the convention relating to the status of refugees (research paper)

8/8/2019 The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (Research Paper)

1/31

Ugn @odxnduiod

qnlbuidj uo ugn pubu~p

oh qnh~jnnp


2/31

UGN SLBD= Iduqoe~ùiod @gbsunq odn= idunqsqnubuiod oh ugn òdxnduiod Sbqu odn= Ugn sqnbkaln Sbqu uzo= bqui`ln 2 uo 28 jndnqbl sqoxipiodp bde m~eiìbl

pubu~p Sbqu ugqnn=bqui`ln 2: uo 15 Jbidh~l nksloykndu bde znlhbqn Sbqu ho~q== bqui`ln 1> uo 0: bekidipuqbuixn knbp~qnp bde ugn

nwn`~ubqy, uqbdpiuoqy sqoxipiodp

Sbqu hixn = bqui`ln 07 uo 58 Hidbl `lb~pnp @gbsunq uzo= b aqinh oxnqxinz oh ugn sqouoòl Sbqu odn= Ugn sqnbkaln Sbqu uzo= kbid sqoxipiodp oh ugn 298: sqouoòl Sbqu ugqnn= Ugn eihhnqnd`n anuznnd ugn òdxnduiod bde

sqouoòl @gbsunq ugqnn= Eilnkkb oh Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp Sbqu odn= Gipuoqi`bl ab`fjqo~de od ugn Sblnpuidibd Dbfab Sbqu uzo= ugn pubu~p oh Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp id Lnabdod Sbqu ugqnn= Ugn qoln oh ~dqzb @od`l~piod aialiojqbsgy


3/31

Iduqoe~ùiod=

gn ynbq 1339 zill kbqfp ugn >7ug Bddixnqpbqy oh ugn ^diune Dbuiodp @odxnduiod

qnlbuidj uo ugn Pubu~p oh Qnh~jnnp$ Ugn @odxnduiod zbp b lbdekbqf id ugn pnuuidj oh

pubdebqep hoq ugn uqnbukndu oh qnh~jnnp$ Iu idòqsoqbune ugn h~debkndubl òd`nsup oh

ugn qnh~jnn sqounùiod qnjikn bde gbp òduid~ne uo qnkbid ugn òqdnqpuodn oh ugbu qnjikn uo

ugn sqnpndu eby$

Od 17 M~ly 29>2, zgnd ugn @odxnduiod zbp oqijidblly beosune, iu zbp uo enbl ziug ugn

bhunqkbug oh Zoqle Zbq II id N~qosn nxnd bp ugn @ole Zbq pnu id$ Ugn idpsiqbuiod hoq ugn

@odxnduiod zbp ugn puqodj jloabl òkkiukndu uo ndp~qidj ugbu ugn eipslb`nkndu bde uqb~kb

`b~pne ay ugn snqpn`~uiod bde enpuq~ùiod oh ugn zbq ynbqp zo~le dou an qnsnbune$ A~u e~qidj

ugn en`benp ugbu hollozne, iu jloablipne, bde ugn 298: Sqouoòl nwsbdene ugn pòsn oh ugn

@odxnduiod bp ugn sqoalnk oh eipslb`nkndu psqnbe bqo~de ugn zoqle$ Id ugnpn oqijidp linp ugn

@odxnduiodp bxoznely g~kbdiubqibd `gbqbùnq zgi`g ndp~qnp ugbu iup h~debkndubl òd`nsup

qnkbid iduqidpi`blly po~de$

Abpi`blly, iu ip ugn qnpsodpiailiuy oh Pubunp uo sqounù ugniq ìui}ndp$ Zgnd joxnqdkndup bqn

~dzillidj oq ~dbaln uo sqounù ugniq ìui}ndp, ideixie~blp kby p~hhnq p~`g pnqio~p xiolbuiodp oh

ugniq qijgup ugbu ugny bqn hoq`ne uo lnbxn ugniq goknp, bde ohund nxnd ugniq hbkilinp, uo pnnf

pbhnuy id bdougnq ò~duqy$ Pid`n, ay enhidiuiod, ugn joxnqdkndup oh ugniq gokn ò~duqinp do

lodjnq sqounù ugn abpi` qijgup oh qnh~jnnp, ugn idunqdbuiodbl òkk~diuy ugnd punsp id uo ndp~qn

ugbu ugopn abpi` qijgup bqn qnpsnùne$ Id ugn bhunqkbug oh Zoqle Zbq II, ugn ^diune Dbuiodp

Jndnqbl Bppnkaly `qnbune ugn Ohhi`n oh ugn ^diune Dbuiodp Gijg @okkippiodnq hoq Qnh~jnnp'^DG@Q)$ ^DG@Q ip kbdebune uo sqounù bde hide e~qbaln pol~uiodp hoq qnh~jnnp$ Iup

bùixiuinp bqn abpne od b hqbknzoqf oh idunqdbuiodbl lbz bde pubdebqep ugbu id`l~enp ugn 2957

^dixnqpbl En`lbqbuiod oh G~kbd Qijgup bde ugn ho~q Jndnxb @odxnduiodp '2959) od

idunqdbuiodbl g~kbdiubqibd lbz, bp znll bp bd bqqby oh idunqdbuiodbl bde qnjiodbl uqnbuinp bde

en`lbqbuiodp, aoug aideidj bde dodaideidj, ugbu psnìhi`blly beeqnpp ugn dnnep oh qnh~jnnp$

Ugn @odxnduiod Qnlbuidj uo ugn Pubu~p oh Qnh~jnnp ip ugn ho~debuiod oh idunqdbuiodbl qnh~jnn

lbz$ Ugn Qnh~jnn @odxnduiod enhidnp ugn unqk qnh~jnn bde pnup kidik~k pubdebqep hoq ugn

uqnbukndu oh snqpodp zgo bqn ho~de uo r~blihy hoq qnh~jnn pubu~p$ An`b~pn ugn @odxnduiod zbp

eqbhune id ugn zbfn oh Zoqle Zbq II, iup enhidiuiod oh b qnh~jnn ho`~pnp od snqpodp zgo bqno~upien ugniq ò~duqy oh oqijid bde bqn qnh~jnnp bp b qnp~lu oh nxndup o``~qqidj id N~qosn oq

nlpnzgnqn anhoqn 2 Mbd~bqy 29>2$ Bp dnz qnh~jnn `qipnp nknqjne e~qidj ugn lbun 29>3p bde

nbqly 2983p, iu an`bkn dn`nppbqy uo ziend aoug ugn unksoqbl bde jnojqbsgi`bl pòsn oh ugn

Qnh~jnn @odxnduiod$ Ug~p, b Sqouoòl uo ugn @odxnduiod zbp eqbhune bde beosune $2$ F, Mbpuqbk, bde K$ B`giqod, Qnh~jnn sqounùiod= b j~ien uo idunqdbuiodbl qnh~jnn lbz$

Jndnxb=ugn Idunq+Sbqlibkndubqy ^diod, 1332, s$s 2 + 7$

U


4/31

Id nppnd`n, ugn @odxnduiod bde ugn Sqouoòl bqn ugn sqidìsbl idunqdbuiodbl idpuq~kndup

npubalipgne hoq ugn sqounùiod oh qnh~jnnp bde ugniq abpi` `gbqbùnq gbp annd zienly qnòjdi}ne

idunqdbuiodblly$ Ugn Jndnqbl Bppnkaly gbp hqnr~nduly `bllne ~sod Pubunp uo anòkn sbquinp uo

Ugnpn idpuq~kndup$ B``nppiod gbp blpo annd qnòkkndene ay xbqio~p qnjiodbl oqjbdi}buiodp,

p~`g bp ugn @o~dìl oh N~qosn, ugn Bhqi`bd ^diod, bde ugn Oqjbdi}buiod oh Bknqi`bd$

Bde bp b òd`l~piod,Ugn @odxnduiod Qnlbuidj uo ugn Pubu~p oh Qnh~jnnp ip bd idunqdbuiodbl

òdxnduiod ugbu enhidnp zgo ip b qnh~jnn, bde pnup o~u ugn qijgup oh ideixie~blp zgo bqn

jqbdune bpyl~k bde ugn qnpsodpiailiuinp oh dbuiodp ugbu jqbdu bpyl~k$ Ugn òdxnduiod blpo pnup

o~u zgi`g snosln eo dour~blihy bp qnh~jnnp, p~`g bp zbq `qikidblp$ Ugn @odxnduiod blpo

sqoxienp hoq pokn xipb+hqnn uqbxnl hoq golenqp ohuqbxnl eo`~kndup ipp~ne ~denq ugn

òdxnduiod$ Endkbqfzbp ugn hiqpu pubun uo qbuihy ugn uqnbuy 'od 5 En`nkanq 29>1) bde ugnqn

bqn doz 25: pijdbuoqinp uo niugnq oq aoug ugn @odxnduiod bde Sqouoòl$

Ugn qnpnbq`g ip eixiene iduo ho~q pnùiodp$ Sbqu 2 òd`nqdp ugn nxolxidj qnh~jnn enhidiuiod bdepokn oh iup fny òd`nsu~bl nlnkndup, ziug `gbsunqp xbqio~ply òdpienqidj kbuunqp oh ugnoqy bp

znll bp m~qipsq~enduibl bde uqnbuy lbz enxnloskndup, aoug gipuoqi`bl bde `~qqndu$ Sbqup 1, 0 bde

5 bqn òd`nqdne ziug bpyl~k qnjiknp, id sbqui`~lbq ugn qolnp oh fny bùoqp id ugn qnh~jnn

eipò~qpn, ugn Ohhi`n oh ugn ^diune Dbuiodp Gijg @okkippiodnq hoq Qnh~jnnp '^DG@Q),

dbuiod pubunp, bde ugn nkaqyodi` qnjiodbl bpyl~k qnjikn oh ugn N~qosnbd ^diod$ Snqknbuidj

ugn lbuunq ugqnn sbqup ip ugn qnlbuiodpgis, bde poknuiknp ugn j~lh, anuznnd ugn qnbliuy oh

idpuiu~uiodbl bde pubun bùiod bde ugn qijgup oh qnh~jnnp$

Bde ugip qnpnbq`g ip bd idunqsqnubuiod oh ugn òdxnduiod qnlbuidj uo ugn pubu~p oh qnh~jnnp bde

ugn sqouoòl, po iu zill bdpznq ugnpn hollozidj r~npuiodp= zgo ip b qnh~jnn? Ip ugnqn bdy

idunqdbuiodbl sqounùiod hoq ugnk? Goz ip ugn sqounùiod ~denq ugip ugqnbu? Zgbu ip ugn lnjbl

Hqbknzoqf oh ugn Idunqdbuiodbl Qnh~jnn Sqounùiod Pypunk? G~kbd qijgup lbz bde qnh~jnn

lbz, goz ugny bqn qnlbune? Bde zgbu ip ugn qoln oh ^DG@Q?

____________________

1$ @odxnduiod bde sqouoòl qnlbuidj uo ugn pubu~p oh qnh~jnnp, ^DG@Q, ugn ^D qnh~jnn

bjnd`y$Jndnxb=133:, s$8$ Bsqil 1339[,bxbilbaln od=guus=//nd$zifisneib$oqj/zifi/@odxnduiod_Qnlbuidj_uo_ugn_Pubu~p_oh_Qnh~jnnp$
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_asylumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_Documenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952http://www.unhcr.org/cgihttp://www.unhcr.org/cgihttp://www.unhcr.org/cgihttp://www.unhcr.org/cgihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_Documenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_asylumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_convention


5/31

@gbsunq odn=idunqsqnubuiod oh ugn òdxnduiod

Sbqu odn= Ugn sqnbkaln

Ugn gijg òduqbùidj sbquinp,

@odpienqidj ugbu ugn @gbqunq oh ugn ^diune Dbuiodp bde ugn ^dixnqpbl En`lbqbuiod oh G~kbd

Qijgup bssqoxne od 23 En`nkanq 2957 ay ugn Jndnqbl Bppnkaly gbxn bhhiqkne ugn sqidìsln

ugbu g~kbd anidjp pgbll ndmoy h~debkndubl qijgup bde hqnneokp ziugo~u eip`qikidbuiod,

@odpienqidj ugbu ugn ^diune Dbuiodp gbp, od xbqio~p o``bpiodp, kbdihnpune iup sqoho~de

òd`nqd hoq qnh~jnnp bde ndenbxoqne uo bpp~qn qnh~jnnp ugn zienpu soppialn nwnqìpn oh ugnpn

h~debkndubl qijgup bde hqnneokp, @odpienqidj ugbu iu ip enpiqbaln uo qnxipn bde òdpoliebun

sqnxio~p idunqdbuiodbl bjqnnkndup qnlbuidj uo ugn pubu~p oh qnh~jnnp bde uo nwunde ugn pòsn oh

bde sqounùiod b`òqene ay p~`g idpuq~kndup ay knbdp oh b dnz bjqnnkndu,

@odpienqidj ugbu ugn jqbdu oh bpyl~k kby slb`n ~de~ly gnbxy a~qendp od `nqubid ò~duqinp,

bde ugbu b pbuiphbùoqy pol~uiod oh b sqoalnk oh zgi`g ugn ^diune Dbuiodp gbp qnòjdi}ne ugn

idunqdbuiodbl pòsn bde dbu~qn `bddou ugnqnhoqn an b`ginxne ziugo~u idunqdbuiodbl ò+

osnqbuiod,

Nwsqnppidj ugn zipg ugbu bll Pubunp, qnòjdi}idj ugn poìbl bde g~kbdiubqibd dbu~qn oh ugn

sqoalnk oh qnh~jnnp, zill eo nxnqyugidj ziugid ugniq soznq uo sqnxndu ugip sqoalnk hqok

anòkidj b `b~pn oh undpiod anuznnd Pubunp, Douidj ugbu ugn ^diune Dbuiodp Gijg

@okkippiodnq hoq Qnh~jnnp ip `gbqjne ziug ugn ubpf oh p~snqxipidj idunqdbuiodbl òdxnduiodpsqoxieidj hoq ugn sqounùiod oh qnh~jnnp, bde qnòjdi}idj ugbu ugn nhhnùixn ò+oqeidbuiod oh

knbp~qnp ubfnd uo enbl ziug ugip sqoalnk zill ensnde ~sod ugn ò+osnqbuiod oh Pubunp ziug ugn

Gijg @okkippiodnq$ Ugn @odxnduiodp Sqnbkaln pubunp iup bik bp bpp~qidj qnh~jnnp ugn

zienpusoppialn nwnqìpn oh h~debkndubl qijgup bde hqnneokp$ Ugn @odxnduiod zbp uo

npubalipg sqbùi`bl a~u ~dixnqpbl pubdebqep hoq ugn qijgup oh qnh~jnnp ugbu zndu anyode ugn

loznpu òkkod endokidbuoq, pid`n Viu zbp pbie[ b òdxnduiod zo~le gbqely an ~pnh~l ih iu

òdubidne odly ugn kidik~k b``nsubaln uo nxnqyodn$ Nbqly Jndnqbl Bppnkaly qnpol~uiodp

p~ssoqu iup ~denqlyidj g~kbd qijgup abpip, ziug bd nksgbpip od bppipuidj ugn kopu dnney,

bhhiqkidj abpi` sqidìslnp qnlbuidj uo pol~uiodp, bde qnòkkndeidj id`qnbpne sqounùiod

bùixiuinp$

________________________

2$ @odxnduiod bde sqouoòl qnlbuidj uo ugn pubu~p oh qnh~jnnp, ^DG@Q, ugn ^D qnh~jnn

bjnd`y$Jndnxb=133:$s$2>


6/31

Id ugip Sqnbkaln, ugn Qnh~jnn @odxnduiod sqoxienp b qnkidenq oh ugn sqidìsln ugbu bll g~kbd

anidjp pgbll ndmoy h~debkndubl qijgup bde hqnneokp ziugo~u eip`qikidbuiod$ Iu qnhnqp uo ugn

^dixnqpbl En`lbqbuiod oh G~kbd Qijgup bde ugn ^D @gbqunq, bde pubunp ugbu ugn ^D gbp, od

xbqio~p o``bpiodp, kbdihnpune iup sqoho~de od`nqd hoq qnh~jnnp bde ndenbxo~qne uo bpp~qn

qnh~jnnp ugn zienpu soppialn nwnqìpn oh ugnpn h~debkndubl qijgup bde hqnneokp$ Ugn

b`ginxnkndu oh nr~iubaln qnpsodpiailiuy+ bde a~qend+pgbqidj ip odn oh ugn piw joblp oh ugn

Bjndeb hoq Sqounùiodp sqojqbkkn oh bùiod$ Uo pgbqn a~qendp bde qnpsodpiailiuinp koqn

nr~iubaly ip dou odly b jobl6 iu ip blpo b `qopp+`~uuidj ugnkn oh ugn Bjndeb hoq Sqounùiod$

Ynu, zgnqnbp a~qend+pgbqidj bqj~baly `bd an enqixne hqok ugn Sqnbkaln uo ugn 29>2

@odxnduiod, ugn òdundu oh qnpsodpiailiuy id ugn unqk qnpsodpiailiuy+pgbqidj ip lnpp `lnbq$

Ugn Sqnbkaln uo ugn 29>2 @odxnduiod sqoxienp j~iebd`n bp uo ugn òdundu bde abpip oh ugn

òd`nsu oh a~qend+pgbqidj zgnd iu psnbfp oh ugn ~de~ly gnbxy a~qend 'nksgbpip beene) ugbu

jqbduidj bpyl~k slb`np od `nqubid ò~duqinp 'nksgbpip beene) bde ugn dnne hoq pubunp uo

ndjbjn id idunqdbuiodbl òosnqbuiod uo qnlinxn p~`g b a~qend$

Id oqenq uo bknlioqbun pokn oh ugn òd`nsu~bl iksqnìpiod p~qqo~deidj ugn òd`nsu oh

qnpsodpiailiuy+pgbqidj, hoq ugn s~qsopnp oh ugip sbsnq, qnpsodpiailiuy ip ubfnd uo knbd b

pubunp lnjbl qnpsodpiailiuy uo bekiu bde sqounù qnh~jnnp$ Qnpsodpiailiuy+pgbqidj ip nr~bune

ziug a~qend+pgbqidj$ Bkdnpuy Idunqdbuiodbl anlinxnp ugbu iu ip iksoqubdu uo kbfn ugip

eipuidùiod an`b~pn ugn lnjbl `gbqbùnq oh pubunp qnpsodpiailiuinp uozbqep qnh~jnnp ip

dn`nppbqily eihhnqndu uo ugn lnjbl `gbqbùnq oh pubunp ndjbjnkndu ziug odn bdougnq 'id

idunqdbuiodbl òosnqbuiod) hoq ugn s~qsopnp oh pgbqidj zgbu ugn Qnh~jnn @odxnduiod enp`qianp

bp a~qendp$Dn`nppbqily, ugn lbuunq oalijbuiod k~pu kbidubid ugn `nduqbliuy oh qnh~jnn

sqounùiod bde an nwnqìpne id b kbddnq zgi`g ip òdpipundu ziug bde idenne sqokounp pubunqnpsodpiailiuy uo sqounù qnh~jnnp$

Koqnoxnq, bqqbdjnkndup k~pu an òdpipundu ziug idunqdbuiodbl sqounùiod bde g~kbd qijgup

oalijbuiodp oh sbqudnqp$ Bqqbdjnkndup k~pu an id b`òqebd`n ziug ugn sqounùiod kbdebunp

bde g~kbd qijgup qnpsodpiailiuinp oh idunq+joxnqdkndubl oqjbdi}buiodp, idunqdbuiodbl bjndìnp,

dod+joxnqdkndubl oqjbdi}buiodp oq ougnq dod+pubun bùoqp$ Bqqbdjnkndup pgo~le, bp dn`nppbqy,

npubalipg kn`gbdipkp uo blloz ideixie~blp uo p~akiu òkslbidup bde pnnf qnkneinp hoq g~kbd

qijgup ba~pnp snqsnuqbune ay p~`g bùoqp$

_________________________

0$ ^DG@Qp Hoq~k ( Nwn`~uixn @okkiuunn Abpi` g~kbd qijgup sqidìslnpqnsopiuoqy$hoq`nekijqbuiod$oqj/unwu/?sie;hko=5115 + 25f +$


7/31

Sbqu uzo= bqui`ln 2 uo28 Jndnqbl sqoxipiodp bde ugn m~qiei`bl

pubu~p oh qnh~jnnp

Zgo ip b qnh~jnn?

B`òqeidj uo ugn 29>2 @odxnduiod qnlbuidj uo ugn Pubu~p oh Qnh~jnnp, b qnh~jnn ip poknodn

zgo= Gbp b znll+ho~dene hnbq oh snqpn`~uiod an`b~pn oh gip/gnq

+ Qb`n,

+ Qnlijiod,

+ Dbuiodbliuy,

+ Knkanqpgis id b sbqui`~lbq poìbl jqo~s, oq Soliui`bl osidiod$

Ip o~upien gip/gnq ò~duqy oh oqijid6 bde ip ~dbaln oq ~dzillidj uo bxbil gik/gnq oh ugn

sqounùiod oh ugbu ò~duqy, oq uo Qnu~qd ugnqn, hoq hnbq oh snqpn`~uiod$

Ugn `nduqbl r~npuiod oh zgbu iu knbdp uo an snqpn`~une hoq qnbpodp oh qb`n, qnlijiod,

dbuiodbliuy, knkanqpgis id b sbqui`~lbq poìbl jqo~s, oq soliui`bl osidiod qnkbidp, goznxnq, b

òdunpune odn$ Zgbu eonp iu knbd uo an snqpn`~une bde ugbu ugn snqpn`~uiod an hoq qnbpodp

oh qb`n, qnlijiod, dbuiodbliuy, knkanqpgis oh b sbqui`~lbq poìbl jqo~s oq soliui`bl osidiod?

Ugn bqui`ln2 nwbkidnp aqinhly ugn unwu~bl knbdidj bde ugn eqbhuidj gipuoqy oh ugn qnh~jnn

enhidiuiod$ Id pgoqu, k~`g oh ugn nxiend`n hqok ugn eqbhuidj sqo`npp ip òdpipundu ziug ugn

òd`l~piod ugbu ugn sgqbpn hoq qnbpodp oh qb`n, qnlijiod, dbuiodbliuy, knkanqpgis oh b

sbqui`~lbq poìbl jqo~s oq soliui`bl osidiod zbp anlinxne uo bee knbdidj uo, oq idenne uo

r~blihy, ugn òd`nsu oh snqpn`~uiod$

Ugn @odxnduiod qnòjdi}np id Bqui`ln I, ugbu b snqpod hbllidj ~denq ugn unqkp oh pnùiod B,

zill an Dou òxnqne ay ugn @odxnduiod id ugn nxndu ugbu= '2) Gn gbp xol~dubqily qn+bxbilne

gikpnlh oh ugn sqounùiod oh ugn ò~duqy oh gip dbuiodbliuy6 oq '1) Gbxidj lopu gip dbuiodbliuy,

gn gbp xol~dubqily qnb`r~iqne iu6 oq '0) Gn gbp b`r~iqne b dnz dbuiodbliuy, bde ndmoyp ugn

sqounùiod oh ugn ò~duqy oh gip dnz dbuiodbliuy6 oq '5) Gn gbp xol~dubqily qn+npubalipgne

gikpnlh id ugn ò~duqy zgi`g gn lnhu oq o~upien zgi`g gn qnkbidne ozidj uo hnbq oh

snqpn`~uiod6 oq '>) Gn `bd do lodjnq, an`b~pn ugn ìq`~kpubd`np id òddnùiod ziug zgi`g gngbp annd qnòjdi}ne bp b qnh~jnn gbxn `nbpne uo nwipu, òduid~n uo qnh~pn uo bxbil gikpnlh oh

ugn sqounùiod oh ugn ò~duqy oh gip dbuiodbliuy$

__________________________

2$ F, Mbpuqbk, bde K$ B`giqod, Qnh~jnn sqounùiod= b j~ien uo idunqdbuiodbl qnh~jnn lbz$

Jndnxb= ugn Idunq+Sbqlibkndubqy ^diod, 1332, s$9$

1$H, Di`golpodbde S$ Uzokny, Qnh~jnn Qijgup bde Qnbliuinp Nxolxidj Idunqdbuiodbl@od`nsup bde Qnjiknp$ Dnz Yoqf =@bkaqiejn dixnqpiuy Sqnpp, 2999, s$27$


8/31

Id beeiuiod, Anidj b snqpod zgo gbp do dbuiodbliuy, an`b~pn ugn ìq`~kpubd`np id òddnùiod

ziug zgi`g gn gbp annd qnòjdi}ne bp b qnh~jnn gbxn `nbpne uo nwipu, baln uo qnu~qd uo ugn

ò~duqy oh gip hoqknq gbaiu~bl qnpiend`n6 bde $ Ugn @odxnduiod pgbll dou bssly niugnq uo

snqpodp zgo bqn bu sqnpndu qn`nixidj hqok oqjbdp oq bjndìnp oh ugn ^diune Dbuiodp ougnq ugbd

ugn ^diune Dbuiodp Gijg @okkippiodnq hoq Qnh~jnnp sqounùiod oq bppipubd`n$ Anpienp ugn

snqpod zgo ip qnòjdi}ne ay ugn òksnundu b~ugoqiuinp oh ugn ò~duqy id zgi`g gn gbp ubfnd

qnpiend`n bp gbxidj ugn qijgup bde oalijbuiodp zgi`g bqn buub`gne uo ugn soppnppiod oh ugn

dbuiodbliuy oh ugbu ò~duqy$ Bde zgbu ip blpo `lnbq ip ugbu ugip òdxnduiod zgi`g zn bqn

idunqsqnuidj eonp dou sqounù snqpodp,uo zgok ugnqn bqn pnqio~p qnbpodp hoq òdpienqidj ugbu =

Gn gbp òkkiuune b `qikn bjbidpu snb`n, b zbq `qikn, oq b `qikn bjbidpu g~kbdiuy, bp enhidne

id ugn idunqdbuiodbl idpuq~kndup eqbzd ~s uo kbfn sqoxipiod id qnpsnù oh p~`g `qiknp6 'a) Gn

gbp òkkiuune b pnqio~p dod+soliui`bl `qikn o~upien ugn ò~duqy oh qnh~jn sqioq uo gip

bekippiod uo ugbu ò~duqy bp b qnh~jnn6 '`) Gn gbp annd j~iluy oh bùp òduqbqy uo ugn s~qsopnp

bde sqidìslnp oh ugn ^diune Dbuiodp$ 'bqui`ln 2 sbqbjqbsg H)$

Zgbu ip aideidj od ugn qnh~jnn ip ugbu gn gbp e~uinp uo ugn ò~duqy id zgi`g gn hidep gikpnlh,

zgi`g qnr~iqn id sbqui`~lbq ugbu gn òdhoqk uo iup lbzp bde qnj~lbuiodp bp znll bp uo knbp~qnp

ubfnd hoq ugn kbidundbd`n oh s~ali` oqenq,qnh~jnnp bqn qnr~iqne uo qnpsnù ugn lbzp bdeqnj~lbuiodp oh ugniq ò~duqy oh bpyl~k, Ziug qnjbqe uo ugn sqounùiod bde j~bqbdunne ay ugip

@odxnduiod uo qnh~jnnp ip ugbu ugn òduqbùidj pubunp pgbllbssly ugn sqoxipiodp oh ugip

@odxnduiod uo qnh~jnnp ziugo~u eip`qikidbuiod bp uo qb`n, qnlijiod oq ò~duqy oh oqijid,

knduiodne id bqui`ln 0 $

Bde b`òqe uo qnh~jnnp ziugid ugniq unqqiuoqinp uqnbukndu bu lnbpu bp hbxo~qbaln bp ugbu b`òqene

uo ugniq dbuiodblp ziug qnpsnù uo hqnneok uo sqbùipn ugniq qnlijiod bde hqnneok bp qnjbqep ugnqnlijio~p ne~`buiod oh ugniq `gileqnd zgi`g knbd ugn hqnneok oh qnlijiod knduiodne id bqui`ln5

Goznxnq, ugn òduqbùidj pubun, id b nw`nsuiodblly uikn p~`g bp uikn oh zbq bde ougnq jqbxn

ubfnp sqoxipiodblly knbp~qnp zgi`g iu òdpienqp uo an nppnduibl uo ugn dbuiodbl pn`~qiuy id ugn

`bpn oh b sbqui`~lbq snqpod, sndeidj b enunqkidbuiod ay ugn @oduqbùidj Pubun ugbu ugbu snqpod

ip id hbù b qnh~jnn, bde ugip ip knduiodne id bqui`ln 9, bde bll qnh~jnnp k~pu an jqbdune ienduiuy

sbsnqp bde uqbxnl eo`~kndup ugbu blloz ugnk uo uqbxnl o~upien ugn ò~duqy knduiodne id bqui`ln

21$

Ougnqzipn, ugn òduqbùidj pubun pgbll sqounù ugn ide~puqibl sqosnquy p~`g bp idxnduiodp,

enpijdp oq koenlp bquipui` bde pìnduihi` zoqfpnu`, ugn pbkn bp iu ip b`òqene uo ugn dbuiodbl

oh ugbu ò~duqy, knduiodne id bqui`ln 25$

_____________________

0$ @odxnduiod qnlbuidj uo ugn pubu~p oh qnh~jnnp,


9/31

Ugn 29>2 @odxnduiod qnlbuidj uo ugn Pubu~p oh Qnh~jnnp enubilp qnh~jnnp qijgup$ Blugo~jg

pokn qnh~jnn qijgup kby an qnpuqiùne ~denq `nqubid ìq`~kpubd`np, pokn oh ugn iksoqubdu

qijgup pnu o~u id ugn @odxnduiod id`l~en = ugn qijgu oh bppoìbuiod òd`nqdidj dod+soliui`bl bdedod+sqohiu+kbfidj bppoìbuiodp bde uqben ~diodp bde ugip ip knduiodne id bqui`ln 2>$

Anpienp, ugn qnh~jnn pgbll gbxn hqnn b``npp uo ugn ò~qu oh lbz od ugn unqqiuoqy oh bll

òduqbùidj pubunp id`l~eidj lnjbl bppipubd`n$ 'Bqui`ln 28)$5

________________

5$Iaie$, bqui`lnp 2> bde 28$


10/31

Sbqu ugqnn=bqui`ln 2: uo 15 Jbidh~l nksloykndu bde znlhbqn

Id bqui`ln 2: iu ip knduiodne ugbu b qnh~jnn gbp ugn qijgu uo zoqf ziugid ugn unqqiuoqy oh ugn

òduqbùidj pubunp bde pgbll uqnbu ugn qnh~jnnp bp ugn dbuiodblp oh ugbu pubunp bp qnjbqep ugn qijgu

uo ndjbjn id zbjn+nbqdidj nksloykndu$

2$ Ugn @oduqbùidj Pubunp pgbll b`òqe uo qnh~jnnp lbzh~lly pubyidj id ugniq unqqiuoqy ugn kopu

hbxo~qbaln uqnbukndu b`òqene uo dbuiodblp oh b hoqnijd ò~duqy id ugn pbkn ìq`~kpubd`np, bp

qnjbqep ugn qijgu uo ndjbjn id zbjn+nbqdidj nksloykndu$ $ Id bdy `bpn, qnpuqiùixn knbp~qnp

iksopne od ugn nksloykndu oh blindp hoq ugn sqounùiod oh ugn dbuiodbl lbao~q kbqfnu pgbll dou

an bssline uo b qnh~jnn zgo zbp blqnbey nwnksu hqok ugnk bu ugn ebun oh nduqy iduo hoq`n$

Bu ugn pbkn uikn, ugn @oduqbùidj Pubunp pgbll ndp~qn hqnneok oh sqixbun bde pnlh+nksloykndu

uo ugn qnh~jnnp id`l~eidj ugn qijgu uo npubalipg òkknqìbl bde ide~puqibl òksbdinp$

koqnoxnq ugn qnh~jnnp zgo gole eislokbp qnòjdi}ne ay ugn òksnundu b~ugoqiuinp oh ugbuPubun, bde zgo bqn enpiqo~p oh sqbùiìdj b lianqbl sqohnppiod, uqnbukndu bp hbxo~qbaln bp

soppialn bde, id bdy nxndu, dou lnpp hbxo~qbaln ugbd ugbu b`òqene uo blindp jndnqblly id ugn

pbkn ìq`~kpubd`np$ b`òqeidj uo ugn bqui`ln 27 bde 29$

1$ Ugn òdxnduiod enubilne ugn qijgu uo go~pidj hoq qnh~jnnp bde ugn lbzh~lly pubyidj id ugniq

unqqiuoqy oh ugn òduqbùidj pubunp bp hbxo~qbaln bp soppialn, b`òqeidj uo bqui`ln 12$

Anpienp ugn òdxnduiod j~bqbdunne ugn qijgu uo ne~`buiod kbidly ugn pbkn uqnbukndu bp ip

b`òqene uo dbuiodblp ziug qnpsnù uo nlnkndubqy ne~`buiod$ Ougnq ugbd nlnkndubqy ne~`buiod

bde, id sbqui`~lbq, bp qnjbqep b``npp uo pu~einp, ugn qnòjdiuiod oh hoqnijd p`gool `nquihi`bunp,eislokbp bde enjqnnp, ugn qnkippiod oh hnnp bde `gbqjnp bde ugn bzbqe oh p`golbqpgisp$

B`òqeidj uo bqui`ln 11$

Ugn qijgu uo s~ali` qnlinh bde bppipubd`n zgi`g ip doune id bqui`ln 10 ugbu b`òqe uo qnh~jnnp

lbzh~lly pubyidj id ugn òduqbùidj pubunp unqqiuoqy ugn pbkn uqnbukndu ziug qnpsnù uo s~ali`

qnlinh bde bppipubd`n bp ip b`òqene uo ugniq dbuiodblp$

Id bqui`ln 15 iu ip knduiodne ugbu Ugn @oduqbùidj Pubunp pgbll b`òqe uo qnh~jnnp lbzh~lly

pubyidj id ugniq unqqiuoqy ugn pbkn uqnbukndu bp ip b`òqene uo dbuiodblp id qnpsnù oh ugn

hollozidj kbuunqp6 'b) Id po hbq bp p~`g kbuunqp bqn joxnqdne ay lbzp oq qnj~lbuiodp oq bqnp~amnù uo ugn òduqol oh bekidipuqbuixn b~ugoqiuinp= qnk~dnqbuiod, id`l~eidj hbkily bllozbd`np

zgnqn ugnpn hoqk sbqu oh qnk~dnqbuiod, go~qp oh zoqf, oxnquikn bqqbdjnkndup, goliebyp ziug

sby, qnpuqiùiodp od gokn zoqf, kidik~k bjn oh nksloykndu, bssqndui`npgis bde uqbididj,

zoknd*p zoqf bde ugn zoqf oh yo~dj snqpodp, bde ugn ndmoykndu oh ugn andnhiup oh òllnùixn

abqjbididj6 'a) Poìbl pn`~qiuy 'lnjbl sqoxipiodp id qnpsnù oh nksloykndu idm~qy, o``~sbuiodbl

eipnbpnp, kbunqdiuy, pi`fdnpp, eipbailiuy, ole bjn, enbug, ~dnksloykndu, hbkily qnpsodpiailiuinp

bde bdy ougnq òduidjnd`y zgi`g, b`òqeidj uo dbuiodbl lbzp oq qnj~lbuiodp, ip òxnqne ay b

poìbl pn`~qiuy p`gnkn), p~amnù uo ugn hollozidj likiubuiodp=

'i) Ugnqn kby an bssqosqibun bqqbdjnkndup hoq ugn kbidundbd`n oh b`r~iqne qijgup bde qijgupid ò~qpn oh b`r~ipiuiod6


11/31

'ii) Dbuiodbl lbzp oq qnj~lbuiodp oh ugn ò~duqy oh qnpiend`n kby sqnp`qian psnìbl

bqqbdjnkndup òd`nqdidj andnhiup oq soquiodp oh andnhiup zgi`g bqn sbybaln zgolly o~u oh

s~ali` h~dep, bde òd`nqdidj bllozbd`np sbie uo snqpodp zgo eo dou h~lhil ugn òduqia~uiod

òdeiuiodp sqnp`qiane hoq ugn bzbqe oh b doqkbl sndpiod$

1$ Ugn qijgu uo òksndpbuiod hoq ugn enbug oh b qnh~jnn qnp~luidj hqok nksloykndu idm~qy oq

hqok o``~sbuiodbl eipnbpn pgbll dou an bhhnùne ay ugn hbù ugbu ugn qnpiend`n oh ugn andnhiìbqy

ip o~upien ugn unqqiuoqy oh ugn @oduqbùidj Pubun$

Zgi`g knbd ugbu @o~duqinp ugbu gbxn qbuihine ugn Qnh~jnn @odxnduiod bqn oalijne uo sqounù

qnh~jnnp od ugniq unqqiuoqy b`òqeidj uo iup unqkp$

_______________________



12/31

Sbqu ho~q=bqui`ln 1> uo 0: bekidipuqbuixn knbp~qnp bdeugn nwn`~ubqy, uqbdpiuoqy sqoxipiodp

Zgnd ugn nwnqìpn oh b qijgu ay b qnh~jnn zo~le doqkblly qnr~iqn ugn bppipubd`n oh b~ugoqiuinp

oh b hoqnijd ò~duqy uo zgok gn `bddou gbxn qnò~qpn, ugn @oduqbùidj Pubunp id zgopn

unqqiuoqy gn ip qnpieidj pgbll bqqbdjn ugbu p~`g bppipubd`n an bhhoqene uo gik ay ugniq ozd

b~ugoqiuinp oq ay bd idunqdbuiodbl b~ugoqiuy$ Ugny pgbll enlixnq oq `b~pn uo an enlixnqne ~denq

ugniq p~snqxipiod uo qnh~jnnp p~`g eo`~kndup oq `nquihi`buiodp bp zo~le doqkblly an enlixnqne

uo blindp ay oq ugqo~jg ugniq dbuiodbl b~ugoqiuinp, bp knduiodne id bqui`ln 1>$ Ugip knbdp ugbu

nxnqy qnh~jnn gbp ugn qijgu uo bd bekidipuqbuixn bppipubd`n$ Id bqui`ln 18 iu pbyp ugbu nxnqy

qnh~jnn gbp b qijgu oh hqnneok oh koxnkndu ziugid ugn unqqiuoqy bde uo `goopn ugn slb`n oh

qnpiend`n$

Hoq ugn qnh~jnnp ugbu ugny eo dou gbxn b uqbxnl eo`~kndu ,iu ip ugn qnpsodpiailiuy oh ugnòduqbùidj pubunp uo ipp~n uo qnh~jnnp b uqbxnl eo`~kndu hoq ugn s~qsopn oh uqbxnl o~upien ugniq

unqqiuoqy, ~dlnpp òksnllidj qnbpodp oh dbuiodbl pn`~qiuy oq ugn s~ali` oqenq, knduiodne id

bqui`ln 17$

Id ougnq zby, òduqbùidj pubunp pgbll dou iksopn oq qnr~iqn hqok qnh~jnnp uo sby ubwnp oq uo

iksopn e~uinp oh bdy enp`qisuiod, ougnq oq gijgnq ugbd ugopn zgi`g kby an lnxine od ugniq

dbuiodblp id pikilbq ìq`~kpubd`np, bde ugip ip b`òqeidj uo bqui`ln 19$ Hoq ugn sqosnquinp oh

qnh~jnnp, ugn @oduqbùidj Pubun pgbll, id òdhoqkiuy ziug iup lbzp bde qnj~lbuiodp, snqkiu

qnh~jnnp uo uqbdphnq bppnup zgi`g ugny gbxn aqo~jgu iduo iup unqqiuoqy, uo bdougnq ò~duqy zgnqn

ugny gbxn annd bekiuune hoq ugn s~qsopnp oh qnpnuulnkndu$'bqui`ln 03)$ Oaxio~ply, ugnm~qiei`bl pubu~p oh qnh~jnnp npsnìblly zgnd ugny bqn id bd ~dlbzh~lly piu~buiod, Ugn

@oduqbùidj Pubunp pgbll dou iksopn sndbluinp, od b`ò~du oh ugniq illnjbl nduqy oq sqnpnd`n, od

qnh~jnnp zgo, òkidj eiqnùly hqok b unqqiuoqy zgnqn ugniq lihn oq hqnneok zbp ugqnbundne id

ugn pndpn oh bqui`ln 2, ndunq oq bqn sqnpndu id ugniq unqqiuoqy ziugo~u b~ugoqi}buiod, sqoxiene

ugny sqnpndu ugnkpnlxnp ziugo~u enlby uo ugn b~ugoqiuinp bde pgoz jooe `b~pn hoq ugniq illnjbl

nduqy oq sqnpnd`n bde pgbll dou bssly uo ugn koxnkndup oh p~`g qnh~jnnp qnpuqiùiodp ougnq

ugbd ugopn zgi`g bqn dn`nppbqy bde p~`g qnpuqiùiodp pgbll odly an bssline ~duil ugniq pubu~p id

ugn ò~duqy ip qnj~lbqi}ne oq ugny oaubid bekippiod iduo bdougnq ò~duqy oq hbìliuinp uo oaubid

bekippiod iduo bdougnq ò~duqy$'bqui`ln 02)

Ugn qijgu dou uo an nwsnllne hqok b ò~duqy V~dlnpp ugn qnh~jnn sopnp b ugqnbu uo dbuiodbl

pn`~qiuy oq ugn s~ali` oqenq[ugnqnh~jnn pgbll an bllozne uo p~akiu nxiend`n uo `lnbq gikpnlh,

bde uo an qnsqnpndune hoq ugn s~qsopn anhoqn òksnundu b~ugoqiuy oq b snqpod oq snqpodp

psnìblly enpijdbune ay ugn òksnundu b~ugoqiuy$ 'Bqui`ln 01)$

________________________



13/31

Ugn kopu iksoqubdu qijgu enubilne id ugn @odxnduiod ip ugn qijgu uo an sqounùne bjbidpu

hoqìaln qnu~qd, oqqnho~lnkndu, uo ugn unqqiuoqy hqok zgi`g ugn qnh~jnn gbe hlne$ Ugn

@odxnduiod puis~lbunp ugbu$$$Do @oduqbùidj Pubun pgbll nwsnl oq qnu~qd 'qnho~lnq) bqnh~jnn id bdy kbddnq zgbuponxnq uo ugn hqoduinqp oh unqqiuoqinp zgnqn gip lihn oq

hqnneok zo~le an ugqnbundne od b`ò~du oh gip qb`n, qnlijiod, dbuiodbliuy, knkanqpgis

oh b sbqui`~lbq poìbl jqo~s oq soliui`bl osidiod 'Bqui`ln 00)$

Qnho~lnknduip blpo nwsliìuly sqogiaiune id b d~kanq oh ougnq eo`~kndup, id`l~eidj ugn

^diune Dbuiodp @odxnduiod bjbidpu Uoqu~qn bde ougnq @q~nl, Idg~kbd oq Enjqbeidj Uqnbukndu

oq S~dipgkndu 'Bqui`ln 0), ugn ^diune Dbuiodp En`lbqbuiod od ugn Sqounùiod oh Bll Snqpodp

hqok Ndhoq`ne Eipbssnbqbd`n 'Bqui`ln 7), bde ugn ^diune Dbuiodp Sqidìslnp od ugn Nhhnùixn

Sqnxnduiod bde Idxnpuijbuiod oh Nwuqb+Lnjbl, Bqaiuqbqy bde P~kkbqy Nwn`~uiodp 'Sqidìsln

Id hbù, iu ip zienly b``nsune ugbu ugn sqogiaiuiod ohqnho~lnkndu ip sbqu oh `~puokbqy

idunqdbuiodbl lbz$ Ugbu knbdp ugbu bll Pubunp k~pu qnpsnù ugn sqidìsln ohdod+qnho~lnkndu,

nxnd ih ugny bqn dou sbquy uo ugn 29>2 Qnh~jnn @odxnduiod$

Goznxnq, ih ugn qnh~jnn òdpuiu~unp b ebdjnq uo ugn òkk~diuy oh ugbu ò~duqy oq gn/pgn gbp

annd òdxiùne ay b hidbl m~ejkndu oh b pnqo~p `qikn$ Id ugbu `bpn ugn òduqbùidj pubun gbp ugn

qijgu uo nwsnl ugn qnh~jnn$

Bao~u ugn dbu~qbli}buiod, ugn qnh~jnn gbp ugn qijgu b`òqeidj uo ugn bqui`ln 05 knduiodne id ugn

òdxnduiod, uo gbxn b dbuiodbliuy id ugn òduqbùidj pubun zgi`g gn hidep gikpnlh id, bde ugn

òduqbùidj pubunp pgbll kbfn nxnqy nhhoqu uo nwsneiun dbu~qbli}buiod bde uo qne~`n bp hbq bp

soppialn ugn gbqjnp oh p~`g sqo`nneidjp$

Ugn òduqbùidj pubunp pgo~le òosnqbun ziug ugn ^diune Dbuiodp gijg òkkippiodnq hoq

qnh~jnnp oq bdy ougnq bjnd`y oh ugn ^diune Dbuiodp, id oqenq uo nwnqìpn oh iup h~dùiodp bde uo

hbìliubun iup e~uy oh p~snqxipidj ugn bssli`buiod oh ugn sqoxipiodp oh ugip òdxnduiod, bde uo jnu

ugn pubuipui`bl ebub qnr~npune òd`nqdidj= ugn òdeiuiod oh qnh~jnnp, ugn ikslnkndubuiod oh ugip

òdxnduiod bde lbzp, zgi`g bqn qnlbuidj uo qnh~jnnp 'bqui`ln 0>)$

Bde uo òkk~di`bun uo ugn Pn`qnubqy+Jndnqbl oh ugn ^diune Dbuiodp ugn lbzp bde qnj~lbuiodp

zgi`g ugny kby beosu uo ndp~qn ugn bssli`buiod oh ugip @odxnduiod$'bqui`ln 08)$

______________________

1$Sqounùidj Qnh~jnnp= B Hinle J~ien hoq DJOp, ^DG@GQ$zzz$~dg`q$oq$ms/sqounù/seh/SqounùidjQnh~jnnp+HinleJ~ienhoqDJOp $seh

0$ iaie$ 'bqui`ln 01 uo 08)$


14/31

Sbqu hixn= bqui`ln 07 uo 58Hidbl `lb~pnpBao~u ugn pnuulnkndu oh eips~unp anuznnd Sbquinp uo ugip @odxnduiod qnlbuidj uo iup

idunqsqnubuiod oq bssli`buiod, zgi`g `bddou an pnuulne ay ougnq knbdp, pgbll an qnhnqqne uo ugn

Idunqdbuiodbl @o~qu oh M~pui`n bu ugn qnr~npu oh bdy odn oh ugn sbquinp uo ugn eips~un $anpienp ugn

knbp~qnp oh pijdbu~qn, qbuihi`buiod bde b``nppiod,pgbll an osnd hoq pijdbu~qn od angblh oh bll

Pubunp Knkanqp oh ugn ^diune Dbuiodp, bde blpo ugn b``nppiod pgbll an nhhnùne ay ugn ensopiu

oh bd idpuq~kndu oh b``nppiod ziug ugn Pn`qnubqy+Jndnqbl oh ugn ^diune Dbuiodp$ 'bqui`ln 07 uo

09)$

Od ugn ougnq gbde, Bdy Pubun kby, bu ugn uikn oh pijdbu~qn, qbuihi`buiod oq b``nppiod, en`lbqn

ugbu ugip @odxnduiod pgbll nwunde uo bll oq bdy oh ugn unqqiuoqinp hoq ugn idunqdbuiodbl qnlbuiodp

oh zgi`g iu ip qnpsodpialn$ 'Bqui`ln 53)$

Id ugn `bpn oh b Hnenqbl oq dod+~diubqy Pubun, ugn òduqbùidj pubqu ip ao~de uo ubfn lnjiplbuixn

bùiod id oqenq uo ndp~qn sqbùi`n oh ugn Hnenqbuiod bde iup òdpuiu~ndu ~diup id qnjbqe uo bdy

sbqui`~lbq sqoxipiod oh ugn @odxnduiod$ 'Bqui`ln 52)$

$ Bu ugn uikn oh pijdbu~qn, qbuihi`buiod oq b``nppiod, bdy Pubun kby kbfn qnpnqxbuiodp uo

bqui`lnp oh ugn @odxnduiod ougnq ugbd uo bqui`lnp 2, 0, 5, 28 '2), 00, 08+58 id`l~pixn$ Bde bdy

Pubun kbfidj b qnpnqxbuiod id b`òqebd`n ziug sbqbjqbsg I oh ugip bqui`ln kby bu bdy uikn

ziugeqbz ugn qnpnqxbuiod ay b òkk~di`buiod uo ugbu nhhnù beeqnppne uo ugn Pn`qnubqy+

Jndnqbl oh ugn ^diune Dbuiodp$ B`òqeidj uo ugn bqui`ln 51$ Ugip òdxnduiod zbp ndunqne uo

hoq`n id= 11bsqil 29>5, id b`òqebd`n ziug bqui`ln 50$ Zgi`g ip enubilne ugbu Hoq nb`g Pubun

qbuihyidj oq b``neidj uo ugn @odxnduiod bhunq ugn ensopiu oh ugn piwug idpuq~kndu oh qbuihi`buiod

oq b``nppiod, ugn @odxnduiod pgbll ndunq iduo hoq`n od ugn didnuinug eby hollozidj ugn ebun oh

ensopiu ay p~`g Pubun oh iup idpuq~kndu oh qbuihi`buiod oq b``nppiod$

Bdy @oduqbùidj Pubun kby endo~d`n ugip @odxnduiod bu bdy uikn ay b douihi`buiod beeqnppne

uo ugn Pn`qnubqy+Jndnqbl oh ugn ^diune Dbuiodp, bde kby qnr~npu qnxipiod oh ugip @odxnduiod

bu bdy uikn ay b douihi`buiod beeqnppne uo ugn Pn`qnubqy+Jndnqbl oh ugn ^diune Dbuiodp id

b`òqebd`n ziug bqui`ln 55 ( 5>$ Ugn Pn`qnubqy+Jndnqbl oh ugn ^diune Dbuiodp pgbll idhoqk bll

Knkanqp oh ugn ^diune Dbuiodp bde dod+knkanq Pubunp qnhnqqne uo id bqui`ln 09=

'b) Oh en`lbqbuiodp bde douihi`buiodp id b`òqebd`n ziug pnùiod A oh bqui`ln 26

'a) Oh pijdbu~qnp, qbuihi`buiodp bde b``nppiodp id b`òqebd`n ziug bqui`ln 096

'`) Oh en`lbqbuiodp bde douihi`buiodp id b`òqebd`n ziug bqui`ln 536

'e) Oh qnpnqxbuiodp bde ziugeqbzblp id b`òqebd`n ziug bqui`ln 516

'n) Oh ugn ebun od zgi`g ugip @odxnduiod zill òkn iduo hoq`n id b`òqebd`n ziug bqui`ln 506

'h) Oh end~dìbuiodp bde douihi`buiodp id b`òqebd`n ziug bqui`ln 556


15/31

'j) Oh qnr~npup hoq qnxipiod id b`òqebd`n ziug bqui`ln 5>$

Zgi`g knbd ugbu ugn pn`qnubqy jndnqbl oh ugn ^diune Dbuiodp k~pu douihy ugn òduqbùidj pubunp

bao~u ugip sqo`ne~qnp$

________________________



16/31

@gbsunq uzo= b aqinh oxnqxinz oh ugn sqouoòl

Sbqu odn=ugn sqnbkaln

Ugn Sqouoòl zbp ubfnd doun oh ziug bssqoxbl ay ugn Nòdoki` bde Poìbl @o~dìl idqnpol~uiod 2278 'WLI) oh 27 Doxnkanq 2988 bde zbp ubfnd doun oh ay ugn Jndnqbl Bppnkaly

id qnpol~uiod 1297 'WWI) oh 28 En`nkanq 2988$ Id ugn pbkn qnpol~uiod ugn Jndnqbl Bppnkaly

qnr~npune ugn Pn`qnubqy+Jndnqbl uo uqbdpkiu ugn unwu oh ugn Sqouoòl uo ugn Pubunp knduiodne id

bqui`ln X ugnqnoh, ziug b xinz uo ndbalidj ugnk uo b``nen uo ugn Sqouoòl

nduqy iduo hoq`n 5 Oùoanq 298:, id b`òqebd`n ziug bqui`ln XIII

Ugn Pubunp Sbquinp uo ugn sqnpndu Sqouoòl,

@odpienqidj ugbu ugn @odxnduiod qnlbuidj uo ugn Pubu~p oh Qnh~jnnp eodn bu Jndnxb od 17 M~ly

29>2 'gnqnidbhunq qnhnqqne bp uo @odxnduiod) òxnqp odly ugopn snqpodp zgo gbxn anòknqnh~jnnp bp b qnp~lu oh nxndup o``~qqidj anhoqn ugn I Mbd~bqy 29>2,

@odpienqidj ugbu dnz qnh~jnn piu~buiodp gbxn bqipnd pid`n ugn @odxnduiod zbp beosune bde

ugbu ugn qnh~jnnp òd`nqdne kby ugnqnhoqn dou hbll ziugid ugn pòsn oh ugn @odxnduiod,

@odpienqidj ugbu iu ip enpiqbaln ugbu nr~bl pubu~p pgo~le an ndmoyne ay bll qnh~jnnp òxnqne ay

ugn enhidiuiod id ugn @odxnduiod iqqnpsnùixn oh ugn ebunlidn I Mbd~bqy 29>2$

Ugip knbdp ugbu Ugn 298: Qnh~jnn Sqouoòl ip idensndendu oh, ugo~jg idunjqblly qnlbune uo,

ugn 29>2 @odxnduiod$ Ugn Sqouoòl lihup ugn uikn bde jnojqbsgi` likiup ho~de id ugn

@odxnduiodp qnh~jnn enhidiuiod

Iu qnkoxnp ugn uikn likiubuiodp zqiuund iduo ugn oqijidbl @odxnduiod ~denq zgi`g hoq ugn kopu

sbqu odly N~qosnbdp idxolxne id nxndup o``~qqidj anhoqn 2 Mbd~bqy 29>2, ò~le bssly hoq

qnh~jnn pubu~p$ Bp b qnp~lu iu u~qdne ugn @odxnduiod iduo b uq~ly ~dixnqpbl idpuq~kndu ugbu ò~le

andnhiu qnh~jnnp nxnqyzgnqn$ Ugqnn+r~bqunqp oh ugn zoqlep pubunp gbxn pijdne ~s uo aoug ugn

29>2 @odxnduiod bde iup Sqouoòl$

__________________________

2$ Sqouoòl qnlbuidj uo ugn pubu~p oh qnh~jnnp,

guus=//zzz$~dg`gq$`g/gukl/knd~0/a/o_s_qnh$guk'sqnbkaln)$


Jndnxb= ugn Idunq+Sbqlibkndubqy diod, 1332,23$

0$ ugn 29>2 qnh~jnn odxnduiod'r~npuiodp ( bdpznqp),Jndnxb=s~alipgne ay ^DG@Q kneibqnlbuiodp bde s~ali` idhoqkbuiod pnqxi`n,133:,


17/31

Sbqu uzo= kbid sqoxipiodp oh ugn 298: sqouoòl

Id bqui`ln odn od ugn sqouoòl jndnqbl sqoxipiodp iu ip knduiodne ugbu ugn Pubunp Sbquinp uo ugn

Sqouoòl ~denqubfn uo bssly bqui`lnp 1 uo 05 id`l~pixn oh ugn @odxnduiod uo qnh~jnnp bp

gnqnidbhunq enhidne$

1$ Hoq ugn s~qsopn oh ugn Sqouoòl, ugn unqk !qnh~jnn! pgbll, nw`nsu bp qnjbqep ugn bssli`buiod

oh sbqbjqbsg 0 oh ugip bqui`ln, knbd bdy snqpod ziugid ugn enhidiuiod oh bqui`ln I oh ugn

@odxnduiod bp ih ugn zoqep !Bp b qnp~lu oh nxndup o``~qqidj anhoqn 2 Mbd~bqy 29>2 bde$$$! bde

ugn zoqep !$$$bp b qnp~lu oh p~`g nxndup!, id bqui`ln 2 B '1) znqn okiuune$

0$ Ugn sqnpndu Sqouoòl pgbll an bssline ay ugn Pubunp Sbquinp gnqnuo ziugo~u bdy jnojqbsgi`

likiubuiod, pbxn ugbu nwipuidj en`lbqbuiodp kben ay Pubunp blqnbey Sbquinp uo ugn @odxnduiod id

b`òqebd`n ziug bqui`ln I A 'I) 'b) oh ugn @odxnduiod, pgbll, ~dlnpp nwundene ~denq bqui`ln I A

'1) ugnqnoh, bssly blpo ~denq ugn sqnpndu Sqouoòl$

Bde ugip knbdp ugbu ugn qnh~jnn ip dou likiune uo b sbqui`~lbq jnojqbsgi`bl bqnb bde iu ip

òdpienqne uo an b qnh~jnn bp enhidne id bqui`ln I oh ugn @odxnduiod bde dou b`òqeidj uo b

psnìhine ebun bp iu knduiodne id ugn 29>2 òdxnduiod$

Ugn @o+osnqbuiod oh ugn dbuiodbl b~ugoqiuinp 'òduqbùidj pubunp) ziug ugn ^diune Dbuiodp m~pu

bp ugn bqui`ln 0> id ugn òdxnduiod$

Idhoqkbuiod od dbuiodbl lnjiplbuiod knduiodne id bqui`ln 0 m~pu ugn pbkn bp bqui`ln 08 id ugn

òdxnduiod$

Nduqy iduo Sqouoòl ay ugn pubunp=

2$ Ugn sqnpndu Sqouoòl pgbll òkn iduo hoq`n od ugn eby oh ensopiu oh ugn piwug idpuq~kndu oh

b``nppiod, b`òqeidj uo ugn bqui`ln 7$

_____________________

2$ Sqouoòl qnlbuidj uo ugn pubu~p oh qnh~jnnp,

guus=//zzz$~dg`gq$`g/gukl/knd~0/a/o_s_qnh$guk 'bqui`ln 2 uo 7)$
http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/o_p_ref.htmhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/o_p_ref.htmhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/o_p_ref.htm


18/31

Sbqu ugqnn= ugn eihhnqnd`n anuznnd ugn òdxnduiod bde

sqouoòl

Ugn 298: Qnh~jnn Sqouoòl ip idensndendu oh, ugo~jg idunjqblly qnlbune uo, ugn 29>2

@odxnduiod$ Ugn Sqouoòl lihup ugn uikn bde jnojqbsgi` likiup ho~de id ugn @odxnduiodp

qnh~jnn enhidiuiod$

Uojnugnq, ugn Qnh~jnn @odxnduiod bde Sqouoòl òxnq ugqnn kbid p~amnùp=

Ugn abpi` qnh~jnn enhidiuiod, blodj ziug unqkp hoq `nppbuiod oh, bde nw`l~piod hqok, qnh~jnn

pubu~p Ugn lnjbl pubu~p oh qnh~jnnp id ugniq ò~duqy oh bpyl~k, ugniq qijgup bde oalijbuiodp,

id`l~eidj ugn qijgu uo an sqounùne bjbidpu hoqìaln qnu~qd, oq qnho~lnkndu, uo b unqqiuoqy zgnqn

ugniq lixnp oq hqnneok zo~le an ugqnbundne ,Pubunp oalijbuiodp, id`l~eidj òosnqbuidj ziug

^DG@Q id ugn nwnqìpn oh iup h~dùiodp bde hbìliubuidj iup e~uy oh p~snqxipidj ugn bssli`buiod

oh ugn @odxnduiod Ay b``neidj uo ugn Sqouoòl, Pubunp bjqnn uo bssly kopu oh ugn bqui`lnp ohugn Qnh~jnn @odxnduiod 'Bqui`lnp 1 ugqo~jg 05) uo bll snqpodp òxnqne ay ugn Sqouoòlp

qnh~jnn enhidiuiod$ Ynu ugn xbpu kbmoqiuy oh Pubunp gbxn sqnhnqqne uo b``nen uo aoug ugn

@odxnduiod bde ugn SqouoòlId eoidj po, Pubunp qnbhhiqk ugbu aoug uqnbuinp bqn `nduqbl uo ugnidunqdbuiodbl qnh~jnn sqounùiod pypunk$

B`òqeidj uo ugn jndnqbl enhidiuiod òdubidne id ugn 29>2 @odxnduiod, b qnh~jnn ip b snqpod

zgo= Bp b qnp~lu ohnxndup o``~qqidj anhoqn 2 Mbd~bqy 29>2 bde ozidj uo znll+ho~dene hnbq

oh anidj snqpn`~une $$$ ip o~upien gip ò~duqy oh dbuiodbliuy$$$ Ugn 29>2 ebunlidn oqijidbune id

ugn zipg oh Joxnqdkndup, bu ugn uikn ugn @odxnduiod zbp beosune, uo likiu ugniq oalijbuiodp uo

qnh~jnn piu~buiodp ugbu znqn fdozd uo nwipu bu ugbu uikn oq uo ugopn zgi`g kijgu p~apnr~nduly

bqipn hqok nxndup ugbu gbe blqnbey o``~qqne$ Ziug ugn sbppbjn oh uikn bde ugn nknqjnd`n oh

dnz qnh~jnn piu~buiodp, ugn dnne zbp id`qnbpidjly hnlu uo kbfn ugn sqoxipiodp oh ugn 29>2

@odxnduiod bssli`baln uo p~`g dnz qnh~jnnp$ Bp b qnp~lu, b Sqouoòl qnlbuidj uo ugn Pubu~p oh

Qnh~jnnp zbp sqnsbqne$ Bhunq òdpienqbuiod ay ugn Jndnqbl Bppnkaly oh ugn ^diune Dbuiodp,

iu zbp osndne hoq b``nppiod od 02 Mbd~bqy 298: bde ndunqne iduo hoq`n od 5 Oùoanq 298:$ Ay

b``nppiod uo ugn 298: Sqouoòl, Pubunp ~denqubfn uo bssly ugn p~apubduixn sqoxipiodp oh ugn

29>2 @odxnduiod uo qnh~jnnp bp enhidne id ugn @odxnduiod, a~u ziugo~u ugn 29>2 ebunlidn$

Blugo~jg qnlbune uo ugn @odxnduiod id ugip zby, ugn Sqouoòl ip bd idensndendu idpuq~kndu,

b``nppiod uo zgi`g ip dou likiune uo Pubunp sbquinp uo ugn @odxnduiod$

________________________


Jndnxb= ugn Idunq+Sbqlibkndubqy ^diod, 1332, s$23$

1$Gbdeaoof od sqo`ne~qnp bde `qiunqib hoq enunqkididj qnh~jnn pubu~p ~denq ugn 29>2

@odxnduiod bde ugn 298: Sqouoòl qnlbuidj uo ugn qnh~jnnp,

2&@odxnduiod&bde&298:&S 4$
http://www.sheltercentre.org/library/Handbook+procedures+and+criteria+determining+refugee+status+under+1951+Convention+and+1967+Phttp://www.sheltercentre.org/library/Handbook+procedures+and+criteria+determining+refugee+status+under+1951+Convention+and+1967+Phttp://www.sheltercentre.org/library/Handbook+procedures+and+criteria+determining+refugee+status+under+1951+Convention+and+1967+Phttp://www.sheltercentre.org/library/Handbook+procedures+and+criteria+determining+refugee+status+under+1951+Convention+and+1967+Phttp://www.sheltercentre.org/library/Handbook+procedures+and+criteria+determining+refugee+status+under+1951+Convention+and+1967+P


19/31

Ugn 298: Sqouoòl Qnlbuidj uo ugn Pubu~p oh Qnh~jnnp gbp anndenp`qiane bp bd ~ddn`nppbqy

beende~k uo ugn 29>2 @odxnduiodQnlbuidj uo ugn Pubu~p oh Qnh~jnnp$ Goznxnq, ih ugn 298:

Sqouoòlzbp p~snqhl~o~p, zgy eie ugn ^diune Dbuiodp Gijg @okkippiodnq

hoq Qnh~jnnp id ugn

nbqly 2983p idpipu od iup enxnloskndu? ugn 298: Sqouoòl zbp oqijidbllyidundene uo

ndòksbpp ugn aqobenq od`nqdp oh Bhqi`bd bde Bpibdpubunp od`nqdidj qnh~jnn sos~lbuiodp

id ugniq qnjiod$ Goznxnq,ugn soliui`bl idhl~nd`n ~sod ugn enxnloskndu oh idunqdbuiodbl

qnh~jnn

lbz qbei`blly blunqne ugn ^DG@Q*p ndenbxo~q uo kbfnugn 29>2 @odxnduiod ~dixnqpblly

b``nppialn

Po$ Zgbu ip òdubidne idugn 298: Sqouoòl ip ugbu iu qnkoxnp ugn jnojqbsgi`bl bde uiknLikiubuiodp zqiuund iduo ugn oqijidbl @odxnduiod ~denq zgi`g hoq ugn kopu sbqu odly

N~qosnbdp idxolxne id nxndup o``~qqidj anhoqn 2 Mbd~bqy 29>2, ò~le bssly hoq qnh~jnn pubu~p$

Bp b qnp~lu iu u~qdne ugn @odxnduiod iduo b uq~ly ~dixnqpbl idpuq~kndu ugbu ò~le andnhiu

qnh~jnnp nxnqyzgnqn$ 5

___________________________

0$P$ Ebxinp,Qne~debdu oq Nppnduibl? Goz Soliui`p Pgbsne ugn O~uòkn oh ugn 298:Sqouoòl$Hnaq~bqy 28, 1337, 2 qnh~jnn odxnduiod'r~npuiodp ( bdpznqp),Jndnxb= s~alipgne ay DG@Q kneib

qnlbuiodp bde s~ali` idhoqkbuiod pnqxi`n,133:,


20/31

@gbsunq ugqnn= ugn eilnkkb oh Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp

Sbqu odn= Gipuoqi`bl ab`fjqo~de od ugn Sblnpuidibd Dbfab

Nxnqy ynbq Sblnpuidibdp okknkoqbun ugn Dbfab '!ugn bubpuqosgn!)= ugn nws~lpiod bdeeipsoppnppiod oh g~deqnep oh ugo~pbdep Sblnpuidibdp hqok ugniq goknp bde lbde id 2957$ Id

2957 koqn ugbd 83 snq`ndu oh ugn uoubl Sblnpuidibd sos~lbuiod zbp nwsnllne$ Koqn ugbd >03

Sblnpuidibd xillbjnp znqn ensos~lbune bde okslnunly enpuqoyne$ Uo ebun, Ipqbnl gbp sqnxndune

ugn qnu~qd oh bssqowikbunly piw killiod Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp, zgo gbxn niugnq annd nwsnllne oq

eipslb`ne$ Bssqowikbunly 1>3,333 idunqdblly eipslb`ne Sblnpuidibd pnòde+`lbpp iui}ndp oh

Ipqbnl bqn sqnxndune hqok qnu~qdidj uo ugniq goknp bde xillbjnp

E~qidj ugn zbq, anuznnd :33,333 bde :>3,333 Sblnpuidibd Bqbap hlne oq znqn nwsnllne hqok

ugn unqqiuoqinp ugbu znqn lbunq fdozd bp Ipqbnl id 2959$ Ugny znqn dou bllozne uo jo ab`f uo

ugniq gokn bhunq ugn zbq bde an`bkn qnh~jnnp$

Id 2957, Sblnpuidibdp hqok ugn bqnbp oh ugn Doqug oh Sblnpuidn= Gbihb, B`qn, Pbhbe bde ugn

Jblilnn qnjiod, znqn hoq`ne uo lnbxn ugniq goknp, e~n uo Ipqbnli kiliubqy hoq`np buub`fp bde

nugdi` `lnbdpidj$ Kbdy xillbjnp znqn enpuqoyne id ugbu bqnb bde ugnpn Sblnpuidibdp hlne oxnq

ugn aoqenq ziug Lnabdod, Pyqib, Moqebd bde Njysu, Ugopn zgo znqn nòdoki`blly znll+ohh

uqbxnllne eiqnùly uo ugn aij ìuinp, zgiln ugn kbmoqiuy qnkbidne id ugn aoqenq bqnbp$

Ay Kby 2, 2957, uzo znnfp anhoqn ugn Ipqbnli En`lbqbuiod oh Idensndend`n, dnbqly 2:>,333

Sblnpuidibdp 'bssqowikbunly 1>.) gbe blqnbey hlne$V58[

Ugn hijguidj id ugnpn kodugp zbp

òd`nduqbune id ugn Mnq~pblnkUnl Bxix bqnb bde kopu ensos~lbuiodp uoof slb`n id Mnzipg

òduqollne bqnbp, p~`g bp Uianqi~p, Gbihb, Mbhhb bde ugn òbpubl qnjiod$ Ugn Eniq Ybppid

kbppb`qn id nbqly Bsqil, bde ugn nwbjjnqbune q~ko~qp ugbu hollozne iu, gnlsne psqnbe hnbq bde

sbdi` bkodj ugn Sblnpuidibdp$ Nxnd po, Sblnpuidibdp hlne ugn ìuy ohGbihb nd kbppn, id odn oh

ugn kopu doubaln hlijgup oh ugip pubjn$

Ipqbnli osnqbuiodp lbanlne Ebdi bde Enfnl ugbu aqofn ugn uq~`n zbp ugn pubqu oh ugn ugiqe sgbpn

oh nws~lpiodp$ Ugn lbqjnpu pidjln nws~lpiod oh ugn zbq anjbd id Lyeeb bde Qbklb M~ly 25

zgnd 83,333 idgbaiubdup 'dnbqly 23. oh ugn zgoln nwoe~p) oh ugn uzo ìuinp znqn hoqìaly

nwsnllne od ugn oqenqp ohAnd+J~qiod bde Yiu}gbf Qbaid$

Id Oùoanq 2957Kbq`g 2959 Ugip snqioe oh ugn nwoe~p zbp `gbqbùnqi}ne ay Ipqbnli kiliubqy

b`òkslipgkndup6 Osnqbuiod Yobx, id Oùoanq, ugip `lnbqne ugn qobe uo ugn Dnjnx,

`~lkidbuidj id ugn `bsu~qn ohAnnqpgnab6 Osnqbuiod Giqbk, bu ugn nde oh Oùoanq, qnp~lune id

ugn `bsu~qn oh ugn ^ssnq Jblilnn6 Osnqbuiod Goqnx id En`nkanq 2957 bde Osnqbuiod ^xeb id

Kbq`g 2959, òkslnune ugn `bsu~qn oh ugn Dnjnx 'ugn Dnjnx gbe annd bllouune uo ugn Mnzipg

Pubun ay ugn ^diune Dbuiodp) ugnpn osnqbuiodp znqn knu ziug qnpipubd`n hqok ugn Sblnpuidibd

Bqbap zgo znqn uo anòkn qnh~jnnp$ Ugn Ipqbnli kiliubqy bùixiuinp znqn òdhidne uo ugn

Jblilnn bde ugn psbqpnly sos~lbune Dnjnx enpnqu$ Iu zbp `lnbq uo ugn xillbjnp id ugn Jblilnn,

ugbu ih ugny lnhu, qnu~qd zbp hbq hqok ikkidndu$ Ugnqnhoqn hbq hnznq xillbjnp psodubdno~plyensos~lbune ugbd sqnxio~ply$ Kopu oh ugn Sblnpuidibd nwoe~p zbp e~n uo b `lnbq, eiqnù `b~pn=
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus#cite_note-Sachar332-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus#cite_note-Sachar332-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus#cite_note-Sachar332-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Avivhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Misparayim_%28Haifa%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyddahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ben-Gurionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beershebahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hiramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Galileehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Horevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Uvdahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev_deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev_deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Uvdahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Horevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Galileehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hiramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beershebahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ben-Gurionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyddahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Misparayim_%28Haifa%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Avivhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus#cite_note-Sachar332-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_refugees


21/31

nws~lpiod bde enlianqbun gbqbppkndu, bp Koqqip zqiunp *òkkbdenqp znqn `lnbqly andu od

eqixidj o~u ugn sos~lbuiod id ugn bqnb ugny znqn òdr~nqidj*$

_____________________________________

2$Dbfab, ugn Sblnpuidibd `bubpuqosgn '2957) Vòdp~lune od 29 Bsqil 1339[,bxbilbaln od =


22/31

Sbqu uzo= ugn pubu~p oh Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp id Lnabdod

Id 2957, Sblnpuidibdp hqok ugn bqnbp oh ugn Doqug oh Sblnpuidn= Gbihb, B`qn, Pbhbe bde ugn

Jblilnn qnjiod, znqn hoq`ne uo lnbxn ugniq goknp, e~n uo Ipqbnli kiliubqy hoq`np buub`fp bde

nugdi` `lnbdpidj$ Kbdy xillbjnp znqn enpuqoyne id ugbu bqnb bde ugnpn Sblnpuidibdp hlne oxnqugn aoqenq ziug Lnabdod$ Ugny d~kanqne bqo~de 233,333 'Snunnu, 299:), zgi`g ip bao~u 25.

oh ugn Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp zgo hlne Sblnpuidn id 2957$ Ugopn zgo znqn nòdoki`blly znll+ohh

uqbxnllne eiqnùly uo ugn aij ìuinp, zgiln ugn kbmoqiuy qnkbidne id ugn aoqenq bqnbp$

E~qidj ugn hiqpu kodugp, ugn Sblnpuidibdp znqn go~pne bde jixnd hooe ay Lnabdnpn hbqknqp$

Ugny znqn bppipune bu ugn anjiddidj ay ugn LQ@P 'Idunqdbuiodbl Lnbj~n oh Qne @qopp

Poìnuinp), zgi`g sqoxiene undup, `lougnp bde hooe$ Ugnqn zbp blpo pokn bie sqnpndune hqok

s~ali` bde sqixbun po~q`np$ Ugn Lnabdnpn Joxnqdkndu blpo ohhnqne bppipubd`n ay ohhnqidj ugn

LQ@P hqnn ensoup, zbqngo~pnp, pn`~qiuy, lbao~q bde uqbdpsoqu$ Ugn Lnabdnpn B~ugoqiuinp lbunq

bllo`bune `nqubid bqnb hoq ugn qnh~jnnp uo pnuuln id$ Id 2959, ugn Lnabdnpn Joxnqdkndu uqine uopnde pokn oh ugn Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp uo Pyqib, zgi`g òdpnr~nduly lne uo ugn `lop~qn oh ugn

aoqenqp ay ugn Pyqibd Joxnqdkndu$

Id 2959 ^D Qnpol~uiod 031 npubalipgne ugn ^diune Dbuiodp Qnlinh bde Zoqfp Bjnd`y hoq

Sblnpuidibd Qnh~jnnp id ugn Dnbq Nbpu '^DQZB) 'NKGQD Kippiod, 1333= 22)$ Id 29>3

^DQZB anjbd osnqbuiodp$ Id 29>0, iu zbp enìene uo nw`gbdjn ugn undup ziug pnki+

snqkbdndu pgnlunqp$ ^DQZB oqijidblly npubalipgne 28 `bksp, oh zgi`g 0 znqn enpuqoyne

'Unl+Nl+]bbunq, Dbabuiyng bde Mipq+Nl+Abpgb) bde 2 zbp nxb`~bune 'Jb~qo~e) '^DQZB,

1331)$ ^DQZB p`goolp znqn npubalipgne id ugn `bksp$ Anuznnd 295729>7, ugn Sblnpuidibd

qnh~jnnp lixne id qnlbuixn gbqkody ziug ugniq Lnabdnpn gopup, ziug pokn hqnneok oh

nwsqnppiod bde soliui`bl bùixiuy 'P~lnikbd, 2999= 8:)$

Ugn ^diune Dbuiodp Qnlinh bde Zoqfp Bjnd`y hoq Sblnpuidn Qnh~jnnp id ugn Dnbq Nbpu

'^DQZB) enhidnp b Sblnpuidn qnh~jnn bp bdy snqpod zgopn doqkbl slb`n oh qnpiend`n zbp

Sblnpuidn e~qidj ugn snqioe 2 M~dn 2958 uo 2> Kby 2957 bde zgo lopu ugniq gokn bde knbdp

oh lixnligooe bp b qnp~lu oh ugn 2957 òdhliù$ ^DQZB*p pnqxi`np bqn bxbilbaln uo bll ugopn

lixidj id iup bqnb oh osnqbuiodp zgo knnu ugip enhidiuiod, zgo bqn qnjipunqne ziug ugn Bjnd`y

bde zgo dnne bppipubd`n$ ^DQZB*p enhidiuiod oh b qnh~jnn blpo òxnqp ugn enp`ndebdup oh

snqpodp zgo an`bkn qnh~jnnp id 2957$ ^DQZBp hixn hinle oh osnqbuiodp bqn= Lnabdod,

Pyqib, Moqebd, Jb}b bde ugn Znpu Abdf$

________________________

2$ Pgnqihb Pgbhin,Sblnpuidibd Qnh~jnnp id Lnabdod,


23/31

, Ugn Lnabdnpn Joxnqdkndu bde ugn Sblnpuidn Lianqbuiod Oqjbdi}buiod 'SLO) npuikbun ugbu

ugnqn bqn bqo~de 52>,333 Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp id Lnabdod 'Sblnpuidibd G~kbd Qijgup

Oqjbdi}buiod= 1331) bde ugnpn bqn eixiene iduo 0 `bunjoqinp=

2+ Qnh~jnnp qnjipunqne ziug ^DQZB bde ugn Lnabdnpn b~ugoqiuinp$

Ugn d~kanq oh Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp id Lnabdod qnjipunqne ziug ugn ^DQZB id M~dn 1338

zbp 538,051 'bao~u 23. oh ugn sos~lbuiod oh Lnabdod)$ Ugny bqn Sblnpuidibdp zgo gbe hlne

Sblnpuidn id 2957 '^DQZB)$

1+ Sblnpuidibd Qnh~jnnp qnjipunqne ziug ugn Lnabdnpn b~ugoqiuinp 'dod+qnjipunqne Sblnpuidibd

qnh~jnnp)$

Ugnqn bqn Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp qnjipunqne ziug ugn Lnabdnpn b~ugoqiuinp a~u dou ziug ^DQZB

bde bqn npuikbune uo d~kanq anuznnd 23,333 bde 53,333, b`òqeidj uo ugn N~qosnbd diodp

G~kbdiubqibd Bie Ohhi`n 'N@GO) 'Bkdnpuy Idunqdbuiodbl, 1330)$ ^DQZB pubunp ugbu ugnLnabdnpn Kidipuqy oh Idunqioq gbp ~dohhiìblly idhoqkne iu ugbu ugnpn qnh~jnnp d~kanq 20333

'^DQZB, Ugn Lbunpu Enxnloskndup id ugn Lixidj @odeiuiodp oh Sblnpuidn Qnh~jnnp id

Lnabdod, 1338)$ Gblh oh ugnpn qnh~jnnp znqn qnjipunqne ay ugn Qne @qopp bde lbunq ay ugn

Lnabdnpn Joxnqdkndu, bde bqn blpo 2957 qnh~jnnp, zgiln ugn qnpu znqn qnjipunqne ~denq ugn

oqenqp oh hoqknq Idunqioq Kidipuqinp id ugn snqioe oh 298929:7 bde bqn 298: eipslb`ne

snqpodp$

0+ Dod+IE Sblnpuidind qnh~jnnp$

Ugn d~kanq dod+IE Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp id Lnabdod ip p~amnù uo òduqoxnqpy= ugnIdunqdbuiodbl Hnenqbuiod hoq G~kbd Qijgup 'HIEG) id Kbq`g 1330 ipp~ne b qnsoqu npuikbuidj

ugnqn uo an 23,333 oh ugnk6 ugn ^P @okkiuunn hoq Qnh~jnnp npuikbune 28,333 'Zoqle Qnh~jnn

P~qxny, 1330)6 bde ugn Ebdipg Qnh~jnn @o~dìl, zgo `bqqine o~u b p~qxny id 133>, npuikbune

ugn d~kanq bu 0,333 snosln$

Ugnpn qnh~jnnp koxne uo Lnabdod id ugn 29:3p bhunq ugn nxndup oh Alb`f Pnsunkanq id Moqebd

oq an`b~pn oh ugn ìxil zbq id Lnabdod bde eie dou òdpienq iu dn`nppbqy bu ugn uikn uo qnjipunq

ugnkpnlxnp$ Goznxnq, bhunq ugn SLO soliui`bl kiliubqy idhqbpuq~ù~qn id Lnabdod zbp

eipabdene bde ugn qnensloykndu oh ugn Lnabdnpn pn`~qiuy oxnq Lnabdod, ugniq lb`f oh

eo`~kndubuiod an`bkn b sqokidndu ipp~n$ Ugnpn qnh~jnnp bqn qnpieidj id Lnabdod ziugo~usbsnqp, bde ug~p `bddou b``npp ne~`buiod, zoqf, gnblug oq uqbxnl nu`$ Pokn oh ugnpn qnh~jnnp

bqn bù~blly qnjipunqne ziug ^DQZB id ougnq hinlep oh osnqbuiod '^DQZB, Ugn Lbunpu

Enxnloskndup id ugn Lixidj @odeiuiodp oh Sblnpuidn Qnh~jnnp id Lnabdod, 1338)$

Goznxnq, ugnpn d~kanqp eo dou b``~qbunly qnsqnpndu ugn d~kanq oh Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp id

Lnabdod, pid`n kbdy qnh~jnnp qnjipunqne ziug ^DQZB bqn `~qqnduly qnpieidj id ougnq

ò~duqinp$ Iu ip npuikbune, ugbu ugn d~kanq oh Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp bù~blly qnpieidj id Lnabdod

uo an bqo~de 1>3,333 'Hoq`ne Kijqbuiod Qnxinz, Ipp~n 18, 1338)$ Iu ip npuikbune ugbu ugnqn

kby an bqo~de 233,333 Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp hqok Lnabdod zgo, pid`n ugn 2973p, gbxn

nkijqbune uo Bqba J~lh ò~duqinp bde doqugnqd N~qosn, kbidly uo Jnqkbdy, Endkbqf bde


24/31

Pznend 'Eoqbi, Sblnpuidibd Nkijqbuiod hqok Lnabdod uo Doqugnqd N~qosn= Qnh~jnnp,

Dnuzoqfp bde

Uqbdpdbuiodbl Sqbùi`np)$ Bao~u 2>,333 Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp hqok Lnabdod lixn id Pznend bde

1,333 id Endkbqf$

Ugn Xiolnd`n id Lnabdod=

Zgiln xiolnd`n bjbidpu ugn Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp zbp odn oh ugn fny hnbu~qnp ugqo~jgo~u ugn

zbq$ Ugqnn snqioep sbqui`~lbqly pubde o~u=

Ugn Ipqbnli idxbpiod oh Lnabdod, 2971

Ipqbnli biq puqifnp bde bquillnqy fillne bqo~de 1,533 snosln id Znpu Aniq~u 'kbdy id ugn `bksp

oh Pbaqb bde Pgbuilb), 2,233 id ugn qnh~jnn `bksp oh Pieod bde 2,133 id ugn `bksp oh Uyqn$ Id

ugn `bksp oh ugn Po~ug, ugn Ipqbnli bqky lbunq pypunkbui`blly enpuqoyne go~pnp ugbu gbe

p~qxixne '^P@Q Qnsoqu, 2999= :)$ E~qidj ugn pinjn oh Znpu Aniq~u id ugn p~kknq oh 2971,

g~deqnep oh Sblnpuidibdp znqn fillne id ugn qnh~jnn `bksp oh Pbaqb, Pgbuilb bde Ao~qm+Nl+

Abqbmdng '^P@Q Qnsoqu, 2999= :)$

Pbaqb bde Pgbuilb

Bhunq ugn SLO ziugeqbzbl hqok Aniq~u id B~j~pu 2971, bde ugn Ipqbnli Bqkyp o``~sbuiod oh

Aniq~u id Pnsunkanq 2971, @gqipuibd Sgblbdjipu kiliuibp ndunqne ugn `bksp oh Pbaqb bde

Pgbuilb bde kbppb`qne bqo~de 2333 Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp bde Lnabdnpn ixilibdp qnpieidj id ugn

`bksp, zgiln ugn Ipqbnli Bqky hbilne uo idunqxndn '^P@Q Qnsoqu, 2999= :)$

Ugn `bksp zbq, 297>297:

Anuznnd 297> bde 297:, ugn Pyqibd ab`fne Bkbl Koxnkndu, b kbmoq Pgib kiliuib, buub`fne

pnxnqbl Sblnpuidibd `bksp id Aniq~u bde id ugn Po~ug id oqenq uo jnu qie oh ugn qnkbididj sqo+

Bqbhbu SLO òkabubdup 'P~lnikbd, 2999= 87)$ E~qidj snqioep oh idundpn hijguidj kbdy oh ugn

`bksp znqn anpinjne, `~u ohh hqok ugn o~upien bde p~hhnqne hqok lb`f oh hooe, `lnbd zbunq bde

knei`bl p~sslinp '^P@Q, 2999= 7)$ Goznxnq, ugn Bkbl koxnkndu zbp dou baln uo pni}n

òduqol oh bdy oh ugn `bksp$ Iu ip npuikbune ugbu ugn hijguidj qnp~lune id ugn enpuq~ùiod oh 73.

oh goknp id Pgbuilb `bks 'Aniq~u), >3. oh goknp id A~qm Nl Abqbmdng `bks 'Aniq~u) bde

Pbaqb 'bd idhoqkbl pnuulnkndu dnwu uo Pgbuilb) zbp blkopu uoublly enpuqoyne$ Bd npuikbune1,>33 snosln znqn fillne e~qidj ugip snqioe 'Fgbliei, 1333= :)$

@odhliù+ide~`ne eipslb`nkndu 6

Anuznnd 29:> bde 2992, kbdy Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp znqn eipslb`ne, pokn oh ugnk kbdy

uiknp$ Ugn ^P@Qp 2999 qnsoqu od Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp id Lnabdod npuikbunp ugn d~kanq oh

idunqdblly eipslb`ne Sblnpuidibdp bu 13,333$ Iu ip qnsoqune ugbu anuznnd 29:12977, bqo~de

93. oh Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp gbxn annd eipslb`ne od`n, 88. eipslb`ne uzi`n bde 13. ugqnn

uiknp oq koqn 'Fgbliei, 1332= 23, @nduqn hoq Lnabdnpn Pu~einp, 299>)$


25/31

Ipqbnlp 2971 idxbpiod oh Lnabdod hoq`ne kbdy qnh~jnnp uo hlnn ugniq goknp id ugn `bksp id

Aniq~u bde id ugn po~ug oh ugn ò~duqy bde pnnf qnh~jn id ougnq `bksp$ Ugn Dbgq Nl Abqne

`bks qn`nixne koqn ugbd 2333 Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp zgo pnuulne id bd nksuy slou oh lbde id ugn

doqug oh ugn `bks, zgi`g gbe annd idundene hoq ugn òdpuq~ùiod oh b gopsiubl$ P~apnr~nduly,

ugn bqnb gbp annd idòqsoqbune ziugid ugn `bks bde ip fdozd bp ugn slb`n oh ugn nkijqbdup$

Id 297:, bp b qnp~lu oh Bkblp pinjn oh Pgbuilb bde ugn enpuq~ùiod oh 73. oh ugn `bks, bqo~de

25,333 oh iup 2:,333 idgbaiubdup znqn eipslb`ne bjbid '^P@QI, 2999= 7)$

Ugn 1338 @odhliù anuznnd Gn}aollbg bde Ipqbnl =

Ugn òdhliù anuznnd Gi}a~llbg bde Ipqbnl zgi`g anjbd od 21/20 M~ly 1338 bde lbpune hoq 05

ebyp bhhnùne kopuly Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp id ugn Po~ug oh Lnabdod$ Ugn Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp

id po~ugnqd Lnabdod lixn id Uyqn, ugn xillbjnp bqo~de Uyqn bde dnbq ugn Ipqbnli aoqenq bp znll

bp id ugn 0 qnh~jnn `bksp oh ugn po~ug= Nl A~pp '2$>fk hqok Uyqn), Qbpgieiyng '>fk hqok

Uyqn) bde Aoqm Pgnkbli '0fk hqok Uyqn)$ Ugnqn bqn Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp blpo id ugn idhoqkbl

pnuulnkndup bqo~de Uyqn$ Pokn oh ugn `bks qnpiendup lopu ugniq knbdp oh lixnligooe hqok ugn

pubqu oh ugn gopuiliuinp, zgiln kbdy qnh~jnnp qnlibdu od oxnqpnbp qnkiuubd`np ò~le dou b``npp

ugnk e~n uo abdf `lop~qnp '^DZQZB Qnsoqu, B~j~pu 1338)$ Ugn `bksp id ugn Po~ug

an`bkn ipolbune bde ugn `bks idgbaiubdup znqn ~dbaln uo b``npp p~sslinp bp lnbxidj ugn `bksp

an`bkn ebdjnqo~p$ Kbdy `bks qnpiendup lnhu ugn 0 `bksp bde koxne uo ugn Pieod `bksp$ Od

B~j~pu 9ug

1338, Ipqbnli Enhnd`n Hoq`np biq puqifnp giu Bid Nl Gnlzng qnh~jnn `bks id Pieod,

fillidj 1 bde idm~qidj 23$ Iu ip npuikbune ugbu :>. oh ugn idgbaiubdup oh Zbxnl @bks id

Abblan`f lnhu ugn `bks '^DQZB, Ugn Lbunpu Enxnloskndup id ugn Lixidj @odeiuiodp oh

Sblnpuidn Qnh~jnnp id Lnabdod, 1338)$ Bao~u 5:. oh Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp id Lnabdod lixn

o~upien ugn `bksp bde ug~p znqn id ugn pbkn piu~buiod bp ugn Lnabdnpn snosln$ PoknSblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp hlne uo Pyqib$ ^DQZB npuikbunp ugbu 28,333 Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp znqn

eipslb`ne bp b qnp~lu oh ugn gopuiliuinp anuznnd Gi}a~llbg bde Ipqbnl 'IEK@, En`nkanq 1338)$

Nxnqy qnh~jnn gbp ugn qijgu oh gbxidj b dbuiodbliuy id ugn pubun zgi`g gn hidep gikpnlh id a~u

dou ugn pbkn bexbdubjn hoq ugn Sblnpuidibdp qnh~jnnp npsnìblly ugn UBZUNND $

Od ugn 27 Bsqil 1330, e~qidj ugn knnuidj oh ugn dnzly hoqkne Lnabdnpn `baidnu, Sqnpiendu

Lbgo~e puqnppne ugbu ugn joxnqdkndu zill dou ab`f eozd od iup idpipund`n ugbu Ipqbnl òkslinp

ziug ugn qijgu oh qnu~qd oh ugn Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp, bde ugbu Lnabdod qnmnùp bdy slbdp hoq ugniq

pnuulnkndu id Lnabdod 'ubzunnd) 'Bl+Bgqbk, 29 Bsqil, 1330)$ Bu sqnpndu, bdy qnpnuulnkndu'ubzunnd) oh Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp ip hoqaieend ay ugn Lnabdnpn òdpuiu~uiod 'Idunqdbuiodbl

Hnenqbuiod hoq G~kbd Qijgup Qnsoqu, 1330= 22)$

Sblnpuidibdp aoqd id Lnabdod, bde nxnd ugn `gileqnd oh Lnabdnpn kougnqp bde Sblnpuidibd

hbugnqp zgo bqn òdpienqne Sblnpuidibd, bde bqn dou jqbdune Lnabdnpn iui}ndpgis$ Goznxnq,

Sblnpuidibd zoknd zgo kbqqy Lnabdnpn knd kby oaubid ìui}ndpgis$

_________________

1$ iaie$ Qnh~jnnp id Lnabdod $


26/31

Sbqu ugqnn= ugn qoln oh ^DQZB

Hollozidj ugn 2957 Bqba+Ipqbnli òdhliù, ^DQZB, ugn ^diune Dbuiodp Qnlinh bde Zoqfp

Bjnd`y hoq Sblnpuidn Qnh~jnnp id ugn Dnbq Nbpu, zbp npubalipgne ay ^diune Dbuiodp Jndnqbl

Bppnkaly qnpol~uiod 031 'IX) oh 7 En`nkanq 2959 uo `bqqy o~u eiqnù qnlinh bde zoqfpsqojqbkknp hoq Sblnpuidn qnh~jnnp$ Ugn Bjnd`y anjbd osnqbuiodp od 2 Kby 29>3$ Id ugn

bapnd`n oh b pol~uiod uo ugn Sblnpuidn qnh~jnn sqoalnk, ugn Jndnqbl Bppnkaly gbp qnsnbunely

qndnzne ^DQZB*p kbdebun, kopu qn`nduly nwundeidj iu ~duil 03 M~dn 1322$

Ugn ^diune Dbuiodp Qnlinh bde Zoqfp Bjnd`y hoq Sblnpuidn Qnh~jnnp '^DQZB) zbp hoqkne

id 29>3 bp bd nknqjnd`y qnlinh bde zoqfp bjnd`y a~u oxnq uikn, uqbdphoqkne iduo ugn sqoxienq

oh abpi` ne~`buiod, gnblug bde poìbl pnqxi`np uo qnjipunqne qnh~jnnp$ Enpsiun lb`fidj b soliui`bl

kbdebun ^DQZB an`bkn, hoq qnh~jnnp bde gopu joxnqdkndup blifn, ugn nkaoeikndu oh

idunqdbuiodbl qnòjdiuiod bde òd`nqd hoq ugn piu~buiod oh Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp$

Ziugid ugn hqbknzoqf oh ugn Kieeln Nbpu snb`n sqo`npp, ugn qnh~jnnp znqn enhidne bp odn oh

pnxnqbl !snqkbdndu pubu~p! ipp~np 'blodj ziug r~npuiodp oh Mnq~pblnk, pnuulnkndup, zbunq bde

aoqenqp) ugbu znqn enhnqqne hoq dnjouibuiod ay ugn sbquinp ~duil bhunq òd`l~piod oh ugn idunqik

sgbpn oh bjqnnkndup$ P`gne~lne oqijidblly uo anjid do lbunq ugbd Kby 2998, bùiod od ugn hidbl

pubu~p ublfp zbp sopusodne idenhidiunly ziug sqolodjne enbelo`fp id ugn idunqik+sgbpn

dnjouibuiodp$

Ug~p, blugo~jg ugn id`nsuiod oh ugn snb`n sqo`npp id 2990 lne uo b p`ndbqio id zgi`g bd nde uo^DQZB*p qoln ò~le an ndxipbjne, soliui`bl eip`~ppiodp hollozidj ugn pijdidj oh ugn

En`lbqbuiod oh Sqidìslnp idxolxidj bll sbquinp od`nqdne ziug qnh~jnnp qnb`gne b òdpndp~p

ugbu ^DQZB k~pu òduid~n sqoxieidj abpi` pnqxi`np uo qnh~jnnp ~duil ugn òd`l~piod oh

snqkbdndu pubu~p ublfp bde b soliui`bl qnpol~uiod oh ugn qnh~jnn sqoalnk ip ho~de$

Enpsiun ugip bjqnnkndu, ugn sopiuiod oh ^DQZB bde qnh~jnnp gbp anòkn id`qnbpidjly

x~ldnqbaln$ Ugn hbùoqp lnbeidj uo ugip piu~buiod kby an uo eo ziug bpp~ksuiodp bde

snq`nsuiodp oh ugn idunqdbuiodbl òkk~diuy, doubaly id uzo qnjbqep6

i$ ugn idunqdbuiodbl òkk~diuy òduid~ne uo osnqbun ziugid b sbqbeijk oh b p~``npph~l snb`nsqo`npp ~denq zgi`g ugn qoln oh ^DQZB zbp pnnd bp anidj sgbpne o~u, enpsiun ugn enbelo`f

id ugn snb`n sqo`npp pid`n nbqly 299:, bde

ii$ ugnqn gbp annd b òdpienqbaln id`qnbpn id oxnqbll bppipubd`n uo ugn Sblnpuidibd Unqqiuoqinp

pid`n 2990 bde ugip gbp undene uo eipj~ipn ugn hbù ugbu oxnq ugn pbkn snqioe, bppipubd`n uo

^DQZB gbp qnkbidne pubjdbdu

____________________

1$Ugn ^D Qnlinh bde Zoqfp Bjnd`y bde b E~qbaln Pol~uiod hoq Sblnpuidibd Qnh~jnnp,

guus=//zzz$abeil$oqj/bl+kbmebl/2999/2g$guk$
http://www.badil.org/Publications/Briefs/Brief-No-06.htmlhttp://www.badil.org/Publications/Briefs/Brief-No-06.htmlhttp://www.badil.org/Publications/Briefs/Brief-No-06.htmlhttp://www.badil.org/al-majdal/1999/1h.htmhttp://www.badil.org/al-majdal/1999/1h.htmhttp://www.badil.org/al-majdal/1999/1h.htmhttp://www.badil.org/Publications/Briefs/Brief-No-06.html


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Ne~`buiod, Gnblug bde Qnlinh bde Poìbl Pnqxi`np

^DQZB*p ne~`buiod sqojqbk ip ugn lbqjnpu oh ugn Bjnd`y*p sqojqbkp$ Qnh~jnn `gileqnd

qnjipunqne ziug ^DQZB gbxn b``npp uo hqnn nlnkndubqy '8 ynbqp) bde sqnsbqbuoqy '0+5 ynbqp)ne~`buiod$ Id Lnabdod, ^DQZB blpo osnqbunp hixn pnòdebqy p`goolp 'pid`n 2990) e~n uo

likiune b``npp uo s~ali` pnòdebqy ne~`buiod bde ugn gijg òpu oh sqixbun pnòdebqy p`goolidj$

Ugn Bjnd`y ohhnqp psnìbl ne~`buiod hoq `gileqnd ziug lnbqdidj eihhi`~luinp$ ^DQZB blpo

osnqbunp nijgu xo`buiodbl bde un`gdi`bl uqbididj ndunqp bde b unb`gnq ne~`buiod sqojqbk$

^DQZB gnblug pnqxi`np id`l~en sqikbqy gnblug bqn, d~uqiuiod bde p~sslnkndubqy hnneidj,

bppipubd`n ziug pnòdebqy gnblug `bqn, bde ndxiqodkndubl gnblug$ Sqikbqy gnblug pnqxi`np

òxnq knei`bl `bqn, hbkily gnblug, eipnbpn òduqol bde sqnxnduiod, bde gnblug ne~`buiod$ Ugny

bqn sqoxiene eiqnùly bde bu do òpu uo qnh~jnnp qnjipunqne ziug ^DQZB$ Qnh~jnnp pgbqn

òpup hoq pnòdebqy bqn, unquibqy bqn, sqopugnui` enxipnp, psnìbli}ne knei`bl idxnpuijbuiodpbde dod+sqojqbk lihn+pbxidj kneiìdnp$ Qnh~jnnp id Lnabdod bqn nwnksu hqok ugn ò+

sbykndu pypunk nw`nsu hoq psnìbli}ne lihn+pbxidj uqnbukndu$

^DQZB*p qnlinh sqojqbk sqoxienp hooe p~ssoqu hoq psnìbl gbqepgis `bpn hbkilinp, pgnlunq

qngbailiubuiod, bde pnlnùixn bpg bppipubd`n$ Nlijiailiuy bde qnjipuqbuiod hoq DQZB pnqxi`np

hbllp ~denq ugn qnlinh sqojqbk$ Ugn poìbl pnqxi`np sqojqbk òdpipup oh hixn kbid p~a+

sqojqbkp= enxnloskndu oh okk~diuy+abpne oqjbdi}buiodp, zoknd id enxnloskndu, b

eipbailiuy sqojqbk, yo~ug bùixiuinp, bde b soxnquy bllnxibuiod sqojqbk, zgi`g id`l~enp

hidbdìbl bde dod+hidbdìbl pnqxi`np uo ideixie~blp bde jqo~sp hoq sqomnùp p~`g bp a~pidnpp

pubqu+~sp bde hoq uqbididj id un`gdi`bl bde a~pidnpp pfillp$

Nknqjnd`y Qnlinh bde Qnh~jnn Sqounùiod

^DQZB sqoxienp nknqjnd`y knei`bl bppipubd`n, qnkneibl ne~`buiod, hooe bde `bpg

bppipubd`n, spy`goloji`bl ò~dpnlidj, sopu+idm~qy qngbailiubuiod, bp znll bp qnsbiq bde

qnòdpuq~ùiod oh qnh~jnn pgnlunqp bde Bjnd`y idhqbpuq~ù~qn e~qidj soliui`bl bde g~kbdiubqibd

`qipnp$ Ugn Ipqbnli idxbpiod oh Lnabdod id ugn 2973p lbqjnly ~deie ugn Bjnd`yp zoqf oh ugqnn

en`benp id ugn ò~duqy$ Hollozidj ugn ziugeqbzbl oh Ipqbnli hoq`np, ^DQZB zbp lnhu ziug ugn

ubpf oh sqoxieidj nknqjnd`y `bqn uo ugn zo~dene bp znll bp ugn hbkilinp oh ugn xiùikp oh

pokn 0,333 qnh~jnnp kbppb`qne ay Ipqbnli+blline Lnabdnpn Sgblbdjipu kiliuibknd id ugn Aniq~u

`bksp oh Pbaqb bde Pgbuilb bde ugn qnòdpuq~ùiod oh `bksp bde Bjnd`y idhqbpuq~ù~qn$

^DQZB gbp sqoxiene pikilbq pnqxi`np uo Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp id 298: o``~sine Sblnpuidn id

ugn òdunwu oh ugn hiqpu bde pnòde Sblnpuidibd ~sqipidjp bjbidpu Ipqbnl*p kiliubqy o``~sbuiod$

^DQZB eonp dou gbxn bd nwsliìu kbdebun uo sqoxien idunqdbuiodbl sqounùiod uo Sblnpuidibd

qnh~jnnp$ Ugn ^diune Dbuiodp b`òqene b sqounùiod kbdebun hoq Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp uo

^DQZB*p !pipunq bjnd`y! + ugn^D @odìlibuiod @okkippiod hoq Sblnpuidn '^D@@S)$ Ugn

sqoxipiod oh pnqxi`np ugbu j~bqbdunn abpi` nòdoki`, poìbl bde `~lu~qbl qijgup kby an

òdpienqne bp b uysn oh sqounùiod + i$n$, !qnlinh sqounùiod!$ ^DQZB gbp ~denqubfnd b likiune

sqounùiod qoln ugqo~jg idunqxnduiod ziug qnlnxbdu b~ugoqiuinp ugqo~jg qnsoqup, zbqdidjp, bde
http://www.badil.org/Protection/UNCCP.htmhttp://www.badil.org/Protection/UNCCP.htmhttp://www.badil.org/Protection/UNCCP.htmhttp://www.badil.org/Protection/UNCCP.htm


28/31

qnsqnpndubuiodp$ E~qidj ugn hiqpu Sblnpuidibd iduihbeb '~sqipidj) id 298: o``~sine Sblnpuidn ugbu

anjbd id En`nkanq 297: ugn Bjnd`y qn`q~iune beeiuiodbl idunqdbuiodbl pubhh uo kodiuoq,

qnsoqu, bde kbfn idunqxnduiodp ziug Ipqbnli b~ugoqiuinp$ Ugn Bjnd`y pnu ~s b pikilbq, a~u

p`blne+eozd sqojqbk e~qidj ugn pnòde iduihbeb ugbu anjbd id Pnsunkanq 1333$

iu zbp enìene uo nw`gbdjn ugn undup ziug pnki+snqkbdndu pgnlunqp$ ^DQZB oqijidblly

npubalipgne 28 `bksp, oh zgi`g 0 znqn enpuqoyne 'Unl+Nl+]bbunq, Dbabuiyng bde Mipq+Nl+

Abpgb) bde 2 zbp nxb`~bune 'Jb~qo~e) '^DQZB, 1331)$ ^DQZB p`goolp znqn npubalipgne

id ugn `bksp$ Anuznnd 295729>7, ugn Sblnpuidibd qnh~jnnp lixne id qnlbuixn gbqkody ziug

ugniq Lnabdnpn gopup, ziug pokn hqnneok oh nwsqnppiod bde soliui`bl bùixiuy 5 $

__________________

0$iaie$guus=//zzz$abeil$oqj/bl+kbmebl/2999/2g$guk$

5$ Pgnqihb Pgbhin,Sblnpuidibd Qnh~jnnp id Lnabdod,


29/31

@od`l~piod=

N bll ~pn ugn sgqbpn qnh~jnn$ Iu ip po hbkilibq ugbu zn unde uo bpp~kn ugbu iup knbdidj

ip ~denqpuooe bde b``nsune$ Iu ip b ~pnh~l sgqbpn= iu `bqqinp b `nqubid koqbl hoq`n bde

bùp bp b fide oh uq~ks `bqe id bqj~kndup bao~u koqbl angbxioq$ A~u eo zn qnblly

~denqpubde zgo ugn qnh~jnn ip? Bde ugn abpip od zgi`g ugniq qijgup bqn ho~dene?

Dozbebyp, kbdy snosln id bll oxnq ugn zoqle p~hhnq hqok eip`qikidbuiod, zbq bde

nòdoki` sqoalnkp p~`g bp ~dnksloykndu, qnh~jnnp bqn eyidj ay pubqxbuiod id Bhqi`b bde

Kieeln Nbpu$ Ugn iksoqubdu ugidj ip uo ~denqpubde bde anlinxn qnh~jnn sqoalnk ip b pnqio~p

odn$ Ugnqn bqn po kbdy snosln bqo~de ugn zoqle zgo dnne po k~`g gnls a~u ugnqn bqn m~pu dou

ndo~jg qnpo~q`np uo gnls ugnk bll$ @gbqiuinp bde oqjbdi}buiodp lifn^DG@Q uqy uo ndò~qbjn

gopu joxnqdkndup uo sqoxien bppipubd`n a~u kopu oh ugn gopu ò~duqinp bqn puq~jjlidj

ugnkpnlxnp$ Aoug ugn òdxnduiod bde ugn sqouoòl ndp~qn uo qnh~jnnp ugniq qijgup bde hqnneok

bde sqounù ugnk hqok ugn snqpn`~uiod ~denq ugip òdxnduiod$

A~u puill, ugn zoqle ip `lopidj iup nyn bao~u ugn zienpsqnbe g~kbd p~hhnqidj oh ugn qnh~jnnp $

______________________

2$Mbknp Ebq`y,G~kbd qijgup bde idunqdbuiodbl lnjbl pubdebqep= zgbu eo qnlinh zoqfnqpdnne uo fdoz, Lodeod6 Qnlinh bde Qngbailiubuiod Dnuzoqf, 299:, s$1:$

Z


30/31

Aialiojqbsgy=

2$ $ F, Mbpuqbk, bde K$ B`giqod, Qnh~jnn sqounùiod= b j~ien uo idunqdbuiodbl qnh~jnnlbz$ Jndnxb= ugn Idunq+Sbqlibkndubqy ^diod, 1332,

1$ $ @odxnduiod bde sqouoòl qnlbuidj uo ugn pubu~p oh qnh~jnnp, ^DG@Q, ugn ^D qnh~jnnbjnd`y$Jndnxb=133:, s$8$ Bsqil 1339[, bxbilbaln od=guus=//nd$zifisneib$oqj/zifi/@odxnduiod_Qnlbuidj_uo_ugn_Pubu~p_oh_Qnh~jnnp

5$ $ M, K`Bebk$G~kbd qijgup= ugn qnh~jnn òdxnduiod bp b al~nsqidu hoq òkslnkndubqysqounùiod pubu~p, Sbsnq sqnpndune bu Koxidj Od= Hoq`ne Kijqbuiod bde G~kbd

Qijgup @odhnqnd`n 'DPZ Sbqlibkndu Go~pn, 11 Doxnkanq 133>$

>$ ^DG@Qp Hoq~k ( Nwn`~uixn @okkiuunn Abpi` g~kbd qijgup sqidìslnpqnsopiuoqy$hoq`nekijqbuiod$oqj/unwu/?sie;hko=5115 + 25f +$

8$ $ H, Di`golpodbde S$ Uzokny, Qnh~jnn Qijgup bde Qnbliuinp Nxolxidj Idunqdbuiodbl@od`nsup bde Qnjiknp$ Dnz Yoqf = @bkaqiejn ^dixnqpiuy Sqnpp, 2999,

:$ Sqounùidj Qnh~jnnp= B Hinle J~ien hoq DJOp, ^DG@GQ$zzz$~dg`q$oq$ms/sqounù/seh/SqounùidjQnh~jnnp+HinleJ~ienhoqDJOp $seh

7$ $ Sqouoòl qnlbuidj uo ugn pubu~p oh qnh~jnnp,guus=//zzz$~dg`gq$`g/gukl/knd~0/a/o_s_qnh$guk

9$ @odxnduiod qnlbuidj uo ugn pubu~p oh qnh~jnnp,2 qnh~jnn odxnduiod'r~npuiodp ( bdpznqp),Jndnxb=s~alipgne ay ^DG@Qkneib qnlbuiodp bde s~ali` idhoqkbuiod pnqxi`n,133:,2@odxnduiod bde ugn 298: Sqouoòl qnlbuidj uo ugn qnh~jnnp,

2&@odxnduiod&bde&298:&S

21$$ P$ Ebxinp, Qne~debdu oq Nppnduibl? Goz Soliui`p Pgbsne ugn O~uòkn oh ugn 298:Sqouoòl$Hnaq~bqy 28, 1337,


31/31

the convention relating to the status of refugees (research paper)

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