The Creation of the U. N.

The Creation of the U. N.

The Division of Germany & Berlin

The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two

Superpowers of the later 20th Century

The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two

Superpowers of the later 20th Century

The Beginning of the Cold WarThe Beginning of the Cold War

The Bipolarization of Europe

The The ““Iron CurtainIron Curtain””From Stettin in the Baltic, to Trieste in the From Stettin in the Baltic, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

The De-Colonization of European Empires

The De-Colonization of European Empires

The EarlyCold War:1945-1956

The EarlyCold War:1945-1956 Chapter 28 pp. 706-726 & Chapter 29 pp. 742-748

Part I:“Reconstruction &

Confrontation”

Truman & The Cold War

Part I:“Reconstruction &

Confrontation”

Truman & The Cold War

The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle

Soviet & Eastern Bloc

Nations[“Iron

Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL spread world-wide Communism

GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[X--George Kennan]

METHODOLOGIES:

1. Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

2. Arms Race [nuclear escalation]

3. Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]

4. Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

Is Containment the Solution?

George Kennan Walter Lippmann

George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENT

Goals Plans1.Restoration

of the balance of power

2.Stop the spread of Communism

Block Soviet aggression by creating alliances and supporting weak nations

Long-term program of U.S. economic assistance

See Lippmann’s Argument

Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]

US Containment PolicyUS Containment Policy

““The U. S. should support free The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own peoples to work out their own destinies in their own waydestinies in their own way””..

The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.$400 million in aid.

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]

““European Recovery ProgramEuropean Recovery Program”” (ERP) (ERP)

Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall

1.1. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.poverty, desperation, and chaos.

2.2. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern.Europe extended to Eastern.

Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)

The Arms Race:The Arms Race:} The Soviet Union The Soviet Union

exploded its first exploded its first A-bomb in 1949.A-bomb in 1949.

} Truman orders Truman orders development of development of the Hydrogen the Hydrogen bomb-800X bomb-800X stronger than stronger than WWIIWWII

} NSC-68-US will NSC-68-US will spend whatever is spend whatever is needed to Stop needed to Stop USSRUSSR

} Two nuclear Two nuclear superpowers-face superpowers-face off!!!!!off!!!!!

Mao ZedongMao Zedong’’s Revolution: s Revolution: 19491949

US Backed Chiang Kai-shek’s National Gov’t Defeated-Exiled to Taiwan

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg

NetherlandsNetherlands

NorwayNorway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany

1983: Spain1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia

} East East GermanyGermany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

HUAC & McCarthyism• 1947-Loyalty Review Board

– 3.2 million Federal employees investigated-Alger Hiss convicted(10 yrs.) 212 fired-thousands quit

HUAC-House on Un-American Activities Committee

- Investigated/questioned thousands- - Ethel & Julius Rosenberg-convicted for espionage

and executed 6/19/1953.(Atomic secrets to USSR).

- “Hollywood 10” --- blacklisted

HUAC & McCarthyismSenator Joseph McCarthy led “witch-hunts”

• By 1954 charged some Senators & the US army with communist ties on TV-Senate charged him with improper conduct.

• By 1959-Former Pres. Truman Denounced the committee as “the most un-American thing in the country today”.

The Korean War: A The Korean War: A ““Police Police ActionAction”” (1950-1953) (1950-1953)

Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee

Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung

““Domino Domino TheoryTheory””

38th Parallel

• Communist North Korea attacked Southern Korea-June 1950– The UN called for the invaders to move

North of the 38th Parallel-N/S border.– North Korean forces continue to push

south.– Truman authorized

US troops to enter

the war.

Korean war in color part 1video insert

• General Douglas MacArthur (commanded

UN) forces & launched an amphibious assault at Inchon. Inchon -near Seoul (SK capital) which had been taken by North Korea during the first months of the War. They were able to push the communist forces back north of the thirty-eighth parallel. They continued over the border into North Korea and defeated the enemy forces.

Inchon Invasion:

Pt 3 inchon

The Yalu River :• US Army led by General MacArthur pushed

further into North Korea towards the Chinese border at the Yalu River. – 30,000 UN troops , mostly US, were

completely surrounded by 120,000- 150,000 Chinese at the Chosin Reservoir

– “The Frozen Chosin” aka The Chosin Few, fought a brutal 10 day battle 11/27-12/6

– Chinese – 25,000 KIA, 35,000 casualties– UN -2,500 KIA, 5,000 WIA -7,500 frostbite– Incredible feat by US forces

• General Matthew Ridgway stopped the Chinese advance and regained the territory to the thirty-eighth parallel By July 1951

Stalemate:

• Once the American forces had regained the territory south of the thirty-eighth parallel from the Chinese, the two armies settled into a prolonged stalemate.

General MacArthur Gets Fired

• President Harry S. Truman decided to restore North & South Korea and end the war. (March 1951). Limited War (no attack on China).

• General MacArthur criticized the president (He went to the press and spoke out against

the president) and made public demands that China surrender or be invaded.

• His actions caused the peace negotiations to stall and caused war to continue for approximately two more years.

• President Truman fired General MacArthur on April 13, 1951. As the president said, "...the cause of world peace is more important than any individual."

• Stalemate continued along the border from July 1951-July 1953

• 1952 & 1956 -General Dwight D. Eisenhower - elected President & Richard Nixon VP-(Republicans)

Stalin Died in March 1953 Stalin Died in March 1953 Premier Nikita KhrushchevPremier Nikita Khrushchev

De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram

Results of the Korean War• July 1953: Cease fire is signed.

• Korea will remain divided -38th parallel– N. Korea-Communist– S. Korea-Democratic Nationalist

– 2.5 miles along the border = DMZ• tensions remain today (see INSIDE KOREA)

– 33,296 Americans KIA, 3,000 UN KIA,

8,196 POW/MIA- 1.4 million N. Korean and Chinese cas.- War crimes/murder etc.. were rampant.

North Korea Today

• http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/08/04/north-korea-welcomes-bill_n_250682.html

• http://www.cnn.com/video/?/video/international/2010/11/25/grant.sk.destruction.cnn

Part II:“Containment & Escalation”

Ike & The Cold War

Chapter 29-sec 4 Chapter 31-sections 2,3,&4

• 1952 & 1956 -General Dwight D. Eisenhower - elected President & Richard Nixon VP-(Republicans)

IKE & The Cold War

• Sec of State John Foster Dulles created a policy of BRINKMANSHIP (willing to go to the brink of war if threatened). Use threats to achieve goals.– A policy of massive retaliation if the

Soviets attack– Build up of US nuclear arsenal & air

power & cut back conventional forces– Led to : The Arms Race

Ike & Vietnam• 1945-Communist Ho Chi Minh came to

power in Vietnam. Japan was ousted after WWII.

• France wanted to regain her former colony send in military forces.

• Ho Chi Minh,in the North, & the Chinese backed Viet Minh forces fought back.

• 1953-US provide $60 million to aid in the defeat of Communist forces in Vietnam.

Ike & the CIA• Central Intelligence Agency

– 1953-Overthrew the Iranian gov’t and replace it with the Shah of Iran: US ally until overthrown in 1979.

– Objectives: 1. secure US access to oil

2. prevent the spread of Communism into Iran.

- 1954- overthrow Guatemalan communist gov’t & place a military dictator in charge.

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg

NetherlandsNetherlands

NorwayNorway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany

1983: Spain1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia

} East East GermanyGermany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

The Suez Crisis: 1956-The Suez Crisis: 1956-19571957

-Egyptian leader, Gamal Nassar wanted to build the Aswan Dam to provide electricity and water to needy regions in Egypt.

-Western Nations did not trust Nassar’s motives.

-Nassar seized the Suez Canal to fund Aswan construction.

• Fearing an interruption of trade and loss of oil, Israel, then Britain & France invaded Egypt (Soviet ally).

• UN insist invading powers withdraw.• Egypt retains control of the Suez Canal and

the Soviets fund the Aswan Dam.• A cease-fire is called• Soviet influence continues to spread…..

The Hungarian Uprising: The Hungarian Uprising: 19561956} Rebellion Rebellion

crushed by crushed by Soviets-- Soviets-- 30,000 killed.30,000 killed.

} Hungary Hungary remains a remains a Communist/SoCommunist/Soviet controlled viet controlled nationnation

Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America into space—they have the into space—they have the

technological edge!technological edge!

•

The Eisenhower Doctrine 1957

• The US would intervene in the any nation in the Middle East being threatened by Communism.

U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)Col. Francis Gary Col. Francis Gary

PowersPowers’’ plane goes plane goes down over Soviet down over Soviet

airspace.airspace.

• Krushchev announced: a “spy plane” was shot down in Russian airspace.

• Eisenhower Administration announced :a “"weather research aircraft" was lost.

• On May 7, Khrushchev sprang his trap and announced:

– “I must tell you a secret. When I made my first report I deliberately did not say that the pilot was alive and well… and now just look how many silly things [the Americans] have said”.

– Powers was tried and convicted, spent 17 months in jail & exchanged for a Soviet spy.

Covert activities, the arms race & mutual suspicion escalate the cold war.

Video- “The Century”

• HAPPY DAYS(1953-1960)– Culture– Civil Rights– Cold War-notes

Part III:“Escalation & On the Brink”

Kennedy & The Cold War

The Election of 1960Kennedy wins with a policy of Flexible Response

Flexible Response

• 1. Increase defense spending

• 2. expand the military

• 3. be ready for war

• 4. maintain a nuclear balance of power w/ USSR

The Soviets Win the Space Race

(April 12, 1961)

Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin is the firstHuman being in outer space.

The Berlin Wall Goes Up (August The Berlin Wall Goes Up (August 1961)1961)

Checkpoint CharlieCheckpoint Charlie

Paris, 1961Paris, 1961

Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev

thinks that JFK is young & inexperiencedthinks that JFK is young & inexperienced

Khruschev Embraces Khruschev Embraces Castro,Castro,19611961

• 1959-Soviets backed Cuba’s Communist revolutionary Fidel Castro and the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista. (US backed dictator).

• Castro took control of the island and all US owned businesses.

• Castro signed trade agreements with the USSR.

• Cuban citizens were promised freedom, they received a dictator.

Bay of Pigs (1961)Bay of Pigs (1961)

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

DEF-CON 2

13 Days in October

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

Take Notes: The Bay of Pigs and The Cuban Missile

Crisis

““Ich bin ein BerlinerIch bin ein Berliner”” ((June 26, June 26, 1963)1963)

President President Kennedy tells Kennedy tells Berliners that Berliners that

the West is the West is with them!with them!

• Nov. 22, 1963 Kennedy is assassinated

• Lyndon B. Johnson VP takes over

Video- “The Century”

• Poisoned Dreams(1960-1963)– Civil Rights– Kennedy

– Election– Space Race– The Bay of Pigs– The Berlin Wall– The Cuban Missile Crisis– Troops to Vietnam– Assassination

Leonid Brezhnev • Became new General Secretary (1964-1982)

• Beginning in 1964, USSR began a period of stagnation and limited re-Stalinization

• Massive arms buildup started in response to humiliation of Cuban Missile Crisis.

USSR/Brezhnev USSR/Brezhnev avoided direct avoided direct confrontation with confrontation with the U.S. and seemed the U.S. and seemed more committed to more committed to peaceful coexistence peaceful coexistence than Khrushchev had than Khrushchev had been.been.

Vietnam War: 1965-1973Vietnam War: 1965-1973

Video- “The Century”

• Unpinned-(1964-1968)– Civil Rights Struggle Continues– The Vietnam War