read and examine the selection at each station and answer the connected question. Rise and Fall of Papal

Learning and Culture TheinfluenceoftheCrusadesupontheintellectualdevelopmentofEuropecanhardlybeoverestimated.Whileeducation,technology,andtradehadalldeclinedWesternEuropesincethefallofRome,theMuslimMiddleEastwasexperiencingaGoldenAgeofdevelopmentandprosperity.TheCrusadesgreatlyincreasedWesterncontactwiththeEast,exposingtheCrusaderstodiversecultures,advancedtechnologies,andtheknowledgeofthescience,medicine,mathematics,andphilosophy,includingArabictranslationsofforgottenGreekandRomantexts,whichwasbroughtbacktoEurope.Thus,theCrusadesgreatlystimulatedtheLatinintellect,andhelpedtoawakeninWesternEuropethatmentalactivityandmotivationforimprovement,whichresultedfinallyinthegreatintellectualoutburstknownastheRevivalofLearningandeventuallytheperiodoftheRenaissance.

5. HowandwhydidtheCrusadesimproveeducationinWesternEurope?The Byzantine Empire Crusade.PopeUrbanhadoriginallycalledonChristianstodefendConstantinoplefromtheattacksoftheSeljukTurks,inadditiontosavingtheHolyLand.However,theByzantinesquicklyregrettedtheirrequestasCrusadersrepeatedlyrobbedByzantinetownsontheirwaytotheCrusades.However,theFourthCrusadewasworsethantheycouldhaveimagined.Unorganizedasusual,theCrusadersarrivedattheItaliancityofVenicetotakeshipstotheHolyLand,buttheydidnothaveenoughpeopletopayfortheships.Topayforthetrip,theyofferedtofightagainsttheByzantineEmperorattherequestoftheEmperor’sbrothersothathecouldtakethethroneinstead.ButwhenthenewEmperordidnotpaythemaspromised,theCrusadersattackedConstantinople,rapingandpillagingastheywent,andconqueredtheByzantineEmpireforthemselves,creatingwhattheycalledthe“LatinEmpire.”EventuallytheByzantineswontheirempireback,buttheyweregreatlyweakened,settingthemuptobeconqueredtwocenturieslaterbytheOttomanTurks.

6. Whatissoironic(surprisinglyoppositeoftheexpected)abouttheimpactoftheCrusadesontheByzantineEmpire?


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