The Crusades in Medieval Europe

For nearly 200 years, the Christians fought a

series of religious wars known as the Crusades.

Before the CrusadesO Muslims allowed Christian

pilgrims to Jerusalem because it brought new sources of revenue.

O Christian pilgrimages were a way of being forgiven for your sins.

O Violence is ripping apart Europe as Nobles are fighting among themselves.

O Famine beginning to spread across the Continent as mini ice age slows crop production

Seljuk TurksO Suddenly, in 1071 AD, a

group of Muslims called Seljuk Turks, stopped allowing Christian visitors to come into Jerusalem.

O Persecuted Christians who were there.

O Violence escalates and 3000 Christians are massacred

A letter that started a war!

O With the massacre Byzantine Emperor Alexis sends a letter to Pope Urban II asking for help… he will regret this later.

Help us Urban – you are our only

hope

Don’t Worry. I will send

and army

Council of Clermont

O 1095 Pope made a speech in France urging the Western Christendom to rescue the Holy Land and the Christians in the East from the Turks.

O Pope Urban’s speech at the Council of Clermont was very inspiring and persuasive as tens of thousands enthusiastically took up the cross and departed to the Holy Land in 1096.

O He promised that God would grant them a full remission of their sins if they died while on crusade.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_II

Speech that started the war!

O “You common people who have been miserable sinners, become soldiers of Christ! You nobles, do not [quarrel] with one another. Use your arms in a just war! Labor for everlasting reward.”

http://history.howstuffworks.com/middle-ages/crusades2.htm

Causes of the

Crusades

Seljuk Turks

invade Jerusalem

Turks Kill 3000

Christians

Merchants & Pope

want Trade Routes

European nobles fighting among

themselves

Regain Control of the “Holy

Land”

The First Crusade - 1096 - 1099 

O An attempt to re-capture Jerusalem.O Unskilled peasants and knightsO Unprepared for trip & fighting due to

climate, lack of supplies, and no leader. O Success: Siege of Jerusalem = 1099,

Victory for Crusaders

A Crusader knight

http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/first_crusade.htm

The Second Crusade -1147-1149

Muslims began retaking lands

1144, Took city of Edessa, European leaders called for Second Crusade, launched in 1147

Second Crusade a failure, took no lands from Muslims

http://europeanhistory.boisestate.edu/crusades/2nd/

The council at Jerusalemdecides to attack Damascus

Third Crusade - 1189 - 1192

1177, Saladin arose as Leader in Muslim world, took title of sultan

Retook Crusader states, drove Christians out of Jerusalem

Three Kings

Richard, Philip, Frederick set out on Third Crusade

Frederick (H.R.E.)Drowned, Philip (Fr) quarreled with Richard (Eng), returned home

Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought in Holy Land

http://europeanhistory.boisestate.edu/crusades/3rd/05.shtml

3rd Crusade – Mutual Respect

Richard, Saladin admired each other as military leaders, gentlemen

Made proposals for peace, including marriage alliance of Richard’s sister, Saladin’s brother; never took place because of religious differences

Fierce Fighting

Richard was unable to drive Muslims from Holy Land

Richard could not take Jerusalem, had to return to England

Fourth Crusade -1202-1204

• Innocent III, called French Knights for a 4th Crusade• Plan was to sail to Jerusalem from Venice, Italy• The Venetians agreed to furnish necessary ships only

if Crusaders first seized Zara, a Christian city. O Pope angered that Christian city attacked,

excommunicated allO The Venetians then persuaded the Crusaders to

attack Christian city of Constantinople

OFailure of 4th Crusade• Disorganization, • lack of leadership • Going against Pope

http://holtcrusades.wikispaces.com/GimbelWakefield

Later CrusadesO Five other Crusades followed, none successfulO Children's Crusade: 1212• factual and mythical period including a French or German

boy, an intention to peacefully convert Muslims in the Holy Land to Christianity

Fifth Crusade 1217–1221• A/H Army, Surrender QuicklyO Sixth Crusade 1228–1229• Emp. Fredrick II, Excomm Greg IX• Diplomatic SuccessO Seventh Crusade 1248–1254• Louis IX of France, FailedO Eighth Crusade 1270• Louis IX, Died, CanonizedO Ninth Crusade 1271–1272• Edward I of England

http://bossieraim.wikispaces.com/Children%27s+Crusade

Effects from CrusadesO Economic Changes• Crusades enhanced existing trade; Europe & Middle

East• Returning Crusaders brought more goods, spices,

textiles, to Europe

O Political Changes• Crusades led to deaths of knights & nobles

• Lands vulnerable

• Ambitious nobles took unoccupied lands

• Nobles & Kings increase power, influence in Europe

O Social Changes• Many viewed non-Christians as enemies,

• persecuted Jews

• Jews saw Crusaders as cruel invaders

• Relations strainedhttp://www.bluenc.com/robin-hayes-says-we-will-win-in-iraq-by-spreading-the-message-of-jesus-christ-there

Works CitedO Images are cited on each slide.

O http://www.historyofjihad.org/crusades.html

O http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/the-crusades.htm

O http://www.medievalcrusades.com/O http://history-world.org/crusades.htm