the convalescence: thermidorian reaction & the directory...
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THE CONVALESCENCE:THE THERMIDORIAN REACTION
& THE DIRECTORY, 1794-1799
THERMIDORIAN REACTION & THE DIRECTORY (1794-99)
Spring 1794, Robespierre & CPS: The Great Terror
9 Thermidor (July 27) Conspiracy
THERMIDORIAN REACTION & THE DIRECTORY (1794-99)
“Thermidorian Reaction” MC reasserts authority NC abolished price controls, print more cash, prices soar Restrict power of political organizations
Problems in 1795 Sans Culotte Bread Riots Royalist Uprising (13 Vendémiaire)
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THERMIDORIAN REACTION & THE DIRECTORY (1794-99)
“Thermidorian Reaction” (cont’d) Return of Religion — Catholic women in provinces New Constitution (1795)
Voting = men of “substantial means” 5 man Directory... constitutional oligarchy
Elections of 1797 — Peace at any price Directory nullifies elections Revisionists
NAPOLEON’S RISE TO POWERBackground
Became dedicated patriot & revolutionary
Fought for Corsican indep. Lt. in French Artillery, 1785
Nat’l hero b/c of Italian Campaign Josephine — set his “blood on fire” Egyptian quagmire
NAPOLEON’S RISE TO POWEREarly Successes:
New strategy Italian Constitution = Protector Evaded Nelson’s fleet Subdued the Knights of Malta Battle of the Pyramids = 29 to 11,000
Quagmire in Egypt: Nelson destroys fleet! Plague! BUT... propaganda value
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NAPOLEON’S RISE TO POWERConspiracy against the Directory
Idealism of 1789? Emmanuel Sieyes (1789) “What is the Third Estate” Emmanuel Sieyes (1799) motto = “Confidence from below, authority from above.”
18 Brumaire (Nov 9) Nap. = First Consul Dec 1799 New Const. solidifies authority
#ThirdEstateRevolution’s been rough,
Bro.
DOMESTIC POLICY
Civil Code of 1804 (Code Napoleon) Equality of all male citizens Absolute security of wealth & private property Banks of France Reconfirmed gains of peasants & MC Centralized Bureaucracy Concordat of 1801 (Pope Pius VII)
Catholics - right to practice freely France - govt. nominates bishops, pays clergy = influence (“moral prefects”)
Costs of Order Re-est’d “Family Monarch” Press = organ of propaganda Police state — Joseph Fouche
Is Napoleon a child or betrayer of the Revolution?