the crusadeswhataboutthesabbath.com/.../2020/02/the-crusades.pdf · the crusades were military...
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The Crusades1096---------- 1250
Survey of Church History ( CHIS 505 )
Dr . Trevor O’ Reggio
From Rickie Holmes
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THE CRUSADES 1096 -- 1250
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THE CRUSADES OR HOLY WARS
The Crusades were Military encounters between the Christians and Muslins during the middle ages for the defense and expansion of Christianity .
What made Crusades distinct was that warriors were called to fight
and as a result , the Pope gave them spiritual merit or indulgence.
It was considered to be a Holy War and those who died were considered Martyrs
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They were fighting to free the Holy Land
• The fighting lasted for over 200 years and millions were killed .
• For Christians they were called “ Holy Wars ’’
• For Islam they were called “ ji-had ’’ ( holy war )
• Muslims from Syria, Egypt, and Iraq fought to drive the Christians away from Jerusalem and other key locations
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Heroes of the Crusades
• Richard the Lion Heart of England --- The Warrior King
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Other Notable Leaders
• Louis ix Monarch of France – He fought in desperate battles .
• His men fought in the forest and deserts
• His men endured supply shortages and starvation
• Many died from sickness and disease
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Knights Templar
• Devout Medieval wealthy, powerful and mysterious men who also carried out military operations.
• Their mission was to protect European travelers visiting the Holy Land . ( Financial Genius )
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My Goal is to give a brief History and Summary of the CRUSADES .• History ( briefly )
• Islam was born in 610 when Muhammad ,an Arab of Mecca experienced a series of revelations from Allah. He wrote the Koran . Goal : convert or die
• In 638 the ever expanding Muslim empire conquered Jerusalem from the Greek Christians of Byzantium
• Response was delayed
• First Crusade – in Nov. 1095 , Pope Urban II , preached a sermon in Clermont (S. France ) that transform the history of Europe. He claimed that Christianity was being threatened.
• He asked the common people to go to war and take back Jerusalem. “ Soldiers of Christ”
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The Call for help , Rescue and War
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The Appeal for Help from Emperor Alexius I
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The Eastern Church (Greek) No pope
The Western Church (Latin ) Pope
Eastern Church ---- Constantinople
Western Church ----- Rome
There was division and disagreement over theology and ecclesiastical order and worship
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Greek Christian Emperor Alexius I
• Was facing lots of foreign enemies . Because of years of taxiation he had lots of money to fund a war.
• He was located in Constantinople and wanted to restore the authority of the Byzantine Church
• First order of business : retake Jerusalem form the Muslim Turks of Asia.
• He asked Urban to send a detachment of Latin troops to help repel the threat posed by Islam
• Over the centries millions responded
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First Crusade of Four Note : there were many other smaller crusades • The first Crusade brought Latin Christianity control of Jerusalem.
• This Crusade was successful and they also controlled Antioch and Edessa. These are known as “ Crusader States ’’
• Even though this Crusade was successful the had under-estimated the fighting spirit of the Muslims.
• They did not understand how to hold onto conquered lands.
• The captured towns were poorly resourced .
• By 1100 the future of the crusader states were easily retaken by Islam
• There was lots of bloodshed and many were killed some desserted
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War Strategies and Leadership
• The Roman way of fighting was toe to toe fight to the death
• The Enemy was more evasion , delay and indirect
• The use of drums , horns and Flags help the commanders to
Signal their well trained and disciplined soldiers
Note : fast drum beat meant advance, you have the advantage
gongs sounding meant retreat
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Second Crusade 1147 – 1150
• This Crusade shifted to the Iberian Penisula, Lower Egypt, Anatolia, Levant, Palestine and Egypt
• The Second Crusade was started in response to the fall of the County of Edessa in 1144 to the forces of Zengi.
• It was the first Crusader State to be founded and the first to Fall
• The loss of Edessa was a painful psychological shock
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Edessa captured by the. Infidels
• Leaders : Pope Eugenius ii , Bernard of Clairvaux
• Military from France and Germany
• King --- Louis vii and King --- Konrad iii
• In 1148 the Second Crusade reached the Holy Land
• They attacked at Demascus
The Islamic military defeated them shamefully in four days
The Second Crusade was over --- Europe humiliated
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#3 May 11, 1189 – Sept 2, 1192
• Saladin the Kurd is considered to be the great hero of Moslem history
• He was a leader of men and a gifted statesman
• He represented the embodiment of Moslem virtues the ideal leader of the holy war against the infidel
• On October 2, 1187, after eighty-eight years of Christian domination, Jerusalem fell to Saladin
• On July 4, 1187 – the whole Crusade Army of 20,000 foot soilders and 1,200 knights were massacred or taken captive.
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#3 continue
• A great new Crusade was preached all over Europe – in response: It took almost 2 years for the Crusaders to arrive in the Holy Land
• Lead by almost seventy : Emperor Frederick – Germany, Richard the Lion hearted of England, Augustus the great of France ; and members of the highest European nobility traveled east.
• After a great loss of man-power and depleted wealth there was peace
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#3 Peace Treaty
• Saladin had held off the Crusaders
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Jerusalem Divided
• A peace treaty was signed Sept . 1192
• Jerusalem was divided from Beirut to Joffa
• The goal of the Crusade to Conquer Jerusalem failed , it remained in Moslem hands.
• After analysis of the events Some began to ask whether the Crusades were divinely inspired
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The fourth Crusade
• From beginning to the end the 4th Crusade has numerous mysteries
• The spiritual father was the famous medieval Pope – Innocent iii
• European leaders: Theobald of Champagne, Baldwin of Flanders, Philip of Swabia , Boniface of Montferrat .
• The goal was to directly attack Egypt
• However, by 1201 after years pf preparation they gathered in the port of Venice and a year later attacked the Christian city of Constantinople
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Confusion in the Camp
• The accusations and counter – accusations began immediately after the capture of the Byzantine capital and continue until today .
• Some Say The cause was :
• The Germans
• The Greed of the Northern Barons
• A Byzantine pretender or spy
• The port city of Venice ---- Who Knows ???
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4th Crusade April 1202 -- 1204
• The Crusaders landed in Constantinople
• Alexius iv Angelus became the first ruler of the Empire July 1203
•
• When he refused to pay renumeration he was replaced
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New Leader in Constantinople
• April 1204
• Baldwin of Flanders became the first emperor of the new state
• A Venetian became it’s first Latin Patriarch
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Baldwin of Flanders
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Other Crusades
• Children ‘s Crusade of 1212
• The children found their way to the lands of Islam and were sold as slaves
• The Crusade of 1215 preached by Innocent iii
• finally got started after his death in1217 , the intended to win back Egypt.
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Brief Observations about the Crusades
• Europe changed in many ways
• Europe was united against a common enemy
• The banking system and check writing and cashing was invented
• New kinds of trade routes and new foods
• The Arabs taught Europe more about : Science, Medicine, Mathematics and Europeans began to see the world differently
• However, a Church SPLIT occurred
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Christianity Split into two branches
• In 1054 the Roman Catholic Church ( St. Peter ), and the Eastern Orthodox Church ( St. Paul ) split apart
WHY : As a result of an old unresolved conflict
In 800 Pope Leo iii crowned Charlemagne – King of the Franks -- as the Holy Roman Emperor
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King and Emperor Charlemagne
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Other Facts Relevant to Crusade History
• The fall of the city Constantinople ( Instanbul , Turkey ) was May 29, 1453 by Sultan Mehamed ii of the Otterman Empire ( Muslim )
• This former city was founded in 324 by Constantine the Great as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire
• Islam is the largest religion in Turkey 97.8 % Muslim
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Continue
• The Eastern ( Greek ) Orthodox Church is the 2nd largest Christian Church.
• They do not follow the Catholic Pope
• The Bishop Of Instanbul is first among equals
• They follow the Nicene Creed as statement of Faith
• Membership 200 to 260 million baptized members
• 50% of their members live in Russia
• They still do not share communion with the Roman Catholic Church
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This has been a brief overview of Crusades
• Many facts and names of very important key leaders were omitted
• This overview is design to help us understand there is a difference between Christian History and Church History
• The Christian God says : FOR WHOSOEVER SHALL CALL ON THE NAME OF THE LORD SHALL BE SAVED
• Romans 10: 13 KJV
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A Glorious Future for all who Accept Jesus
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