The cranial nerves

Central Nervous System - Brain• Identify the anatomical location of

each major brain area.

• Describe the functions of the major brain areas including specialized subregions.

Major brain areas

Cerebellum:* motor coordination* balance

Brain stem:* midbrain* pons* medulla

Reticular formationarousal/sleep/wake

Thalamus:sensory relay station

Hypothalamusautonomic NS

Cerebrum* cortex* basal ganglia* limbic system

Cerebral Cortex: Perception of senses, association, reasoning, information integration, planning, directing voluntary behavior

Figure 48.25 Primary motor and somatosensory areas of the human cerebral cortex

Map this pathway as a simple afferent to CNS to efferent path, naming the neural structures involved:

“You feel the desk and move your hand away as soon as you feel the desk.”

Touch receptors

Somatic motor nerve to muscle

somatosensory cortexto primary motor cortex

sensory neuron

thalamus

spinal cord

The white matter consists of ascending (green) and descending (red) axons while the gray matter contains primarily dendrites and cell soma. Each segment has paired spinal nerves. 31 total

Dorsal root - sensory

Ventral root - motor

Spinal Cord

• Basal nuclei –control of movement

• Limbic System– Cingulate gyrus –

role in emotion– Hippocampus –

learning & memory– Amygdala –

emotion & memory

Cerebrum - basal nuclei and limbic system

Figure 9-13: The limbic system

• Thalamus – relay & sensory integration

• Hypothalamus– Homeostatic control centers – Motivated behavior control– Hunger, stress– Thirst: body osmolarity– Autonomic NS control– Emotional input– Circadian rhythms– Tropic for endocrine

Diencephalon -thalamus & hypothalamus

Complex function: Language

Figure 9-23: Cerebral processing of spoken and visual language

Damage to Broca's Area (Broca's aphasia)

- prevents a person from producing speech - person can understand language- words are not properly formed - speech is slow and slurred.

Damage to Wernicke's Area (Wernicke's aphasia)

loss of word understandingperson can speak clearly, but the words make no sense.

Cerebrum

Figure 9-11: The basal nuclei Figure 9-16: Cerebral lateralization