the crime - illinois state police home page

State of IllinoisIllinois State Police

Division ofForensic Services

Scott E. GilesDeputy Director

Illinois State Police

The CrimeA Glimpse at the Workings of the Illinois State Police

Illinois State Police 3

The CrimeThe CrimeHow would you go about unraveling the truth from this nightmare scene?

Shortly after 1:00 a.m., the young woman pounded frantically on her neighbor’s front door. She screamed, “Help me! They came in through the garage. They shot my hus-band and set him on fi re!” The neigh-bor ran barefoot through the snow to the young woman’s house and into its acrid-smelling smoke fi lled bedroom. A king-sized bed was centered against the north wall. As the neighbor approached the victim, he stepped on and crushed a bottle of capsules on the fl oor next to the bed. A man was lying on his back on the left-hand side of the bed. The blanket over him crumbled when touched. His body was badly charred and his hands were tightly clenched. The neighbor could see the man’s face was burned away, causing his teeth to glisten in an eerie, taunting smile. There was a one-quarter inch diameter hole in the right temple of the man’s blackened skull. The air in the bedroom tasted like gasoline. During the investigation that followed, a handgun was recovered from the garbage can of another neighbor.

Interesting facts, but who is in the bed and how did he die? Crime scene investigators and forensic scientists can answer these questions.


Crime Scene Services CommandCrime Scene Services Command

When crimes occur, physical evidence is left behind which can identify suspects. If properly interpreted, evidence left at a scene can tell investigators what has occurred in the absence of eyewitnesses. Crime scene investigators (CSIs) interpret the evidentiary value of items, collect, and pro-cess evidence.

The Illinois State Police has a fully-trained, well-equipped unit of crime scene investigators who are assigned to the Crime Scene Services Command (CSSC), Division of Forensic Services. Proper identifi cation and collection of evidence is the starting point for the scientifi c analysis which is discussed in the following pages.

The CSSC is the fi rst crime scene unit that is not part of a laboratory system to receive accreditation from the International Organization for Stan-dardization (ISO). Compliance with ISO standards assures CSSC procedures and protocols meet established scientifi c guidelines and criteria for providing the highest quality forensic services.

The CSIs respond to calls for crime scene processing 365 days a year, 24 hours a day. The hours of operation are challenging but necessary as crimes occur any time of the day or night. CSIs know there is only one chance to properly identify items of evidence, interpret evidentiary value, and properly process and collect evidence. Thorough documentation of a crime scene is accomplished through photography, sketches/diagrams, and report writing; there are no second chances.

Case law has established the importance of proper evidence collection protocol. To that end, the training and preparation for CSIs is congruent with these duties and responsibilities. The CSSC has a six-month training program for new CSIs which is followed by a testing process. The training program is closely scrutinized to ensure individuals receive proper instruction and are able to demonstrate the skills necessary to perform this important function. Continued training is provided to ensure the most current methods and technologies are utilized to achieve the best results. CSI training is monitored by CSSC Training Section to ensure continued profi ciency. Some CSIs provide specialized services such as freehand facial composites, facial reconstruction, and bloodstain pattern interpretation; these skills are performed in addition to crime scene processing.

The CSSC boasts a full-service Imaging Section which meets imaging needs for the entire Department and ensures quick, confi dential service to user agencies. The Forensic Diagramming and Animation Section completes two and three dimensional computer-generated drawings of crime scenes and crash scenes and produces widely acclaimed animated crime scene recreations for presentation in courtrooms and to jurors.


At the request of law enforce-ment agencies, polygraph examiners ques-tion suspects, victims and witnesses involved in criminal investigations. The polygraph examination can effectively narrow the scope of an investigation and quickly resolve specifi c case issues.

Polygraph examinations follow a distinct sequence. Before each polygraph examination, the examiner discusses the case with investigators, prosecutors and/or defense attorneys to obtain accurate infor-mation concerning the crime scene and prior investigation fi ndings. The examiner then conducts a pretest interview with the subject to cover issues to be included in the exami-nation. Next, the examiner places a few unobtrusive attachments from the polygraph instrument on the subject, asks questions and records psychophysiological responses in the subject’s blood pressure, respiration and galvanic skin reaction. After the interview is over, the polygraph examiner uses principles of physiology and psychology to review charts printed during testing and conclude whether the subject was deceptive.

PolygraphPolygraph

The young woman voluntarily submitted to a polygraph examination to remove herself from suspicion. However, there were indications of deception to both the young woman’s denial of direct involvement and to her stated lack of knowledge of who committed the crime.

Crime AnalysisCrime Analysis


Forensic scientists study the evidence collected by crime scene inves-tigators. The Latin word forensis trans-lates generally to English as “a public forum or place to debate and argue.” Forensic scientists use their skills to examine, identify, evaluate and objec-tively describe evidence from crime scenes for argument between prosecution and defense attorneys in courts. Judges and juries decide what the evidence implies.

The work of a forensic scientist is demanding. Every material in existence could become evidence at some time-- dirt, body fluids, hairs, fibers, paint, inks, pry bars, guns, arsenic or debris from a fi re. How evidence might be examined scientifi cally can vary widely. A straightforward evidence examina-tion could involve the simple jigsaw puzzle match of glass at the scene of a

Forensic Sciences CommandForensic Sciences Command

hit-and-run accident to the broken head-light in a suspect’s car. A more complex examination might require knowledge of how the molecular structure of differ-ent compounds absorb light in different ways. Sophisticated crime laboratory work can connect seemingly unrelated crimes, uncover trends and create new leads for law enforcement offi cers. For court testimony, forensic scientists must be able to explain techniques to a nonspe-cialist jury in an understandable manner, and must have a thorough enough knowl-edge of their profession to withstand cross-examination. To meet the demands of the police and the courts, the ISP trains forensic scientists in drug chemistry, trace chemistry, toxicology, forensic biology/DNA, microscopy, latent print analysis, fi rearms and toolmarks, and documents examination.


Chemistry color tests on a small portion of one capsule from the bottle by the bed indicated a barbiturate (a controlled substance) was present. The drug was then separated from other inert substances in the capsule by chemical extraction. The presence of amobarbital was confi rmed with infrared spectroscopy.

The Drug Chemistry Section determines if evidence contains con-trolled substances (drugs) or cannabis (marijuana). Such evidence can include plant materials, tablets, capsules, pow-ders, drug paraphernalia and residues. The Drug Chemistry Section does not examine human biological specimens for the presence of drugs; those are analyzed by the toxicology section.

For Drug Chemistry Section anal-ysis, forensic scientists inventory each exhibit and take careful notes at each step of their work. To determine the type of substance present, drug chemists use techniques such as color tests, thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, infrared and ultraviolet spectrophotom-etry, mass spectrometry, as well as tradi-tional wet chemistry methods to separate and identify the parts of the evidence.

Drug Chemistry SectionDrug Chemistry Section



Trace Chemistry SectionTrace Chemistry Section

Analysis of swabs taken by a crime scene investigator from the woman’s hands was positive for gunshot residue. These swabs were analyzed by atomic absorption and SEM/EDX. The blanket and bedding were analyzed by GC/MS, and a trace chemist verifi ed the presence of gasoline.

Forensic scientists in this section identify and compare materials based upon their chemical composition and associated properties. Trace chem-ists deal with evidence from arsons, explosions, accidents and all types of non-drug related cases. They analyze fi re debris for the presence of fl ammable liquids which might indicate arson;

debris from an explosion to find the type of explosive used or a fragment of the detonation device; paint and glass from a hit-and-run accident or burglary for some link to a suspect. Forensic scientists compare unknown to known materials to determine if they could have a common origin.

Trace chemists may use analyses like x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluores-cence, infrared and ultraviolet spectro-photometry, gas chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), high performance liquid chromatography, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray detector (SEM/EDX). To be successful, trace chemists must know the capabilities and limitations of all of these analytical methods.



Forensic toxicology is a diffi-cult, demanding fi eld. Forensic toxicology cases commonly involve violent, unusual or sudden deaths. The work of a forensic toxicologist calls for the analysis of tissue, blood, urine or other body fl uids to identify drugs and poisons. To do this well, forensic toxicologists must have a thorough under-standing of analytical chemistry pharmacol-ogy and toxicology. Forensic toxicologists use a variety of techniques to isolate and analyze drugs and chemicals from biological samples ranging from simple chemical color tests to sophisticated state-of-the-art instruments such as a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. When completed, a forensic toxicologist’s analysis determines if drugs or toxic chemicals are present in a body, their concentrations, and how various combinations of these drugs and chemicals may have interacted to cause death or impairment.

Toxicology SectionToxicology Section

The toxicology analysis found that a barbiturate was present in the victim’s body. However, the blood concentration of the drug was in the therapeutic range indicating that it was being taken as prescribed and not in abusive or suicidal amounts. Analysis also showed that the victim’s blood carbon monoxide concentration was normal, indicating that he was probably dead before the fi re was set.



Microscopy SectionMicroscopy Section

Microscopists are forensic scientists who routinely use various types of microscopes to obtain an enlarged image of a small object. Examinations by microscopists commonly involve hairs, fi bers, woods, soils, building materials, insulation, and a broad group of miscella-neous materials referred to as “particulate unknowns.”

Microscopy instruments include stereo binocular microscopes, transmit-ted light microscopes, polarized light microscopes, fl uorescence microscopes, comparison microscopes, microspec-trophotometers, X-ray diffractions, and scanning electron microscopes. The images are projected to optics in micro-scope or television cameras and onto photographic fi lm to aid analysis.

A microscopist comparing head hair collected from the victim to head hair on the husband’s hair brush determined the hair samples did not come from the same person. Also, a microscopist examining hair from the hands and head of the wife, and fi bers from her blouse, determined some of the wife’s hair and some of the fi bers of her blouse were singed.



Forensic Biology/DNA SectionForensic Biology/DNA Section

Forensic scientists in this section use procedures and knowledge from the study of living organisms and molecular systems to associate people with crimes. They examine, identify and characterize physiological fl uids and dried stains such as blood, semen, vaginal fl uid and saliva from crime scenes. Then they compare these fi ndings to known standards from individuals suspected of committing the crimes. The work of a forensic biologist can range, for example, from reporting a substance “could be blood,” to establishing the statistical probability a specifi c bloodstain came from a particular person. To do their work, forensic biologists use an array of microscopes, electrophoresis equip-ment, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis methods.

DNA is found in all cells that contain a nucleus; white blood cells, sperm cells, cells of saliva and the cells surrounding hair roots all contain a person’s entire genetic code. DNA tests isolate the chemical substructure of an individual’s cells, highlighting their dis-tinctive gene arrangement. This profi le establishes whether a person shows a combination of genetically determined characteristics consistent with the source of an evidence sample in a criminal case. The probability of identical evidence and suspect samples occurring at random in the population is then calculated for later presentation to a jury. Generally, the probability of such an identical match occurring is so high that juries are con-vinced beyond a reasonable doubt the suspect committed the crime.

Forensic biologists for the ISP now use two principle methods of work-ing with DNA. These methods are commonly referred to by their acronyms:PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction and STR: Short Tandem Repeats.

Valid DNA tests results are entered into the National Combined DNA Index System (CODIS).

The FBI coordinates CODIS. All convicted felons, plus individuals convicted of certain misdemeanors, are DNA typed, and their individual patterns are put in a computerized fi le, along with DNA patterns from unsolved cases. Searches of biological evidence from crime scenes against the CODIS database may identify criminals, generate suspects, and link serial cases.


The forensic biology analysis found blood spatter on the blouse of the young woman and shoes of the husband. The crime scene investigator found the husband’s shoes in the bedroom closet. The bed and adjacent wall blood spatter indicated the victim was shot while in the bed. The blood spatter on the blouse and pair of shoes indicated the items were very close to someone who had been shot. DNA testing of the blood on the bed, adjacent wall, blouse and pair of shoes showed a match to the body in the bed.



The Latin verb latere--the origin of “latent”-- translates to English as “to be hidden or concealed.” Criminals commonly leave impressions from con-tact between a surface and the patterns of their fi ngers, palms, feet, shoes, ears, lips, or the tread of the tires on their vehicles. Such impressions are often latent, or not visible to the naked eye. Forensic scientists working in the Latent Prints Section make these hidden impressions visible, compare them to known samples, and identify the person or item that made them. Latent prints examiners use a vast array of products including powders, fumes, chemicals, photographic fi lms and fi lters, dye stains, and electronic devices such as lasers and computers to make an invisible image visible.

Fingerprints are a positive means of identifi cation when known samples are available; Illinois has millions of known fi ngerprint cards on fi le. However, a manual search of this fi le for one latent print identifi cation from a crime scene could take months. Therefore, Illinois implemented an Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) which contains more than 4.7 million scanned fi ngerprint cards and in excess of 15,800 unidentifi ed latent prints in its databases. AFIS can search latent prints against databases in hours to indicate someone who might have committed a crime or to link unsolved crimes. Identifying a suspect using AFIS can occur in hours rather than years. In the future, computer software to upgrade the state fi ngerprint

technology will allow AFIS to network with similar systems from other states and with the national database. The ISP forensic science laboratories can expect an increase in matches above the current outstanding 35 percent hit rate.

Latent Prints SectionLatent Prints Section


A latent prints examiner discovered that, although the surface skin of the victim’s hands was burned, suffi cient ridge detail remained on the underlying skin structure to record a full set of fi ngerprints. An AFIS search revealed the victim’s identity. He was not the woman’s husband, but an apparent transient previously arrested for minor crimes. A crime scene investigator processed areas within the house and recovered numerous suitable latent prints. Several of these were identifi ed as having been made by the wife and neighbor, but none were identifi ed as the victim’s. All the remaining latent fi ngerprints were searched in AFIS with no results. No latent prints suitable for comparison were found on the recovered handgun. However, a crime scene investigator recovered three different shoe sole impressions from the vinyl fl oor between the garage and kitchen. With the help of the Image Enhancement Section, an examiner determined the husband’s shoes found in the closet matched one of these impressions, and the other two impressionswere made by the wife’s shoes.



F orensic scientists in this section microscopically examine evi-dence to determine if a specifi c fi red bullet, discharged cartridge, cartridge or fi rearm can be related to a particular crime. Forensic scientists know that each gun leaves a unique pattern of marks on bullets and cartridge cases. Studies have shown that hundreds of guns of the same model coming off an assembly line leave different impressions on bullets and car-tridge cases. The forensic fi rearms and toolmarks examiner can also determine the distance from which shots were fi red and whether or not gunpowder patterns are present on clothing, thus helping to reconstruct a crime. Serial numbers from all types of metal objects can also be restored. In addition, toolmarks are examined to determine if a relationship exists between a particular tool (pry bar, screwdriver, etc.) and the crime scene where the tool mark was found. Other types of examinations can include physical matches and footwear examina-tions. Firearms and toolmarks forensic scientists use a variety of microscopic, chemical and photographic techniques to examine evidence.

Guns are many criminals’ weap-ons of choice. The volume of guns, cartridges, projectiles and cartridge cases to be compared was overwhelm-ing. To help forensic scientists search their large files of unsolved firearms case evidence, the Bureau of Alcohol,

Tobacco and Firearms (BATF) sponsored the Integrated Ballistics Identifi cation System (IBIS) developed by Forensic Technology, Inc. IBIS is a computerized database of discharged cartridge cases, fi red bullets, and fi rearms information which allows forensic scientists to assist investigators by:

• conducting rapid, comprehensive searches of fi rearms evidence fi les

• relating fi rearms evidence in previ-ously unrelated cases

• linking suspects to crimes

• generating leads for fi eld investigators

The IBIS database in Illinois is part of the National Integrated Ballistics Information Network (NIBIN) sponsored by the BAFT. The NIBIN program allows for images to be transmitted nationally for possible comparison.

Firearms and Toolmarks SectionFirearms and Toolmarks Section


The fi rearms and toolmarks examiner compared the bullet recovered from the victim’s head to test rounds fi red from the gun recovered from the neighbor’s garbage can. Identical microscopic markings were found on both the evidence bullet and the test bullets, proving that the recovered bullet was fi red from the evidence gun. The cartridge cases test fi red from the recovered gun were then entered in the IBIS database to see if this gun had been used to commit any other crimes. This gun was not linked to other crimes.



The document examiner matched the wife’s known handwriting to a signature of a phoney name on the receipt to buy the gun found during the investigation. The husband’s signature on a charge card receipt, dated two days after the crime and used to purchase two tickets to Tahiti, was identifi ed by the document examiner as genuine.

Just like cars and guns, docu-ments can be used to commit crimes. The manipulation of documents is just a criminal’s attempted “cover-up.” Exami-nation of handwriting or hand printing is very involved. A document is produced by a person and is stamped with a style--a uniqueness--that makes it identifi able to a particular person. Document examiners do side-by-side comparisons of ques-tioned handwriting and hand printing with that known to be from suspects, to identify them as criminals or clear them. Such analysis is based on line quality--beginning and ending strokes, spacing, and above/below line distance--is a function of writing ability, intent, writing surface, writing instrument, and physical condition of the writer.

Document examiners do not limit their analyses to handwriting and hand printing. In addition, document analysts study typewriting, ink, paper, writ-ing instruments, mechanical and laser printing, duplicating, photocopying, adhesives, eradications, obliterations, stapling, watermarks and impressions. They can scroll through several pages in a notepad and recover imprints of what was written on removed pages. Typical questions answered by forensic scientists qualifi ed to examine documents are: Is the signature genuine? Who wrote the body of the document? Is there any evi-dence of alteration? Was the document prepared on or about the date it bears? To come to their expert conclusions, document examiners use infrared and ultraviolet light, infrared luminescence, laser and electrostatic enhancement, and advanced photographic and microscopic examination techniques.

Documents SectionDocuments Section



Tracking Down The KillersTracking Down The Killers

Who do you think killed the man? The forensic experts can tell you what the evidence means, but good street police work is still the key to solving crime. Offi cers still have to pound the pavement. Technology is great, but investigators still need to talk to witnesses and suspects. If you were an investigator or the state’s attorney, what would you do now?

Forensic scientists, after careful, detailed analysis, could give the police the following information which confl icted with the young woman’s account:

• Fingerprints proved the victim was a transient, not her husband.

• She signed a fi ctitious name when buying the gun used to kill the man.

• There were no shoe sole impressions from unknown sources on the fl oor into the house from the garage.

• She had gunshot residue on her hands.

• She had blood spatter on her blouse that matched the victim’s blood.

• Her hand and head hair, as well as blouse fi bers, were singed.

• Two days after she said she saw her husband shot and set on fi re, he purchased two tickets to Tahiti.

• She was deceptive when questioned about her involvement in and knowledge of who killed the victim.

The call to the police department was recorded at 1:26 a.m. The first responding investigator had reason to doubt the young woman’s story. The scene did not look like a home invasion. There were no signs of a forced entry. There had been no struggle. Around the house in the snow, there were no unidentified footprints. Nothing had been taken from the house. The young woman was distraught, but was able to provide remarkably detailed descrip-tions of what “they” looked like.


Three distinct programs, Research and Development (R&D), Quality Assurance (QA), and Statewide Training assist the forensic science casework of the ISP. Each program includes several support activities. Together, these programs insure the ISP forensic scientists are superbly trained, are able to conduct the latest analytical techniques accurately, and are carefully reporting results supported by scientifi c evidence.

Forensic Science ProgramsForensic Science Programs

Research & Development ProgramResearch & Development ProgramThe forensic R&D Program staff

assist with the implementation of DNA analysis throughout the ISP laboratory system. To do this, R&D staff participate in the following DNA activities:

• analyzing forensic cases using DNA technology

• training biologists to use DNA technology

• developing new standardized DNA analysis procedures

• ensuring quality assurance and internal proficiency testing for forensic biologists performing DNA analysis

• administering state and federal DNA forensic grants

In addition to all of the above DNA-related work, R&D staff assist all of the forensic disciplines as they test new scientifi c equipment, validate new scientific procedures, conduct survey research, distribute research results, and prepare manuscripts for publication.

Quality Assurance ProgramQuality Assurance ProgramThe ISP has a well defi ned set of

forensic science standards and controls for analysts/examiners to follow. As important as these standards and controls are, they do not reduce the need to check work. To monitor the quality of forensic science work, the ISP carries out the fol-lowing procedures:

The ISP is committed to providing the highest quality scientifi c analysis to law enforcement and the courts. Quality means accurate, complete and timely analyses. Quality service begins with the fi rst contact between a laboratory and a law enforcement agency, continues through analysis and providing reports, and ends with testimony in court.


Statewide Training ProgramStatewide Training Program

• completed cases are randomly selected and reworked

• case fi les are inspected for adher-ence to analysis standards, con-trols and report wording guide-lines

• analysts/examiners are routinely profi ciency tested internally by QA as well as by outside testing agencies

• analysts/examiners are observed as they process casework

Quality review coordinators from each discipline, working under the QA program administrator, carry out all of the above activities and evaluate laboratory safety, evidence handling, instrument maintenance, and supply storage/distribution.

Forensic scientists must have a col-lege/university bachelor level degree, as a minimum, in programs such as chemistry, biochemistry, biology, cell and structural biology, microbiology or forensic sci-ence. Polygraph examiners may have one of these degrees or a degree in one of the social sciences such as psychol-ogy or sociology. Before applicants will be offered positions with the ISP, they must successfully complete a series of interviews conducted by forensic sci-ence managers, a polygraph examination and an extensive background investiga-tion. The number and location of open positions fl uctuates with the needs of the ISP.

A great deal of a scientist’s train-ing to conduct forensic science work takes place after initial employment. The training coordinators of the ISP forensic science laboratory system work out of the Southern Illinois Forensic Science Centre at Carbondale, the ISP Forensic Science Center at Chicago, and the Springfi eld Forensic Science Laboratory. Depending

on the forensic science discipline, a new forensic scientist’s time with the training staff can range from one to three years. Training includes formal lectures, review of current literature, practical exercises, practical examinations, written exami-nations, oral examinations, mock trials and supervised casework. Each forensic science discipline has its own training curriculum.

The training staff of the ISP forensic science laboratory system does more than train new forensic scientists. The training staff regularly designs and pilot- tests new procedures, and provides in-service classes to experienced staff. To reduce costs and improve effi ciency, many in-service classes take place over the ISP video-conference network. The training staff also coordinates work with university programs in forensic science, particularly the Master of Science in Forensic Science program of the Univer-sity of Illinois at Chicago.


People interested in forensic science can read more about the profession in the following books:

Baumann, Edward and O’Brien, John.Murder Next Door: How Police Tracked Down 18 Brutal KillersChicago: Bonus Books, Inc., 1991.The scenario in this brochure is based, in part, on the Baumann and O’Brienchapter titled, “Death On A King-Sized Bed.”

Butler, John M.Forensic DNA Typing, Second Edition: Biology, Technology, and Genetics of STR Markers

Academic Press: 2nd Edition Feb. 22, 2005.

Moenssens, Andre A.; Inbau, Fred E.; and Starrs, James E.Scientifi c Evidence in Civil and Criminal CasesMineola: The Foundation Press, Inc., 1995.

Saferstein, Richard. CriminalisticsEnglewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, Inc., 9th Edition, 2006

Forensic Sciences Handbook.Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1993.

Siegel, Jay. Forensic Science: The BasicsTaylor and Francis, 2007.


Deputy Director's Offi ce ........................................217/785-7542Crime Scene Services Command ...........................217/785-0428Forensic Sciences Command .................................217/782-4649Forensic Science Center at Chicago.......................312/433-8000Joliet Laboratory ....................................................815/740-3543Metro-East Laboratory ...........................................618/394-6000Morton Laboratory .................................................309/284-6500Research & Development Laboratory ....................217/557-2399Rockford Laboratory ..............................................815/987-7419Southern Illinois Forensic Science Centre .............618/529-6500Springfi eld Laboratory ...........................................217/782-4975Westchester Laboratory ..........................................708/338-7800

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