TECHNICAL BULLETIN No. 53 JUNE 1963

The Comparative Effects ofCalcium Carbonate and of Calcium Silicate on the

Yield of Sudan Grass Grown in aFerruginous Latosol and a Hydrol Humic Latosol

N. H. MONTEITH

and

G. DONALD SHERMAN

HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII

The Comparative Effects ofCalcium Carbonate and of Calcium Silicate on the

Yield of Sudan Grass Grown in aFerruginous Latosol and a Hydrol Humic Latosol

N. H. MONTEITH

and

G. DONALD SHERMAN

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIICOLLEGE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE

HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONHONOLULU , H AWAII J UNE 1963

T ECIINICAL B ULLETIN No. 53

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors gra tcfully acknow ledge the assistance of the staff of th eExperiment Station of the H awaii an Sugar Planters' Association in pro­viding greenhouse, photographic, and laboratory facilities, and for adviceon sta tistical and analytical methods. Research funds on this proj ect werepro vid ed by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association E xperiment Stationunder a coope rative research agreemcnt with the Department of Agronomyand Soil Science. Funds and materials we re also provided by the Tenn esseeValley Authority, Contract No. TV21132A.

THE AUTHORS

N. H. MONTEITH was In structor in Agricultur e, University of Hawaii,1961-1962.

DR. G. DONALD SHERMAN, Associate Director of the Hawaii AgriculturalExperiment Station, is Senior Soil Scientist at the Hawaii Agri cultural Ex­periment Station and Senior Professor of Soil Science, University of Hawaii.

CONTENTS

INTRODUcrION

LITERAT UHE REVIEW

Effect of Calcium Carbonate on Phosphorus Availability

Effect of Calcium Carbonate on Other Factors

Effect of Calcium Silicate on Phosphorus Availability

Effect of Calcium Silicate on Other Factors

EXPEmMENTAL PROCEDUHES

Soils .

Tr eatm ents

Growth.

Harvestin g

Leachates .

Plant Chemical Analysis

Soil Ch emical Analysis

EXI'ElUMENTAL RESULTS

Yield

Plant and Soil Analysis

Leachate Studies

D ISC USSION .

CONCL USION

LITERAT UHE CITED

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37

(Continued )

Contents, Continued

Figures

1. Relationships between yield and phosphorus contents ofplant material and soil extracts

2. Relationships between yield and calcium contents of plantmaterial and soil extracts .

3. Relationships between yield and aluminum contents of plantmaterial and soil extracts

3A. Relationships between aluminum content of roots andphosphorus content of roots , and also between aluminumand calcium

4. Relationships between yield and pI-I of th e soil

5. Relationship between cation exchange capacity andaluminum content of th e soil extract

6. Relationships between yield and cation exchangecapacity of th e soil .

7. Relationships between extractable aluminum andexchangeable calcium in th e soil

8. Relationship between aluminum content and pH ofthe second leachate .

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The Comparative Effects ofCalcium Carbonate and of Calcium Silicate on the

Yield of Sudan Grass Grown in aFerruginous Latosol and a Hydrol Humic Latnsol '

N. H. MONTEITH and G. DONALD SHEHMAN

INTRODUCTION

Several current field experime nts in th e Hawaiian sugar industry haveshown that liming has increased both yield of sugar and phosphorus uptakeby th e plant. Th ese results have been of considerabl e int erest to theindustry and have brought to focus th e whole qu est ion of th e value of soilam endments in sugar cane production in th e Hawaiian Islands.

Early experime nts by McGeorge (1924) had shown beneficial re sultsfrom th e application of soluble silicat e to sugar cane soils. H e attributed th ebeneficial efFect on sugar cane growth to a greater availability of phosphorusin the soil. Sherm an et al. (1955) obtained similar results using a numberof Hawaiian soils. More recently, Clements (1962) and Rixon (1963)reported , respectively, effects beneficial to yield and to soil phosphorusavailability, from studies th ey made on a number of sugar cane soils onthe Hamakuu coast.

This interest led to th e initiation of this study, which had as its obj ec­tive a comparative study of th e effects of application of calcium silicateand calcium carbonate on th e growth of pl ants and on th e avail ability ofphosphorus when applied to a soil having alumi num oxid es in a fairlygood stat e of crystallinity agai nst a soil in which aluminum exists in ahighly hydrated colloidal oxide system.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Effect of Calcium Carbonate on Phos pho rus Av ailability

Th e effect of calcium carbonate on phosphorus uptake has been studiedand recorded for many years. Johnston (18 49) , Ruffin (1 852), and Hilgard(1907) discussed the question at an early stage in th e research .

A conside rable amount of work has been don e in Germany, whereEngels (19 36) came to th e conclusion that lime prevented th e formationof insoluble iron and aluminum phosphat es. Kottgen and jung (1941)showed that small amounts of lime increas ed th e phosphorus available inth e subsoil and that deficiencies of phosphorus could be corrected byadding lime . Mitscherli ch ( 1947) found that phosphorus fixation decreas edwi th applications of 15 gm. lime per pot. Geri cke (1951) reviewed some

1 This tcclmical bullet in is part of a thesis submitte d by th e senior author to th e Gra d uateSchool of th e University of Hawaii in partial fu lfillm ent of th e requirem ents for theMast er of Scienc e degree .

6 HAWAII AGlIIC ULTUIIAL EXPElIIl\IENT STATION

of the evidence on liming from work perform ed in Germany. His inv estiga­tions showed that liming increased the phosphorus availability on stronglyacid soils by 0.7 mg . per 100 gm. but not when the pH of th e soils wasabove 6. H e considered that lime corrected "unfavorable" conditions forp lant growth and this enabled the plant to utilize the less soluble form sof phosphorus. Several workers have thought that organic phosphorus maybe rel eased by lime or by the breakdown of organi c matter. Ghani andAleem (1942) , in India, suggested that the increase in phosphorus avail­ability, through the application of lime , was du e not to a decr ease in th eformation of aluminum and iron phosphates, but to the release of phos­phorus from organic matter , resulting from a change in reaction whichfa vored microbial action and the breakdown of the organic matter. Salon en(1946), in Finland, reported that liming increased the breakdown oforganic phosphorus. Mattson ct al. (1950), in studying a limed and anunlimed Podsol, thought that th e formation of B humus by limin g mobilizedphosphorus, as more available phosphorus occurred in th e subsoil of th elimed Porlsol than in th e subsoil of th e unlim ed soil.

There is also evidence that under certain circumstances lime applicationscan decr ease phosphorus availability. Mate and Molnar (1956 ), in Hun­gary, showed phosphorus fixat ion increased with liming. Loo , Yu, and'Van (1956) , in China, stated that increased fixation is not encountereduntil liming increased the pH of the soil to 7.5. Lawton and Davis (1956),working on acid organic soils, found increased phosphorus fixation dueto liming was apparently cause d by a decrease in the proportion of H 2P04­

to HP04- - ions. Phosphorus can be fixed in acid soils by combining withiron and aluminum, and, in alkaline soils, by being precipitated as calciumphosphates.

The increase in phosphorus availability du e to liming seems to b eassociated, then, with soils having a predominating iron-aluminum system.Thi s conjecture appears to be supported by the work of Yudin (1958), inRussia, who found that lime increased the utilization of fertilizer phos­phorus by the p lant in the Krasnozem soils more than in oth er types ofsoils. Similar work with tropical soils is still relatively undeveloped.McG eorge (1924) , in Hawaii, suspected that liming increased th e phos­phorus uptake in sugar can e. Hardy (1934), in Trinidad, by liming,obtained a 39 to 67 percent increase in ava ilable phosphorus. Beater(1945) reported a 20 percent greater phosphorus up take in maize; andnitrogen and calcium uptake were also hig her. Monteith et al. (1958), inFiji , found in a study of soil pH and ava ilable phosphorus that the expect­ancy of high soil phosphorus increased as th e pH increased to approxi­mately pH 7.5, af ter which it decreased. They (1959) also recorded lim­ing with cora l sand produ ced an increase in nitrogen uptake in sugar cane,especially at low fer tilizer nitrogen levels. Schroo (1954) demonstratedthat limi ng increased th e P205 content of sugar cane juice by 40 percent.

CALCIUM CA Hn ON ATE A ND C A LC I UM SI LICATE AND YI ELD I N LATOSOLS 7

Clements (1962 ) has found , upon liming Hydrol Humic Latosol soils in Ha­waii , that marked increases occur in th e phosphorus uptake by sugar cane.

Leaching expe riments have shown th at limin g promotes the leaching ofphosph ate ions. MacIntire et al. ( 1947) ha ve full y illustrated thi s in a12-year leaching expe rime nt. Th ey detected the phosphorus by che micalmeans ; oth er workers have used radioactiv e p:l2 to trace the mov em ent ofphosphorus in soil columns ( Bouldin and Black, 1954; Heslep and Black,1954 ).

Effect of Calcium Carbonate on Other Factors

Th e applica tion of calcium carbonate to soil can affect oth er factor swhi ch can cause growth stimula tion. Th e following effects can be prod ucedin the soil by liming:

1. Heduction of the aluminum or manganese toxicity in a soil( Mulder and Gerretsen, 1952 ).

2. Genera l increase in the effectiveness of othe r soil element s inplant nutrition ( Truog, 1953 ).

3. Develop ment of physical conditions mor e favorabl e for plantgrowth in soil (Colema n et al., 1958 ).

4. Improvem ent of microbial nitrogen fixation in soils ( Black, 1957 ).5. Supplying of calcium as a nutrient in very acid leached soils

(Ayres, 1961).F ried and Peech ( 1946) discussed calc ium as a plant nutrient in th e

introduction of their pap er and came to the concl usion that supplyingaddi tiona l calcium to the plant is generally not important. Th ey stated ,however, that with soils of equal calcium conten t lime often gives betterresults than gyp sum .

As indi cated above, several workers have reported that limin g reducesth e "active" aluminum content in th e soil and therefore the so-called"toxicity" du e to aluminum is correspon ding ly red uced . Mu ch of thi s workhas been carried out by Ru ssian and German soil scientists. Chizhevs kiiand Korovkin (1958) , Peterburgsky (1941), Peive ( 1939 ), and Fatchikina(195.'3 ) all found that active aluminum wa s reduced by the action of limeand that plant growth improved.

It has been ob served by Menchik ovsky and Puffeles ( 1938) that calciu msalts can be responsibl e for reducing active aluminum in soils. Chernovand Belyaeva (1946) , in th eir interestin g studies on th e nature of soilacidity, came to th e conclusion that calcium uptake is suppressed com­pletely by AICI:. at pH 4 to 5. Schm ehl , Peech, and Bradfi eld ( 1950) ,Moschler , Jones, and Thomas ( 1960), and Hixon (1963 ) have studied theeffects of aluminum on othe r elements and th e influence of lime on Alactivity. Duthie and Bourne ( 1939), in British Gui ana, and several Japaneseworkers (Hosoda, Takata, and Ogih ara, 1957) ha ve also found a reduc­tion in "active" aluminum occurs du e to liming.

8 HAWAII AGIIICULTUHAL EXPEIUMENT STATION

Effect of Calcium Silicate on Phosphorus Availability

The effect of calcium silica te ( bas ic slag) on phosphorus availabi lityhas also been studied extensively. Even as early as 1906, Hall and Mori­son, at Rothamsted Experimental Station, Englan d, concl ude d th at sodiumsilica te responses were simi lar to phosphorus responses. Scheidt (1917)compared calcium silicate and calci um carbonate treatments and foundcalcium silica te gave a better response. Con ner (1921) also cons ideredth at th is difference was due to the grea ter ability of calcium silicate toprecipita te ac tive iron and aluminum. McGeorge (1924) , in Hawaii,analyzed soils for silica and found that th e lower the silica content th e morelikely a response to phosphorus. H igh silica meant high phosphorus in thejuice of sugar cane. Sherman et al. (1955) obtained increased utilizationof phosphorus with silicate application, but did not find a relation ship tosilica con tent of soils.

Scars et h (1935) obtained a growth increase by the use of silica te com­pounds which was simi lar to that obtained by the usc of phosphorus com­pounds . Toth (1939 ) showed that the soil phosphorus complex broke downwith th e use of high-pH anions such as SiO;j and OH; and Low and Black( 1948) indicated that th e reverse reaction was true wh en silica was releasedfrom clay minerals by th e use of phosphorus compounds. This sug gest edthat additions of silica would slow down the rel ease of phosphorus fromclay min erals and thus tend to prevent phosphorus from being absorbedby clays . Knickmann ( 1949) , in Germany, found that th e loss of phosphorusin the drainage water was less with slag th an with lime.

Scho llenberger (1922) noted that there wa s a greater phosphorus up takewith lime and silica than with lime alon e, and that the response to limeplus silica was a vegetative response and therefore similar to a nitrogenresponse. In this regard, Ziemiecka (1929) reported that the phosphorusnutrit ion of Azotobacter is assisted by the addition of colloida l silica.

Effect of Calcium Silicate on Other Factors

I t has been point ed ou t by Fatchikina (1953) that a silicate (dunite) ,as well as liming, can be effect ive in re ducing "toxic" levels of alu minum .

MacIntire, Winterberg, Dunham, et al. ( 1946) showed that "glassy" slagscan be conver ted to calcium carbonate and that the CO 2 req uired for theconversion could be derived from bacterial activity . Crystalline calciumsilicate, howeve r, is no t easily converted to calcium carbonate. The mech­anism invo lved whereby calci um silicate pr events th e absorption of phos­phorus by clays an d precipitates ac tive iron and aluminum, and perhapseven sup plies silicon to th e plant, is not clear, even though it has beenpostul ated tha t calcium silicat e ac ts in the same manner as calcium car­bonate. Little work has been done on this aspect of th e role of calciumsilica te in tropi cal soils.

CALCIUM CARBONATE AND CALCIUM SILICATE AND YIELD I N LATOSOLS 9

A study of th e data and a review of th e literature ha ve led to the forma­tion of th e following hypotheses re lating to th e mechanism of yield increaseby liming :

1. Th e br eakdown of organic mattera. chelates "toxic" clements such as aluminum and removes them

in th e drai nage water.b . releases min eral phosphorus and other plant nutrients.

2. Calcium is a limiting factor in growth in lime-treated soils.3. Liming induces better crystallization in th e AI( OHh system

of th e soil, by decreasing "toxic" amounts of aluminum. ( T hissystem is known to exist in at least one of th e soils used in thisstudy. )

4. Fixed phosphorus is released by th e action of an OH- or Si03- ­

ion, and thus growth is improved. This should occur only ifphosphorus is a limiting factor, or if phosphorus decreases a"toxic" fac tor such as alu minum.

5. Increased microbial ac tivity is accompanied by increased nitri­fication.

6. By incrcasing th e pH of the soil, other clem ents, if toxic to theplant , ar e red uced in concentration; or, the lack or insuffi ciencyof some element, wh ich has been limiting plant growth, may becorrected by liming.

An expe rime nt was designed to test some of th ese hypoth eses, and th eresu lts arc presented in this report.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

A pot experiment was desig ned to obtain results from two differen tsoils. In each soil, half the treatment s cons iste d of 3 levels of calcium car­bonate ( c.p. grade) and th e other half , 3 levels of calcium silica te (c.p .grade). Ea ch of these 12 levels was tr ea ted with 3 levels of monocalciumphosphate dihydrate (c.p. grade); there were three rep lica tes of each tr eat­ment ( 108 individuals in all ) . The layout was a randomized block desig n.

Akaka or PuM Soil

--------Calcium silicate

/I~SO 5, . 52

/1\ /1\ //\Po PIP2 PI' PIP" PI' P,P"

P = phosphate L = lime 5 = calcium silicate

10 H AWAII AG IIICU LTURA L E..'l:PEIII MENT STATION

Soils

Akaka Silty Clay was collected from the plow layer of field 2 of Laupa­hoehoe plantation, Hawaii , immediately after the harvest of the sugar can ecrop. The other, a Pu hi Silt Loam, was collected at Grove Farm planta­tion, Kauai, likewise from the plow layer and also immedia tely aft er th eharvest of the sugar can e crop

Akaka soil is a Hydrol Humic Latosol which drastically changes i tscharacteristics on excessive dryin g; the cation exchange capacity is lowered(Kanehiro an d Chang, 1956 ), an d th e soil will not rewet to moisture con­tents found normally in the field. Precaution s were th erefore tak en toprevent excessive dr ying. This soil has a high content of hydrated colloidalamorphous aluminum, and iron oxide and hydroxide gels. On drying, gibb ­site will crystallize with a conside rable increase in particle size (Sherman,1957 ).

Puhi soil is a Humic Ferruginous Latosol. The characteristics of thissoil ar e altered on dr ying, but not to the sam e extent as those of Akakasoil (Trouse, 1960 ). Precautions were also taken with the Puhi soil toprevent drying. T he aluminum and iron oxides exist in these soils incrystalline min eral form as gibbsite, goethite, hematite, and ma ghemite.

Th e Akaka soil for this expe rime nt was pa ssed through a ~; - inch-mesh

sieve and thoroughly mixed in a mechanical mixer. The Puhi soil waspa ssed through a 5-mm . sieve and mixed. At this point, the moisture con­tent of the Akaka soil was 107 percent and that of the Puhi soil was 42percent. Volum etri cally, 4500 gm. wet weight of Akaka soil occupiedapproxima tely 8500 cc.; and a similar wet weight of Puhi soil occupied4000 cc. Approximately half of the volume of Puhi soil taken from th efield consis ted of rocks; thus 4500 gm. would occupy approximately 8000cc., and therefore 4500 gm. were tak en for each soil as an approximateadjustment to obtain equal field volum es.

Treatments

In a stainless steel rotar y mixer , each of the calcium carbonate and cal­cium silicate treatments was thoroughly mixed with a 4500-gm. sampleof soil and then each mixture was placed in a Mitscherlich pot. The SI andL 1 treatments were at 5000 pounds per acre, or 18.12 gm. per pot. TheS2 and L2 treatments were at 20,000 pounds per acre, or 72.48 gm . per pot.These pots, with proper precautions to prevent moisture loss, were thenstored for 7% weeks to allow time for th e pH of the soil to reach equilib ­rium befor e planting. At the end of this period, th e phosphorus treat­ments were applied . The chemical was stirred into th e top 1)£ inches ofthe soil. The treatments were PI at 500 po unds monocalcium phosphateper acre, or 1.81 gm . per pot; and P2 at 2000 po unds monocalcium phos­phate per ac re, or 7.24 gm . per pot.

CA LCIUM CAH BONATE AND CA LCIUM SILICATE AND YIELD IN LATOSOLS 11

Growth

Pots were planted with Sud an grass seed (California No. 23) an d sup­plied with 0.9 gm. urea and 0.9 gm . potassium chloride per po t at approxi­ma te ly 3-week intervals; they were wa tered tw ice a day with tap water.

Harvesting

Th e Sudan grass was harvested at the first sign of flowering, 6 weeksafter planting, and placed in a hot-air oven at 65° C. for 1 week. The dryweight yields were recorded. Plant material was then ground in a WileyMill and bottled for analysis.

Th e root-bound block of soil was removed from th e pot and cut in half.The soil from one of these halves was subsampled and bo ttled in a moiststate for soil analysis (pH was tak en imm ediately) . Roots were separatedfrom th e other half by jetting th e soil free with a high-pressure water jet.The roots were then oven-dried at 60° C., weighed , and ground in a Wil eyMill . Th ey were subsequently examined under a binocular microscope at80X power to determine wh ether contamination by soil particles hadoccurred .

Leachates

Although the pots were kept moist, no water passed through the potsinto the collecting pan until 3 days aft er planting, at which tim e 600 cc.of water had been added to each pot. Twenty-five ml. of th e leachatewere tak en from each collecting pan and th e amo unts from each of th ethree rep licates for each treatment were combined to give 75 ml. for eachtr eatment. The pH of each combined leachate was recorded, using a Beck­man pH meter. Phosphorus analysis was carried out, using the method ofTruog (1953) .

A week prior to harvesting, all of th e collecting pans contained leachate.A total of 150 cc. was taken from two of th e repli cates and a bulk samplewas made up. The pH and phosphorus content of this sample wererecorded ; and the aluminum content was determined by th e aluminonmethod described by Ch enery (1948) .

Plant Chemical Analysis

Plant samples whi ch had been previously ground and dried were redriedat approximately 70° G and placed in a desiccator. From th ese, 2 gm. ofplant top samples and 1 to 2 gm. of root samples were taken for chemicalanalysis. Th ese sampl es were then ignited in a mu fIl e furnace at 480° G ,

. taken up in conce ntrated hydrochloric acid, evapora te d to dryness, andbaked on a hot plate for a period of 4 hours to complete silica crystallizat ion .

Following this , each of th ese samples was th en taken up in 3 N hydro­chloric acid and mad e up to volume. Aliquots were tak en for : (1) phos­phorus analysis (by th e method of Truog and Meyer , 1929); (2) calcium

12 HAWAII A GIU C UL T U HAL EXPERI MENT ST ATION

analysis (by the Beckman DU flame phot ometer with photomultiplier,usin g a compensated standa rd developed by the Plant Physiology Depart­ment of th e University of Hawaii); and (3) aluminum analysis (by thealuminon method of Chenery, 1948) . Th e same meth ods of analysis wereused for both top and root samples.

Soil Chemical Analysis

All samples were in a moist condition an d therefore the moisture con­tent of each sample was determined in ord er to convert all results to anoven-d ry weight basis. The pH was determ ined on th e soil as a soil-wat erpaste; the paste was allowed to stand for 1 hour before recording th e pH.Extractable phosphorus was determined by using th e 0.02 N sulfuric acidextractant (Ayres and H agih ara, 1955) and carrying out the analysis by themethod of Truog and Meyer (1929) . Ext ra ctable aluminum an alysis wascarried out according to the me thod of Pratt (Nelson, 1958), usin g 100ml. of N ammonium acetate and 0.1 N barium chloride solution (pH = 4.8)as th e extractant on 10 gm. of moist soil.

Cation exchange cap acity was determined on 20 gm. of moist soil bysaturating the soil in 250 ml. of N ammonium acetate overnight with inter­mittent shaking . The soil was filtered , and th e filtrate was retained forcalcium and potassium determinations. Excess ammonium acetate waswashed from the soil with ethanol, and the ammonium wa s leached outby N potassium chloride solution adjusted to pH 2.5. The leachate wasmade up to volume, and ammonia was determined by using th e Nesslerreagent method.

Cal cium in the ammonium acetate was analyzed by use of the Beck­man DU flame photometer with photomultiplier. This method has beendeveloped by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association (Ayres, 1961).Potassium was also determined by using the Beckman DU flame photo­meter.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Yield

The yield results for th e pot expe riment ar e shown in tables 1 and lA.Analysis of variance for the yield is shown in tabl e 2. In both soils, theyields of Sudan gras s were significantly increased by each increment ofphosphorus. In the Akaka soil th e effec t of rates shows a linear relationship,whereas in the Puhi soil the relationship is curvilinear. Lim e and calciumsilicate applied sep arately at the rate of 5000 pounds per acre increased theyield in the Akaka soil but did not increase yield in th e Puhi soil. Lime atthe 20,000-pound-per-acre ra te tended to decrease yield in th e Akaka soiland did significantly decr ease yield in th e Puhi soil; however, calcium sili­cate at th e 20,000-pound-per-acre rate increased yield in both the Akakaand Puhi soils.

CALCIUM CARIJONATE AND CALCIUM SILICATE AND YIELD IN LATOSOLS 13

TABLE 1. Effect of applica tions of limin g materials and monocalcium phosphate onyields (in grams of dr y matter) of Sudan grass grown on Akaka and Pu hi soils

CA LCIUM SILICATEP I IOSPHATE

LIME APPLIED,API'LJED,

APPI~IED,lh / acre lb / acre

Ih/ acre0 5 ,000 5,0 0020,000 0 20,000

AKAKA SOIL

0 19.8 33 .7 28 .3 19 .8 25 .7 41.7

500 26.2 46 .3 42.7 26 .2 41.7 63.7

2000 38.3 64.7 58 .0 38 .3 59 .7 83.3

PU HI SOIL

0 35 .8 28.6 24.0 35.8 35.6 49 .0

500 72 .8 69.0 305 .6 72.8 66 .3 8.5.3

2000 805.8 93.3 053.6 85.8 84 .3 92.0

TABLE l A. Effect of appli ca tions of limin g mat eri als and monocalcium pho sphate onyields (i n grams of dry matter) of roots of Sudan grass grown on Akuka

and Puhi soils

PHOSPHATE

APPLIED,Ill/ acre

o500

;WOO

o0500

2000

CA LC I U M SILI CATEi. rxu: API)LJED,

APPLI ED ,lh /acre Ih /acrc

0 5,000 20 ,000 0 5,000 20 ,000

AKAKA SO IL

3.0 3.9 4.4 3.0 3.4 05 .1

2.6 6.1 7..5 2.6 3.8 8.1

4.6 12.6 10.1 4.6 9.2 13.9

PUJ-ll SO IL

5.6 4.3 2.9 5.6 4.05 8.7

12.1 10.9 4.8 12. 1 10.9 12.9

13.9 14 .05 7.0 13.9 13.6 17.2

The over-all intera ction of phospho rus X calcium ra tes is not significant,but it is important to note that th e soil's phosphorus X calcium interac­tion is significant; this inte raction is evident in the Akaka soil but not inth e Pu hi soil.

14 H AWAII AG lIICU LTUUA L EX PElII MENT STATION

T ABLE 2. Sign ificance of F values in th e ana lysis of va riance of va rious fac tors in potexpe rime nts with Snda n grass on Akaka and Puhi soils

** ** ****

** *** **

* *5 1.8 0.111 0 .D3 130 .6 240 4

13 .46% 9.82% 10.56% 27.98% 2D.82%

4.028 0.0065 0.057 21.11 717

12 gm. 0.020% 0.]70% 63.0 ppm 2150 ppm

T OPS

IHOOT S

Yield %1' %Ca ppm Al ppm Al

** *** ** *** **** * ** **** ****

** ** **

SOUHC E

Soils

Pho sphorus (I')

Ratcs of calcium (Ca)

Source of calcium ( CS)

S XP

S X Ca

S X CS

P X Ca

P X CS

Ca X CS

S X P X Ca

S X l' X CSS X Ca X CS

P X Ca X CS

S X P X Ca X CS

Mean

Cocfficicnt of variation

Sx

Approximatc L.S .D.

** Si g n ifica n t a t 1% level.* Signiflcan t at 5% le vel.

Inasmuch as a study of the depressed yield at the L2 level is conside redoutside th e scope of this investigation, the results will be only bri efly dis­cussed, and those for the L2 and S2 levels have been omitted from all graph­ica l relationships . The results of th e root chemical analysis in the Puhiseri es ar e considered unreliable becaus e there was a possibility of root con­tamination due to soil particles. Contamination in the Akaka seri es, how­ever, is considered unlikely, as high-yielding plants showed a low aluminumcontent.

Root yield is presented in table LA. In both soils, th ere was a definit eresponse in root growth to applications of phosphorus and also to theapplication of calcium silicate. In the Puhi soil, application of high amountsof lime caused a decr ease in root growth.

CALCIUM CAHlJONATE AND CALCIUM SILICATE AND YIELD IN LA TOSOLS 15

Plant and Soil Analysis

Phosphorus: Phosphorus wa s extracted from th e soil by using 0.02 Nsulfuric acid, and the results show a significant in crease in P with eachlevel of added phosphorus (table 3). Th e nil P level value of th e Puhisoil indicates that there may have been insuffici ent phosphorus for optimumplant growth. The nil P level of the Akaka soil indicates that there shouldbe sufficient phosphorus for growth in this soil. For the Puhi soil , theavailable phosphorus ranged from an average of 8 ppm for nil P to 46ppm for soil receiving th e highest P application, while for the Akaka soilth e same tr eatments gave 33 ppm and 98 ppm, respectively.

T AB L E 3 . Elfeet of applications of liming mat eri als and mono calcium phosphate on th eamount of available phosphorus (as ppm P ) extracted from Akaka and

l'uhi soils

LIl\fE AI 'PLJED,CA LCI U M SILI CATE

PHOSPHATE lh /ncr e AI)PLIED ,

APPLIED, lb / aerelh/ acre

0 5,000 20,000 0 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SOIL

0 41 37 25 41 26 32

500 49 61 45 49 54 422000 82 107 106 82 78 94

PUHI SOIL

0 9 8 10 9 7 9500 17 20 23 17 15 15

2000 40 50 50 40 39 47

The Puhi soil studies show phosphorus content in th e roots ( table 4 )increas ed with added phosphorus; but th e Akaka soil st udi es show nosignificant inc rease in phosphorus concentration occurred wh en phosphoruswas added , and, mor eover , a decreas e occ urred wh en lime or calcium sili­cate wa s added .

Th e phosphorus content of tops of Sudan grass is presented in table 5.Th e significance of th e in teractions presented in table 2 indicates that th epercentage of phosphorus ge nerally increa sed with added phosphorus. Inth e Akaka soil series, compa red with th e Puhi series, th ere wa s littleincrea se in phosphorus conten t from th e application of phosphorus at th erate of 2000 pounds per acre. Both lime and calcium silicate increa sed th epercentage of phosphorus uptake in th e Puhi series, but only at th e high

16 HAWAH AG IUCULTUIIAL E XPElIIMENT STAnON

T A B L E 4. E ffect of applica tions of liming mat eri als and mo noca lcium ph osph at e on th ephosphorus con ten t ( as percent 1') of root s of Sndan grass grown on Akaka

and Pnhi soils

CALCIUJ\f S ILICATE

PHOS P HATEL II\fE A P PL IED ,

A P PLIED,A PPLIED,

lh /acrc Ih/aerelh / acre

0 5,000 20 ,000 0 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SOI L

0 0.125 0.08 2 0.106 0 .125 0.111 0.101

500 .135 .109 .124 .135 .098 .097

2000 .119 .104 .089 .119 .113 .089

l' UHI SOI L

0 .091 .079 .111 .ooi .085 .069

500 .074 .080 .102 .074 .078 .086

2000 .105 .124 .138 .105 .114 .148

level of phosphorus; th ere was no marked increase in th e uptake of phos­phorus by plants grown under identical treatments on th e Akaka soil. Thephosphorus content of th e plants receiving nil P on th e Akaka soil wa shigh er than th e ph osphorus content in pl ants grown under identical tr eat­ments on th e Puhi soil, thus presenting further evidence that th e plantsgrown in the Akaka serie s nil P tr eatment pots received sufficient phos­phorus from th e soil, wh ereas those in th e Puhi series did not.

Th e analysis of th e yield data an d chemical composition of th e Sudangrass and soils is presented in figure 1. Th ere is a significant re lationshipbetween yields of Sudan grass grow n on th e Puhi soil and th e ph osphoruscontent of th e top s and the root s of the plants and also th e am ount ofava ilab le phosphorus in th e soil. Th ere is no relationship between yield ofSudan grass grown on the Akaka soil and th e chem ical composition of th eplant top s; but th ere is a nega tive rel ati onship wi th th e ph osphorus con­tent of th e plant root s and a positive one with th e availab le ph osphorus inth e soil.

Calcium: In both soils, application of lime or calcium silica te increasedth e excha nge able calcium content . The data ob tained ar e pr esented intable 6. The highest content of exchange able calcium was obtained fromth e application of lime to th e Akaka soils, and ran ged from 1.2 milli equiv­alents per 100 gm. for th e soil of the contro l to 24.2 milli equivalents p er100 gm. for th e soils receiving 10 tons of lime per acre; th e range for th esam e trea tments on the Puhi soil was from 0.9 milli equivalent per 100 gm.to 13.9 mill iequiva len ts per 100 gm., resp ectively. The con tent of exchange­able calcium of th e soils receiving calcium silica te was also increas ed , b ut

YIELD vs PLANT TOP ANALYSIS

100 AK AKA

0

e •0 0...J.... 50>-

.... c •ft e

L'"e.

o I I.0 60 .100 .150

"loP

10 0

Q••'"

50 •A..

.850

PUHI

•••••

Y s ll 7LOG X Icr- 158.4

"loP

YIELD vs ROOT ANALYS IS

10 0 r AKAKA 10 0 PUHI

•eY·1 21.1- 717.5X •

• •" • •

0..

...J50 50.... •

>- / .-•Yo 199.7 LOG IcrX - 33 3

° 0.0 90 .110 .130 .150 .0 5 .10 0 .150

"lo P "lo P

YIELD vs SOIL ANA LYSIS10 0 AKAKA 100 PUH I

o

~ 50>-

•

/.............

. ,• •. . "

, y oI4.22+ .47X

50

:~..;.f·

Yo67.12 LOG X -18.43

5020 30 40

ppm P

10OL--..l.-_-'-_--L_-.l_----l

o60 100

ppm P

OL--__-'- --I. --J

20 14 0

FIGUIIE 1. Rela tionships between yield and phosphorus cont ent s of plant materia l an dsoil extracts.

18 HAWAII AGHICU LTUHA L EX PEHI MENT STATION

TABLE 5. Effect of applications of liming materi als and monocal cium phosphate on th ephosphorus content (as percent 1') of tops of Sudan gra ss grown on Akaka

and Puhi soils

CALCIUII I S ILI CATE

Pl!OSP llATELI l\I E APP L IE D,

A P PLIED,

A PPLIED,lh / acre lh / ucrc

lh / acre0 5,000 20,000 0 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SOIL

0 0.103 0.101 0.124 0.103 0.105 0.104

500 .123 .114 .157 .123 .117 .110

2000 .120 .127 .124 .120 .115 .105

PURI SOI L

0 .068 .075 .110 .068 .069 .069

500 .081 .096 .082 .OBI .085 .085

2000 .073 .184 .129 .073 .167 .195

T ABLE 6. Effect of applica tions of liming mat erials an d monocalciu m phosph at e on th eexchangeable calcium content (as mtlli equivalcnts per 100 gm, of dry soil )

in soils of th e Akaka and Puhi series

CA LC IUM SILICATE

P H OSP H ATELIM E APPLIED,

APPLIED ,A P P L IED,

lb/ acre lh /ucrelh/acre ----

0 5,000 20,000 0 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SOI L

0 1.2 7.7 23 .4 1.2 3.5 11.5

500 1.4 9.4 24 .2 1.4 3.8 12.2

2000 1.8 8.8 24 .0 1.2 4.3 13.2

PURI SOIL

0 .9 6.6 13.9 .9 1.9 6.7

500 1.1 5.3 11.3 1.1 2.1 6.6

2000 1.3 5.2 10.1 1.3 2.8 7.1

only about half the magnitude of the increase registered for th e limeapplications.

The calcium content of the Sudan grass tops is given in table 7. Thecalcium content of tops was increased more by the application of lime thanby the application of calcium silicate. The application of phosphate fer­tiliz er gav e a small increase in calcium con tent of the tops in most cases.

CALC IUM CAHBONATE A ND CA LC IUM SILICATE A N D YIELD IN LATOSOLS 19

TABLE 7. Effect of applications of liming materials and monoca lcium phosphat e on th ecalcium content (as pe rce nt Ca ) of th e tops of Sudan gras s grown on Akaka

and Puhi soils

C ALCIUM SILICA T E

P H OSPHATELI~1E A PJ1LIE D,

APP L IED ,

A P I' LIED,Hi/ nero lh /acre

Ih/acro0 5,000 20,000 0 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SOIL

0 0.75 0.D2 1.25 0.75 1.00 0.92

500 .79 .94 1.15 .79 .87 1.00

2000 .8 1 un 1.30 .81 .96 .96

PURl SO IL

0 .75 .96 l.lG .75 .64 .91

500 .75 1.00 1.38 .75 .88 .95

2000 .87 .94 1.3G .87 .8G .8G

The calci um content was determined in th e roots and th e data are pre­sented in table 8. Th e application of both am endments in creased th e cal­cium content in th e roots; but th e application of lime gave a much greaterin crease than th e app lica tion of silicat e. A most remarkable and un expectedeffect was produced by th e application of phosphorus on th e calcium con­tent of th e roots of plants grown on th e Puhi soil in that th e application ofphosphorus decreased the calcium conce ntration in th e roots .

T A BLE 8 . E ffect of applications of liming matcrials and monocalcium phosphat e on thecalcium conten t (as percent Ca ) of roots of Sudan grass gro wn on Akaka

and Puhi soils

LIl\·IE AI'PLJED,CA LC IUM SI LICATE

PIIOSP IIATE lb /acre A PPLIEI),

APPLIED, lh /acrcllr/n crc

0 5,000 20 ,000 0 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SOIL

0 0.21 0.29 0.5() 0.21 0.24 0.33

500 .22 .28 .61 .22 .29 .35

2000 .22 .33 .G2 .22 .24 .2G

PURl SOIL

0 .17 .40 .54 .17 .43 .28

500 .12 .20 .77 .12 .18 .15

2000 .09 .18 .48 .09 .13 .13

20 IlAWAII A GIIICULT U IIA L EXI'E I\IMENT STATION

YIELD VS. PLANT TOP ANALYSIS

100 AKAKA 100 PUHI

• ••• • •

Yo Il8 . 75X - 62.5 0 ••• • •••

0 ......J

5 0 50 •1&1

>- • • • •• • •• 0

0 0.6 0 .80 1.00 .5 0 .7 5 1.00

o/.Co %Co

YIEL D vs ROOT ANALYSIS10 0 AKAKA PUHI• •

•

0...J 50 50!!!>- ••

•• yo 211 .5X -18.0 Y·95.7S-IS6.2X

0 0.16 .24 .3 2 .4 0 .05 .10 .30 .5 0

% Co % CO

YIELD vs SOIL ANALYSIS

100 100PUHIAKAKA • •, • •• •• • •

0...J 50 50 •1&1

>- •• , .

•.. •'" y. 24.2+ 3.3X

00 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2 4 6 8

ExCo ExCaF I GUH E 2. Relationships between yield and calcium contents of plant material and soilextracts .

CA LCIUM CA HIlONATE AND CA LC I UM SI LI CATE AND YIELD IN LATOSOLS 21

T he ana lysis of th e tops reveals a similar situa tion in both soils in thatthe uptake du e to lime was con sid erably gr ea ter than that du e to calciumsilicate. The analysis of variance ( table 2 ) confirms that an over-allincrease in calcium uptake occurs with increas es in phosphorus levels.

Wh en th e calcium content of soil, roots, or tops is compared with th eyield ( fig. 2 ), th e Akaka series shows a po siti ve correlation in all cases;namely, yield vs , calcium content of plant tops, yield vs. calcium contentof roots, and yield vs. exchange able calcium in soil. This would indi cat e ashor tage of calcium by the plant in untreated soils but for th e fact that th ePu hi results are within th e sam e ran ge of calcium values as th e Akakaseri es; th erefore, it is more likely that calcium is ac ting upon another fac­tor which is in turn affecting yield. In contrast, th ere is no po siti ve corre la ­tion between yield and calcium status of plants or soils in the Puhi experi­ments; and a negative correlation is evide nt between yield and calciumcontent of th e plant roo ts.

Aluminum: Th e amount of al uminum which can be extrac ted from th esoil is given in table 9. Th e data show a red uction in extrac tab le aluminumoccurred through the addition of lim e or calcium silicate and also up on theapplication of monocalcium phosphate. The Akak a soil contains consider ­ab ly more extra ctable aluminum than th e Puhi soil.

TAIlLE 8. Effect of applications of limin g materials and monocalcium ph osph at e on theam ount of extrac table aluminum ( as millicquivalcnt s per 100 gm. of dr y soil)

in soils of th e Akaka and Puhi series

CA LCIU M SILICATE

PIIOSPIIAT ELIME A P P LIED,

AP PL IE D,

APPLIED ,lh/ acre Ib/ aere

lh /ncreo 5,000 20 ,000 ° 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SOIL

0 18.5 12.0 5.4 18.5 15 .2 7.2

500 16.8 11.7 5 .5 16.8 13.4 6.7

2000 15.2 10.2 4.7 15.2 12.1 5.6

l' UHI SOIL

0 3.1 1.0 .4 3. 1 UJ .5

500 3.5 .8 .4 3 .5 1.4 .4

2000 2.5 .n .4 2.5 1.5 .4

In sp ite of th e large vari ation in th e root analysis values ( table 10 ), itappears that lime and calcium silica te reduced th e aluminum content inth e roo ts of plants grown on soils of the Akaka series, and that mono cal-

22 H AWAII AG IIICU LT U HA L EX PElllMENT STAT ION

TA BL E 10. ER ect of app lica tions of liming mater ials and mon ocal cium ph osphate on th ealuminum content (as ppm dry matter ) of roo ts of Suda n grass grown on

Akaka and Pllhi soils

L Il\ (E APPL IED ,CALCIUM SILICATE

P IJOS P IIATE lh / ncre APPLI ED,A PPLIE D, lb / acrcIh/ acre

° 5,000 20,000 ° 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SOI L

° 3470 1670 1400 3470 2030 17S0500 2940 1780 1370 2940 1070 9S0

:2000 2110 2080 1330 2110 2130 1540

I'UHl SOIL

0 1610 9,50 2600 1610 1260 3000500 2950 2870 2560 2950 2760 2200

2000 4080 4370 1000 4080 4540 5960

cium phosphate increased th e aluminum conte nt of roots in th e Puhiseri es. As pr eviou sly noted, the incr ease of aluminum content in th e Puhiseries was po ssib ly due to conta mination by soil particles.

In the pl ant tops, calciurn silicate supp ressed aluminum uptake; butlim e appear ed to increase uptake at th e L 2 level in th e Puhi series ( tab le11 ) . The differ en ces were not lar ge.

T AB L E 11. Effect of applica tions of liming mater ials an d monocalciu m p hospha te on th eal uminum content ( as ppm dry mat ter ) of tops of Sud an grass ' grown on

Akaka and Puhi soils

L U\ [E A P P L IE D,CA LCIUM SILICATE

P HOSPHATE lh/ ucrc APPLIED,

A PP l. IED, lh / ucr elh/acrc ------- - -

° 5,000 20,000 0 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SOIL

0 136 118 132 136 125 113500 138 121 137 138 101 119

2000 148 129 167 148 III 102

I'UHl SO IL

0 115 121 199 115 ~J6 90500 130 149 176 130 104 105

2000 143 151 181 143 137 99

CALCIUM CAHBONATE A ND CALCIUM SILICATE AND YIELD IN LATOSOLS 23

Yield relationships presented in figur e 3 show that in th e Akaka seriesa reduction in aluminum level in th e soil , roots, and tops was accompaniedby an increase in yield; in th e Puhi ser ies th ere was no relationship withyield excep t in th e aluminum content of th e roots.

Figure 3A shows that as th e aluminum content of th e root increased th ephosphorus content increased but th e calcium content decreas ed . Th esecorrelations occurred for both soils .

pl]: As shown in data presented in tab le 12, th e pH of th e soil wasincreased to a greater extent by lim e than by calcium silicate. Th e gen­eral increa se was hi gher in th e Puhi soils than in th e Akaka soils, reflect­ing th e difference between th eir buffering capacitie s. Th e reaction of th esoil was related to excha ngeable calcium and to yield (fig . 4) .

TABLE 12. Effec t of applicati ons of limi ng mat eri als and monocalcium phosph at e on th epH of th e soils of th e Akak a amI Pllh i seri es

CALCIUM SILICA T E

P H OSP H AT ELI~fE AP PLIED,

APPL IE D,

A PPLIED,Ih /acr c lh / acre

lh / ucre0 5,000 20,000 0 5,000 20 ,000

AKAKA SOI L

0 4.5 5 .5 7.0 4.5 4.9 5.4

500 4.6 5.6 6.8 4.6 5.0 5.5

2000 4.6 5 .6 7.0 4.6 5.0 5 .4

r UHI SOIL

0 4.5 5 .9 7.4 4.5 4.9 5.9

500 4.5 5 .5 7.4 4.5 4.9 ,'5 .9

2000 4.5 5 .9 7.4 4.5 4.9 5.8

Cation Exchange Capacity : Data presented in figu re 5 show th e effectof aluminum on cation excha nge capacity, and indicat e a re duc tion inaluminum was accompanied by an increase in cation exchange capacity.Magistad (1928) had previously poi nt ed out this phenomenon. It is alsoof int erest to note that in th e Akaka soil th ere appeared to be a relation­ship between yield and cation exchange capacity; this relationship is shownin figur e 6. No such relationship existe d in the Puhi soils.

Exchangeable Calcium and Extractabl e Aluminum Relationships: Thedata presented in figur e 7 indicate a definite relationship existe d betweenexchangeable calcium and extractab le aluminum in both th e Akaka andPuhi soils. This relationship appeared to be associated with yields in th ecase of th e Akaka soils, but not in th e Puhi soils.

24 IIAWAU A GHl C ULTUIlAL EXPElIIMENT STATION

YIELD vs PLANT TOP ANALYSIS

"

e

Y'1 03.7 - A9X •...o

•

•

•

••

•

•

•••

PUHI

50

100

•

•"

Q ••~

AI<A KA

Q

d 50):

130

ppm AI

100

oL...__---L ...L ---'

70 160120 14 0

ppm AI

OL...-----'-------'-----'10 0 160

YIELD vs ROOT ANALYSIS100 AKAKA 10 0 PUHI •

Ya74 .3 - .0 15X

•

Q ~ :

kl 50 ~): ..':.:~. ~..."",

• 0 / •

.~

50~.....•

y. 37. 4 + .0094X

500 03000

ppm AI

oL..._...L-_-L_-..L_----lL-_::_::_'o 10 0 04000

pp m AI

20 00OL..._...L-_--L_-L_--'__-'------'o

YIEL D vs SOI L ANALYSIS

",. PUH I

o ••

10 0AI<AKA

Q y . 93.2 - 3. 9X

•

100

• • •••

••

32

••

•

OL..._.1-_--L_-'-_--'_---'o

5 0

2515 20

•

..~10

•

QoJllJ 50>-

ExAI ExAIFIGUIlE 3. Rela tions hip s between yield and aluminum contents of plan t material andsoil extracts.

CA LC IU M CA RB ONATE AND CA LC IUM SI LICATE AND YIELD IN LATOSOLS

ROOT RELATIONSHIPS

25

ppm AI vs %PAKAKA

PUHI4000 6000 •

• • /• 5000

• • •3 0 0 0 4000

•<t

e 3000 • •• •0. •0.

• •.,t •2000 • 2000

•• • :./ Y =35.366X - 17 B6 • Y= 46.176X-1311

1000 •

lOooL. I

.0 9 0 .100 .110 .12 0 .130 .14 0 .150 .050 .10 0 .150

·/.P "loP

ppm AI vs % COAKAKA PUHI

• • 6000 •3500

• •3000 Y=4BBO -10500X 5000

• •~4000 Y=4721 -B9BOXe 2500

0. • • •0. • ••2 0 0 0 • 3000 • •• •• • ••• •150 0 • 2000

•• •1000 .---l 1000 • -.1

.15 .2 0 .30 .4 0 0 .10 .2 0 .30 <4 0 .50

% Co % Co

FIGUR E 3A. Helat ionships between aluminum content of roo ts and phosphorus conten tof roots, and also be twee n aluminum and calcium.

26 HAWAII AG lIlCU LTUHA L EXPElIlMENT STATION

Yield vs. Soil Analysis

100 AKAKA

•• •

0 :------:..J 50IaI •>- • •

,Y-3I.SX-IIS.3

01 I I

4.5 5.0 5.5pH

PUHI100

• • ••••• • •

0..J 50 •IaI

>- • • •

6.05.0pH

0~---_.1...-_---J

4.0

F IGUHE 4. Hclutionships betw een yield an d plI of the soil.

CALCIUM CAHBON ATE AND CA LCIUM SILI CAT E AND YIELD IN LATOSOLS 27

CEC vs ppm AI

170AKAKA

• y. 165.2 - 1.95X

160

oILlo

150

140

130

••

•

•

•

•

••• •

2220181614121086120 L-_--L_--Jl-..._...L-_--L__.L..-_-L._---I__.L.-_--J

4

ppm AI

FIGUHE 5. Relationship betw een cation exchange capacity and aluminum content of thesoil extract.

28 HAWAII AGIUCULTUHAL EXPEIUMENT STATION

100 AKAKA

•••

0 •..J1&1

~ •• ...

•y • .67X - 51.65

0120 140 160 180

CEC

100 PUHI

• •, • ••• • •

0 •..J1&1 50~

I • •

J43 45 47 49 51 53

CEC

F IGUHE 6. Relationships bet ween yield and cation exchange capacity of the soil.

CALC IU M CARBONATE AND CA LCIUM SILICA TE AND YIELD IN LATOSOLS 29

Ext. AI vs. Exc. Ca in Soil

10

co

-)(

ILl

6

2

AKAKA

y a I8.85 - 1.0 2X

5 10

Exc. AI

15 20

c(.)

..:)(

ILl

7.0

5.0

1.0

1.0

PUHI

Ys6.7-2.07X

2.0 3.0Exc. AI

4.0

F IGURE 7. Relationships be tween extractable aluminum and exchangeable calcium inth e soil.

30 HAWAII AGHICULTUHAL E XP E lUM E N T STATION

Results of Correlation Coefficients: Tables 13 and 14 present the cor­relation coefficients which have been calculated from th e relationship ofyields to various soil and plant factors and the relationships between vari-

TABLE 13. Correlation coefficien ts calcul at ed from th e rel ationships between dry matteryield of Sudan grass and various factors

FA CT o n SOIL rSI GNIF - C O E F F IC IEN T

I CA N C E O F D ETEHMINATION

Yield vs.

In Plant Tops

% phosphorus

Lo g % ph osphorus

%calcium

% calcium

ppm aluminum

ppm aluminum

In Plant Roots

% phosphorus

Lo g % phosphorus

% calcium

% calc ium

ppm aluminum

ppm alum inum

In the Soilppm phosphorus

Lo g ppm phosphorus

E xchangcablc calci um

Exch angeable calcium

pH

pH

Extractable aluminum

E xtractable aluminum

Ca lion excha nge capacity

Ca tion exchange capacity

** Si g nifica n t at 1% l ev el.

* Sign iflcan t a t 5% level.

N.S. N ot s ign ifican t.

Akaka + .03 N.S.

I'uhi +.87 **Akaka + .66 **I'uhi +.35 N .S.

Akaka - .48 *Puhi +.38 N .S.

Akaka +..56 *Puhi + .77 **Akaka +.56 *Puhi - .7 1 **Akak a - .64 **Puhi + .70 **

Akaka + ,(->3 *~,

l'uhi +JJ ! **Akaka + .78 * :~:

Puhi +.11 N.S.

Akaka + .70 **l'uhi + ,(J3 N.S.

Akak a - .86 **l'uhi - .26 N.S.

Akaka + .47 N.S.

l'uhi +.23 N.S.

75 .7%

43 .6%

23.0%

3 1.4%

59 .3%

31.4%

50.4%

41.0 %

49.0%

39.7%

82.8%

60.8 %

49.0%

74 .0%

22. 1%

CALCIUM CARDONATE AND CA LCIUM S I L ICATE A ND YIELD I N LATOSOLS 31

TADLE 14 . Co rrelation cocfficicnts calculate d from relationsh ip s within soil ana lysisvalues and root analysis va lues

FA CTOH a vs. FACTOIl b

Roots

Alumi num vs. calcium

Aluminum vs. calcium

Aluminum vs. phosphorus

Aluminum vs. phosp horus

Soil

Aluminum vs. ca lci um

Aluminum vs. ca lcium

Aluminum vs . phosphorus

Aluminum vs. p hosphorus

. Aluminum vs. CEC

Alum inum vs. CEC

** S ign ifica nt a t 1% lev e l.

* Si gnifi cant at 5% l evel.

N .S. Not sign ifica n t.

SOIL

Akaka -.64

Pu hi - .55

Akaka + .75

l'uhi +.60

Akaka - .95

Puhi - .91

Akaka - .28

l'uhi - .22

Aka ka -.61

1'1Ihi - .4,5

CO E F F IC IENT

SIGNIFICANC E OF llET E IIl\II N AT IQ N

** 41.0%

* 27 .8%

** .56.2%

* 36.0%

** 90 .2%

** 82 .8%

N.S.

N.S.

** 37.2%

N.S.

ous fac tors in soil and root analysis. Th ese data revea l that th ere was asignificant relationship between yields and the log percent phosphorus inp lant tops grown on Pu hi soil, and also between yield an d calcium contentof plant tops grown on Akaka soil. In addition, they indicat e significantrela tionships bet ween yield an d the calcium, aluminum , an d phosphoruscontent of roo ts of plants grown on both soils. In th e Akaka soil , th erealso were significant relations hips between yie ld and the phosphorus,exchangeable calcium, soil reaction, and extractable alumi num of th e soil ;but, in th e Puh i soil, only the relationship between yie ld and phosphoruscontent was sign ificant.

In both soils, th ere was a significant negative correlation bet ween thealuminum and the calcium conten t of the roo ts, and a sign ificant positivecorrelation between th e aluminum and the phosphoru s content of theroots. Also, in both soils, the re lations hip bet ween alu minum and calciumcontent of the soil was highl y significan t.

32 HAWAII AG lIICULTURAL EXPEIUMENT ST ATION

Leachate Studies

Although the results were not sta tistically an alyzed , it is obvious fromtabl e 15 th at the aluminum content of the nil tr eatment in the Akaka soilwas extremely high , and that thi s conce ntration was reduced by applica­tions of lime and calcium silica te and by monocalcium phosphate. Hester(1935) stated that plan t growth was dir ectly correlated with the appear­ance of aluminum in draina ge wat ers. In the case of the Puhi soil, theresult s were gene rally low ; however, monocalcium phosphate increasedthe aluminum content in the leachate at the So and Lo levels, and th is wa saccompanied, appa re ntly, by a dr asti c lowering of th e pH of th e leachatesolution.

T ABLE 15 . E ffect of ap pl ications of liming materi als and monocalcium phosphat e on th ealuminum conte nt (in ppm) of th e second Ieachat es

CA LCIU M SILICATE

P HOSPIIATELI l\[E AP PL IE D,

APPLIED,

APPL IED,lh / acre lh/ acre

lh/ acre0 5,000 20,000 0 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SOI L

0 5.1 0.3 0.3 5 .1 0.3 0.4

500 1.4 .3 .5 1.4 .4 .5

2000 1.4 .5 .5 1.4 .6 .5

PURl SOIL

0 .4 .3 .3 .4 .9 .5

500 3 .1 .9 .2 3. 1 1.7 .3

2000 2.7 .3 .2 2 .7 .4 .4

The graph presented in figure 8 shows the re lationship between alumi­num content and pH and illustrates clearl y the reduction in soluble alumi­num whi ch occurred as the pH increased . At approximately pH 5.6, th ealuminum content remained constant with increasing pH. It was com­pletely soluble at pH 3.5. The activity of aluminum in th e 3.5 to 5.6 rangecorresponde d to the activity of aluminum on decreasing the pH of anAI203(P205)'H20 colloidal complex ( Miller, 1956). Ma gistad (1925 )pointed out that wh en the ac id ity became grea ter than pH 5, the aluminumsolubility began to increase until pH 4.5 was reached , at which point itthen proceed ed to increase rapidl y.

Although the concentrat ion of phosphorus was variable, the L 1 level inth e Puhi soil increased th e phosphorus content wh en phosphorus was

CALCIUM CARBONATE AND CA LC IU M SI LI CAT E A N D YIELD IN LATOSOLS 33

2nd LEACHATE - BOTH PUHI a AKAKA

5

ppm AI

•vs pH

«

4

3

2

3 4 567pH (2nd Leachate 1

8

FIGUIl E 8. Helationship between aluminum content and pl I of th e seco nd leachat e.

34 HAWAIl A GHlCULT UlIAL EXPEHlMENT STA nON

added; this occurred in both th e first and second leachates (tables 16, 17) .However , at th e L 2 level, th e increase was mu ch smaller, due probably toth e formation of tr ical cium phosphate at thi s level. The uptake in th eplant tops reflected th is increase.

T AB LE 16. Ellcct of applicati ons of limin g ma tc ria ls and m onoc nlcium phosphate on th ep hosphorus conte nt (in ppm) of th c first lcnchates

CALCIUM S IL ICA T EP HO SP HATE

LI M E A P P LIED,APP LI E D,

A PPLIE I),lh / ucre lh / ucrc

lh / ucro0 5,000 20,000 5,0000 20,000

AKAKA SO IL

0 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.09 0,()3 0.02

500 .07 .05 .10 .07 .05 .16

2000 .03 .26 .16 .03 .05 .13

PURl SOIL

0 .08 .13 .33 .08 .05 .10

500 .08 .27 .26 .08 .05 .10

2000 .08 1.42 .41 .08 .06 .63

T ABL E 17. Effect of applications of lim ing ma tc rials ami m onocalcium phosphat e on th ephosphoru s con ten t (in ppm) of th c second lcachatcs .

CA LC IUM SILI CAT E

PHOSPHAT EL Il\ -fE A PPL IED,

A P PLIED,

APPLIED,Ih/ acrc lh /acre

lh / acre0 5,000 20,000 0 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SOIL

0 0.05 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.05 0,()7

500 .06 .11 .09 .06 .05 .17

2000 .06 .14 .09 .06 .11 .21

PUHI SOIL

0 .06 .05 .08 .06 .14 .18

500 .06 .22 .08 .06 .05 .14

2000 .08 .65 .11 .08 .08 .09

CALCIUM CAHllONATE AND CALCIUM SILICATE AND YIELD IN LATOSOLS

DISCUSSION

35

A considerable amount of data was collected during this investi gation;however, it should be kept in mind that the main objectiv e of thi s studywas to explain differences in response to lime and calcium silicate on Akakasoil and on Puhi soil.

It has been shown from the yield results that both lime and calciumsilicate increased yield to the same extent in the Akaka soil and that mono­calcium ph osphat e also increased yield and in a linear manner. On th ePuhi soil, onl y th e high est applica tion level of calcium silicate appearedto in crease yield, and then but slightly. The main increase in yield camefrom the use of monocalcium phosphate.

The reduction in yield caused by the high est lime application has beenomitted from thi s discussion.

Several hypotheses were outlined at th e end of th e for egoin g litera turereview section of this bulletin; th ese ar e now analyzed, using the evidencecited above.

1. a. The breakdown of organic matter (if any ) did not releasesoluble aluminum to the drainage waters. This is sho wn inthe leach ing stu dies.

b. Phosphorus was released by lime or calcium silicate onl y whe nmonocalc ium phospha te was adde d.

2. Although calcium upt ake cor rela ted with yield in the Akaka soilseries, the ra nge of calcium values was no t lower tha n th e Pu hiseries, which showed no re lationship with yield. Therefore, itis likely that calcium was ac ting with anoth er factor which was,in turn, affectin g yiel d and was not a limiting fac tor in itself.Evidence shows that thi s factor may ha ve been alu minum. Men­chikovsky and Puffeles ( 1938) reached a similar conclusion.

3. Aluminum is certai nly a major factor in the Akaka soil butappears to be of littl e importance in the Puhi soil. Aluminumcan be negatively correlated with yield in the top s, roots, andsoil in th e Akaka seri es, but no correlation is indicated in thePu hi studies. Leachate studies also showed extremely high con­centrations of aluminum in the untreated pots in th e Akaka series.

It appears likely that aluminum acts as a "toxic" fa ctor inth e Akaka soil and is reduced by eithe r high calcium ion con­centration, high pH, or high phosphorus content, or by combina­tions of these three conditions. King (1961) has shown thatupon ad ding phosphorus, high amounts of aluminum phosphatear e form ed in th is soil type, wh ereas relatively smaller amountsar e formed in a soil similar to the Puhi soil. H artwell and Pember(1918) , and others, also foun d that the addition of phosphatereduces "active" aluminum . They sta ted : "The practical advan-

36 H AWAII A GHI CULTUHAL E X P E HI M E NT STATION

tage of phosphating and limin g ma y oft en prove to be du e to theprecipitation of active aluminum ." Reasons for the action ofalum inum in reducing yield ar e purely sp eculative. Relation­ships between aluminum and phosphorus in th e roots of plantsgrown on Akaka soil indi cate th e pos sibility that aluminum phos­phate is form ed in th e root. Pierre and Stuart ( 1933), and others,have placed importance on this occurrence, which is said topreven t phosphorus uptake by th e plant tops; however, phos­phorus was ad equate in th e plant tops of the Akaka series. I t ismore likely th en that aluminum affects the metabolic functionsof th e plant cell at the aluminum con centrations found in Akakasoils. Evidence for this supposition is found in th e work of HuthAddoms ( 1927 ) , who examined the root hair cells of the wheatplant while imm ersing them in salt solutions. She found th ataluminum and zin c penetrated the cell rapid ly and I produceda severe flocculation of the protoplasm ; coagulation fina llybecame irreversible and death of the cell resulted .

4. T here is evidence (analysis of the leachat es ) th at added ph os­phorus is released to the soil solution by th e add ition of lime orcalcium silicate. With the highest applica tion of calcium silica te ,th e second leachate of the Puhi seri es at the Po and PI levelsshowed an increa se in soluble phosphorus. This increase in solu­b le phosphorus was reflect ed in an increas e in yield; it wa s notevident in eithe r plant uptake or soil tests . Inasmuch as Puhi soilappe ars to lack th e ability to supply adequate phosphorus to th ep lant, an y increa se in available phosphorus shou ld th erefore causean increase in yie ld . This is not the case, however , in th e Akak asoil, where its phosphorus supply to th e plant appears adequa tean d would not of itself be limiting to growth; here, monocalciumphospha te ma y be acting ind irectly on th e yield by red ucingaluminum and thereby causing an increase in yield .

5. On ly th e effec ts of phosphorus, calcium, and aluminum havebeen inves tiga ted in this study; and it is rea lized tha t other fac ­tors cou ld be involved and that th ere is much mor e work to bedone in thi s field. For example, manganese may be present intoxic concentrations and may be reduced by the action of limingma teria ls; or, molybdenum may b e made more availab le.

CONCLUSION

In a Hydrol Humic La tosol, both calcium carbonate and calcium silica teappear to increase th e yield of Sudan grass, provided th e plI remains be lowapproximately 6.8; above this value, yield is depressed . Increased yield is

CALCIUM CA RBONATE AN D CA LCIUM SI LICATE AN D YI E LD IN LATOSOLS 3 7

probabl y du e to th e reduction of "toxic" aluminum brought about by th eaction of calcium ions and increa sing pH.

In a Humic Ferr ug inous Latosol, lime do es not increa se yield butdepresses it a t high pH values . Calcium silicate sligh tly increa ses yield athigh er values; such increase is probably du e to increased availabl e phos­phorus and not to a decreas e in th e "active" aluminum. Aluminum do esnot appear to be a toxic fac tor in thi s soil.

Monocalcium phosph at e increa ses yie ld in both cases-in th e H ydrolHumic L atosol by re ducing "toxic" aluminum, and in th e Humic Ferru­ginous Latoso l by supplying phosphorus as a nutrient.

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UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIICOLLEGE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE

HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONHONOLULU, HAWAII

THOMAS H. HAMILTONPresident of the University

MORTON M. ROSENBERGDean of the College and

Director of the Experiment Station

G. DONALD SHERMANAssociate Director of the Experiment Station