The Crisis of DiplomacyThe Crisis of Diplomacy

Crisis at the Top, Challenge from BelowCrisis at the Top, Challenge from Below

Traditional DiplomacyTraditional Diplomacy

““Diplomacy” has traditionally been an affair of Diplomacy” has traditionally been an affair of nation states.nation states. interaction - negotiation between “countries”interaction - negotiation between “countries” carried out by professional or appointed specialistscarried out by professional or appointed specialists day to day conflicts, or joint problem solvingday to day conflicts, or joint problem solving summit meetings, treaties, declarations of war, etcsummit meetings, treaties, declarations of war, etc

In colonial era: Pax Brittanica vs German empireIn colonial era: Pax Brittanica vs German empire In post-WWII: Pax Americana vs Soviets, alliesIn post-WWII: Pax Americana vs Soviets, allies

Diplomacy in Keynesian State - IDiplomacy in Keynesian State - I

Central role of nationstate in int’l adjustment reinforced Central role of nationstate in int’l adjustment reinforced role of diplomacy in role of diplomacy in negotiatingnegotiating distribution of adjustment distribution of adjustment

E.g., how much a govt in a country running a trade deficit E.g., how much a govt in a country running a trade deficit should slow the economy, vs should slow the economy, vs

How much a govt in a country running a trade surplus How much a govt in a country running a trade surplus should stimulate their economyshould stimulate their economy

E.g., US vs Germany E.g., US vs Germany E.g., Negotiation of GATT, etcE.g., Negotiation of GATT, etc..

Diplomacy in Keynesian State - IIDiplomacy in Keynesian State - II Cold War US vs USSR, Bloc vs BlocCold War US vs USSR, Bloc vs Bloc BilateralismBilateralism

Foreign aid, Foreign aid, Military intervention, e.g., VietnamMilitary intervention, e.g., Vietnam

Multilateralism:Multilateralism: PublicPublic

United Nations, OECD, EC, World CourtUnited Nations, OECD, EC, World Court Military action: Korean WarMilitary action: Korean War

PrivatePrivate Institute for Pacific RelationsInstitute for Pacific Relations Bilderberger GroupBilderberger Group Trilateral CommissionTrilateral Commission

“Foreign Policy” Making“Foreign Policy” Making

Central role of nation state has meant necessity in Central role of nation state has meant necessity in each country for specialized experts in “foreign each country for specialized experts in “foreign affairs”, professional elite of specialized expertsaffairs”, professional elite of specialized experts e.g., in Europe independent of regimee.g., in Europe independent of regime e.g., in US different teams for different Presidentse.g., in US different teams for different Presidents

Prior to & after WWII in USPrior to & after WWII in US A foreign policy “establishment”A foreign policy “establishment”

self-reproducing eliteself-reproducing elite without & within govt, moves from one to otherwithout & within govt, moves from one to other

The Old Establishment - IThe Old Establishment - I

Readings: Readings: Domhoff: “How the foreign policy elite make FP”Domhoff: “How the foreign policy elite make FP” Hodgson: “The Establishment”Hodgson: “The Establishment” Hughes: “The Twilight of the Establishment”Hughes: “The Twilight of the Establishment”

Structure:Structure: Private: corporate, gatherings (CFR), institutes (foundations, etc.)Private: corporate, gatherings (CFR), institutes (foundations, etc.) Public: Executive (President, NSC, State Dept)Public: Executive (President, NSC, State Dept) Pyrimidal: decision makers at top, data gatherers at bottom, sifters Pyrimidal: decision makers at top, data gatherers at bottom, sifters

& sorters in between& sorters in between Top defines problems, sets framework & limits spectrum of Top defines problems, sets framework & limits spectrum of

options (e.g., communism has to be contained, question is how)options (e.g., communism has to be contained, question is how)

The Old Establishment - IIThe Old Establishment - II Character of membersCharacter of members

originally from upper class, int’l businessoriginally from upper class, int’l business common education & cultural backgroundcommon education & cultural background self-selecting, self-reproducing, bipartisanself-selecting, self-reproducing, bipartisan

Common Tendencies (from Hodgson)Common Tendencies (from Hodgson) Policy: internationalism (against isolationism)Policy: internationalism (against isolationism) Aspiration: moral & political leadership of worldAspiration: moral & political leadership of world Instinct: for the centerInstinct: for the center Technique: work out of public eye, behind closed doorsTechnique: work out of public eye, behind closed doors

Basic Goal: Globalization of Western capitalismBasic Goal: Globalization of Western capitalism Globalization of Keynesian StateGlobalization of Keynesian State

Crisis of the EstablishmentCrisis of the Establishment

Crisis in US came with Vietnam WarCrisis in US came with Vietnam War Establishment had had consensus (with a few Establishment had had consensus (with a few

exceptions) since 1952 NSC Memo on US Policy exceptions) since 1952 NSC Memo on US Policy & Kennan’s “X” article& Kennan’s “X” article

Grass roots resistance, both in Vietnam & within Grass roots resistance, both in Vietnam & within the US changed balance of costs & benefitsthe US changed balance of costs & benefits Resistance raised costs tremendouslyResistance raised costs tremendously Benefits from future investment & trade recededBenefits from future investment & trade receded

Establishment split over changing policyEstablishment split over changing policy

Hodgson’s ChronologyHodgson’s Chronology

1965: (after Tonkin) Acheson & Cutler proposals for 1965: (after Tonkin) Acheson & Cutler proposals for settlement (rejected)settlement (rejected)

1968: (after Tet) gathering of elitevoted against current 1968: (after Tet) gathering of elitevoted against current policypolicy

1970: (after invasion of Cambodia) establishment tries to 1970: (after invasion of Cambodia) establishment tries to talk to Kissinger, snubbed they spoke out in publictalk to Kissinger, snubbed they spoke out in public

1971: (after Mansfield Amendment) elite backed 1971: (after Mansfield Amendment) elite backed commitmentcommitment

1971: Bundy critiqued for not recognizing errors1971: Bundy critiqued for not recognizing errors [1971: Ellsberg releases Pentagon Papers, reveals lies][1971: Ellsberg releases Pentagon Papers, reveals lies]

ConsequencesConsequences

Alienation of young from socialization into eliteAlienation of young from socialization into elite Decline in popular respect for wisdom of eliteDecline in popular respect for wisdom of elite Widespread perception of govt lying to the peopleWidespread perception of govt lying to the people Deligitimazation of Elite, of PresidencyDeligitimazation of Elite, of Presidency Hughes attributes all this to:Hughes attributes all this to:

spread of educationspread of education spread of public knowledge via mediaspread of public knowledge via media

Feeds “anti-internationalism”Feeds “anti-internationalism”

Masters of WarMasters of War

(1963)(1963)

Come you masters of warCome you masters of war

You that built the big gunsYou that built the big guns

You that build the death pllanesYou that build the death pllanes

You that build all the big bombsYou that build all the big bombs

You that hide behind wallsYou that hide behind walls

You that hide behind desksYou that hide behind desks

I just want you to knowI just want you to know

I can see through your masksI can see through your masks

You that never done nothin'You that never done nothin'

But build to destroyBut build to destroy

You play with my worldYou play with my world

Like its your little toyLike its your little toy

You put a gun in my handYou put a gun in my hand

And you hide from my eyesAnd you hide from my eyes

And you turn and run fartherAnd you turn and run farther

When the fast bullets flyWhen the fast bullets fly

Like Judas of oldLike Judas of old

You lie and deceiveYou lie and deceive

A world war can be wonA world war can be won

You want me to believeYou want me to believe

But I see through your eyesBut I see through your eyes

And I see through your brainAnd I see through your brain

Like I see through the waterLike I see through the water

That runs down my drainThat runs down my drain

You fasten all the triggersYou fasten all the triggers

For the others to fireFor the others to fire

Then you set back and watchThen you set back and watch

When the death count gets higherWhen the death count gets higher

You hide in your mansionYou hide in your mansion

As young people's bloodAs young people's blood

Flows out of their bodiesFlows out of their bodies

And is buried in the mudAnd is buried in the mud

You've thrown the worst fearYou've thrown the worst fear

That can ever be hurledThat can ever be hurled

Fear to bring childrenFear to bring children

Into the worldInto the world

For threatenin' my babyFor threatenin' my baby

Unborn and unnamedUnborn and unnamed

You ain't worth the blood You ain't worth the blood

That runs in your veinsThat runs in your veins

How much do I knowHow much do I know

To talk out of turnTo talk out of turn

You might say that I'm youngYou might say that I'm young

But there's one thing I knowBut there's one thing I know

Though I'm younger than youThough I'm younger than you

Even Jesus would neverEven Jesus would never

Forgive what you doForgive what you do

You might say I'm unlearnedYou might say I'm unlearned

Let me ask you one questionLet me ask you one question

Is your money that goodIs your money that good

Will it buy you forgivenessWill it buy you forgiveness

Do you think that it couldDo you think that it could

I think you will findI think you will find

When your death takes its tollWhen your death takes its toll

All the money you madeAll the money you made

Will never buy back your soulWill never buy back your soul

And I hope that you dieAnd I hope that you die

And your death'll come soonAnd your death'll come soon

I'll follow your casketI'll follow your casket

On a pale afternoonOn a pale afternoon

And I'll watch while you're loweredAnd I'll watch while you're lowered

Down to your death bedDown to your death bed

And I'll stand o'er your graveAnd I'll stand o'er your grave

Till I'm sure that you're dead.Till I'm sure that you're dead.

Bob Dylan,Bob Dylan,

The Freewheelin' Bob DylanThe Freewheelin' Bob Dylan,,

Columbia Records, 1963Columbia Records, 1963

(CS 8786)(CS 8786)

I Ain't Marchin' AnymoreI Ain't Marchin' Anymore

(1965)(1965)

Oh, I marched to the battle of New OrleansOh, I marched to the battle of New Orleans

At the end of the early British WarsAt the end of the early British Wars

The young land started growin'The young land started growin'

The young blood started flowin'The young blood started flowin'

But I ain't a marchin' anymore.But I ain't a marchin' anymore.

For I killed my share of injunsFor I killed my share of injuns

In a thousand different fightsIn a thousand different fights

I was there at the Little Big HornI was there at the Little Big Horn

I heard many men a lyin'I heard many men a lyin'

I saw many more a dyin'I saw many more a dyin'

But I ain't a marchin' anymore.But I ain't a marchin' anymore.

It's always the old It's always the old

Who lead us to the warsWho lead us to the wars

Always the young to fallAlways the young to fall

Now look at all we won Now look at all we won

With the saber and the gunWith the saber and the gun

Tell me is it worth it all?Tell me is it worth it all?

For I stole CaliforniaFor I stole California

From the Mexican landFrom the Mexican land

Fought in the bloody civil warFought in the bloody civil war

Yes, I even killed my brothersYes, I even killed my brothers

And too many others,And too many others,

But I ain't a marchin' anymore.But I ain't a marchin' anymore.

For I marched to the battles of the German trenchFor I marched to the battles of the German trench

In a war that was bound to end all warsIn a war that was bound to end all wars

Oh I musta killed a million menOh I musta killed a million men

And now they want me back again,And now they want me back again,

But I ain't marchin' anymore.But I ain't marchin' anymore.

It's always the old It's always the old

Who lead us to the warsWho lead us to the wars

Always the young to fallAlways the young to fall

Now look at all we won Now look at all we won

With the saber and the gunWith the saber and the gun

Tell me is it worth it all?Tell me is it worth it all?

For I flew the final missionFor I flew the final mission

In the Japanese skiesIn the Japanese skies

Set off the mighty mushroom roarSet off the mighty mushroom roar

When I saw the cities burnin'When I saw the cities burnin'

I knew that I was learnin'I knew that I was learnin'

That I ain't a marchin' anymore.That I ain't a marchin' anymore.

Now the labor leaders' screamin'Now the labor leaders' screamin'

When they close the missile plantsWhen they close the missile plants

United Fruit screams at the Cuban shoreUnited Fruit screams at the Cuban shore

Call it peace, or call it treasonCall it peace, or call it treason

Call it love, or call it reason,Call it love, or call it reason,

But I ain't a marchin' anymore,But I ain't a marchin' anymore,

No, I ain't a marchin' anymore.No, I ain't a marchin' anymore.

Phil Ochs,Phil Ochs,

There but for FortuneThere but for Fortune,,

Electra/Asylum Records, 1989Electra/Asylum Records, 1989

(960832-2)(960832-2)

Kissinger - Establishment SplitKissinger - Establishment Split

Kissinger the establishment man went his own Kissinger the establishment man went his own way, cut ties, functional links with establish.way, cut ties, functional links with establish.

““Lone Ranger” foreign policyLone Ranger” foreign policy ContentContent critiquedby splinters critiquedby splinters StyleStyle critiqued by George Ball & others critiqued by George Ball & others Alienated foreign alliesAlienated foreign allies

VietnamVietnam ChinaChina Ending of Bretton WoodsEnding of Bretton Woods

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