COORDINATIONNervous System and Endocrine System

Review: Detecting Stimuli• The five senses detect stimuli in the environment

Sight Smell Hearing

Response organ

Skin Ears Tongue

Stimuli Light Pressure, temperature, pain

Chemical substances

Chemical substances

The Coordination System

Coordination systems work together to process information received from stimuli and to produce appropriate responses.

Animals have two coordination systems: • the nervous system and • the endocrine system.

The Nervous System• The nervous system regulates the body’s activities and

responses. It works by means of specialized cells called neurons which transmit information in the form of nerve impulses.

Nervous System Responses

The Endocrine System• The endocrine system regulates and coordinates the

body functions by means of chemical substances called hormones. The endocrine system regulates functions which require maintained responses. These include changes during the metamorphosis of some animals, growth, and the production of milk in mammals.

Endocrine System Responses

Summary

• The coordination system tells the body how to respond to a stimulus. The body can coordinate a response quickly with a nerve impulse or over time as chemicals build up and break down in the blood stream.

Fill in the BlankNervous System Endocrine System

Type of messenger Nerve impulses

Transmission by Blood

Speed of response Rapid

Duration of response Brief

Regulation and coordination of functions

Functions which require rapid responses, such as locomotion

Functions which require _______ responses, such as growth, development, and metabolism

Review• How do messages travel in the nervous system?

• How do messages travel in the endocrine system?

• Which system controls how tall you will grow?

• Which system controls how fast your heart beats?

COORDINATIONResponding to Stimuli

Responsive Organs

There are two types of responses to stimuli:• Motor responses: the response is movement• Endocrine responses: the response is the release of

hormones

The responsive organs, or effectors, control motor and endocrine responses.

The motor and endocrine systems need to receive an instruction from the nervous system in order to respond.

Motor Responses in VertebratesMotor responses are controlled by organs in the motor system, which consist of:

• Skeletal system: bones support the body and act as levers during movement. The skeleton is internal.

• Muscular system: muscles are contractile organs attached to the bones by tendons.

Motor Responses in Invertebrates

Many invertebrates possess an exoskeleton, or hard outer shell, which protects them.

Motor Responses in Invertebrates

Insects need a more flexible, articulated exoskeleton because they make rapid movements. When insects grow, they shed their exoskeleton and grow a bigger one. This process is called ‘moulting.’

Motor Responses in Invertebrates

Animals which live fixed to a surface (coral) and slow moving animals (sea urchins, starfish) are covered with hard, protective shells.

Summary: Motor Responses

Some motor responses allow an animal to move toward or escape a stimulus. Muscles expand and contract and pull on the skeleton. The skeleton acts as a lever and moves the limbs. This is the same for vertebrates and fast-moving invertebrates with an exoskeleton.

Some animals can’t move quickly. Their motor response is to hide in their protective exoskeleton or to emerge when the environment is safe.

Review: Stimulus to Motor Response

Endocrine Responses

The endocrine response is a release of hormones.

Endocrine responses are controlled by glands in the endocrine system. These glands produce hormones which:• Are released into the blood• Control and coordinate activities throughout the body.

Both vertebrates and invertebrates have endocrine systems.

Glands control hormone secretion:

Hormones travel in the bloodstream:

Review: Path of a Hormone Response

Review: Which system is working?Stimulus Coordination

SystemResponse Time Response

Feeling a fire is hot

Eating a big meal

Being tickled

Hearing a loud noise

Forming a scar

Increasing the amount of sugar in the blood

Coughing

Running away

True or False?• Only vertebrates possess an endocrine system.

• Hormones are transported in the blood.

• The pancreas is part of the motor system.

• Responses from the endocrine system are immediate and rapid.

Nervous System or Endocrine System?

Nervous System or Endocrine System?

Nervous System or Endocrine System?

Nervous System or Endocrine System?

Nervous System or Endocrine System?

Nervous System or Endocrine System?

Review

When temperatures are cold, bears tend to hibernate and paralyze all activity to minimize energy use.• Stimulus• Response

Review

Earthworms flee from light and seek humidity, hiding under damp earth.• Stimulus• Response

Review

When a jellyfish comes into contact with another animal, it fires a filament and injects a stinging substance into the other animal.• Stimulus• Response

Review

When in the presence of a predator, a chameleon camouflages itself, taking on the same shade of the place where it is located.• Stimulus• Response

Review

When food smells good, it is often said to “make your mouth water.”• Stimulus• Response

Review

What are the names of the two coordination systems in animals? Could an animal exist without these two systems? Explain.

Review

In vertebrates, which organ in the body receives the information collected by the sense organs? What does this organ do with the information?

COORDINATIONResponding to a Stimulus: Plants

Coordination in Plants

Plants do not have a nervous system or an endocrine system. Responses to stimuli in plants are coordinated by hormones.

Hormones act as chemical messengers which enable plants to respond to many factors, such as light, gravity, water, and temperature.

Cells inside the plant detect stimuli, which are processed and analyzed slowly. Movement is limited and based on predetermined, automatic systems.

Movement in Plants

Plants can respond to stimuli on a permanent or temporary basis.• Tropism• Nastic movements

Tropism

Tropism is a type of response in plants which permanently changes the direction of a plant’s growth. There are two types of tropism:• Positive tropism is when the plant grows in the direction

of the stimulus.• Negative tropism is when the plant grows away from the

stimulus.

Tropism

Tropism is classified according to the source of the stimuli:

Geotropism Phototropism Hydrotropism Thigmotropism

Response to: Gravity Light Water Contact

Stem Runners make contact with an object and ____ themselves around it

Root

Nastic Movements

Temporary responses in plants, such as opening and closing, are called nastic movements. The plant later returns to its original position.

An example: carnivorous plants close their leaves when an insect lands on them.

Summary

Plants coordinate responses with hormones, which means they respond slowly to stimuli.

Tropism is a type of permanent response.

Nastic movement is a type of temporary response.

Review• What coordinates responses to stimuli in plants?

• Name three stimuli to which plants respond.

• What is the main difference between tropism and nastic movement?

Review

Why does jasmine open at night and close during the day?• Stimulus• Response• Duration of change

Review

Why do vine tendrils (runners) wrap around other stems and nearby objects?• Stimulus• Response• Duration of change

Review

Why do potatoes grow stems when left on the windowsill?• Stimulus• Response• Duration of change