THE COMPOUNDS OF LIFETHE COMPOUNDS OF LIFE

Review

• Using the example of Kool-Aid and water, identify the solute and solvent.

• T/F Water is polar. This means it has an uneven distribution of electrons.

• In water, acids release excess _______ ions. In water, bases release excess _______ ions.

• BONUS

– Draw a pH scale from zero to 14. Label neutral, acid, and base.

• The spider and the web consists of simple organic compounds

Spider Silk: Stronger than Steel

• Complex chains of organic molecules are made from small units of organic molecules

• Monomers = one unit

• Polymers = two or more connected units

• Example

– One lego block

– 10 connected lego blocks

• The process is called polymerization

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:Monomers and Polymers

• WHY?

– A carbon atom can form four covalent bonds

– Can stably bind with other carbon atoms

– Able to form single, double, or triple bonds

Carbon – the MOST IMPORTANT atom or organic compounds

Structuralformula

Ball-and-stickmodel

Space-fillingmodel

Methane

• Carbon skeletons vary in many ways

Ethane PropaneCarbon skeletons vary in length.

Butane IsobutaneSkeletons may be unbranched or branched.

1-Butene 2-ButeneSkeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location.

Cyclohexane BenzeneSkeletons may be arranged in rings. Figure 3.1, bottom part

4 MAJOR GROUPS OF MOLECULES

1. CARBOHYDRATES

2. LIPIDS

3. PROTEINS

4. NUCLEIC ACIDS

Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are sugars

– Basic Name – saccharides

– MONOMER - Monosaccharide

– POLYMER - Polysaccharides are long polymers of sugars

– Examples

• Bread, candy, sugars

CARBOHYDRATES

• These molecules typically have a formula that is a multiple of CH2O

• FUNCTION - carbohydrates provide energy for an organism

Carbohydrates

Figure 3.4A

• Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are polysaccharides that store sugar for later use • Notice what is the monomer for these examples

Figure 3.7

Starch granules in potato tuber cells

Glucosemonomer

STARCH

GLYCOGEN

CELLULOSE

Glycogen granules in muscle tissue

Cellulose fibrils ina plant cell wall

Cellulosemolecules

LIPIDS

• These compounds are composed largely of C and H

– They are non polar.

– It does not mix with water

Lipids

Figure 3.8A

• FUNCTION - Lipids main function is energy storage. Lipids also form biological membranes in cells

• A lipid molecule = one glycerol + three fatty acids

Figure 3.8B

Fatty acid

• The fatty acids of unsaturated fats (plant oils) contain double bonds

– They are liquid at room temperature

• Saturated fats (lard) have only single bonds

– They are solid at room temperature

Figure 3.8C

• Proteins FUNCTION: – cellular structure

– movement

– defense

– transport

– communication

• Hair is composed of structural proteins

• Enzymes are a type of protein that regulate chemical reactions

PROTEINS

• MONOMER – amino acid. There are only 20 amino acids

• POLYMER – protein.

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA serve as the blueprints for proteins

• They ultimately control the life of a cell

• Contain C, H, O, N (nitrogen), P (Phosphorous)

NUCLEIC ACIDS

MONOMER - nucleotides

Phosphategroup

SugarFigure 3.20A

– Each nucleotide is composed of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

Nitrogenousbase (A)

• The sugar and phosphate form the backbone for the nucleic acid

Sugar-phosphatebackbone

Nucleotide

Figure 3.20B

• FUNCTION – To store genetic information in DNA or RNA

Figure 3.20C

– The sequence of the nucleotides determine what is made

Nitrogenousbase (A)

Basepair

Review

• What makes carbon special?

• What are monomers? What are polymers? Can you give an example for each organic compound?

• What are the four organic compounds?

• Name a function for each?

Classwork

Work on handout

– Concept map

– Handout on 2-3

• We will go over it

Homework

• SA 2-3 page 48 #1-5

• Finish this chart

Carbo… Lipid Protein Nuc. Acid

Purpose

Monomer

Polymer