the commodity

Sprinkler Technology - Storage

By James Golinveaux

Senior Fellow

What is the Big Deal?

• FM Global and NFPA have made Significant Changes for Storage in 2011

and 2012

– FM has eliminated all names of storage sprinklers such as ESFR, CMSA

and CMDA, NFPA still uses the names to differentiate the rules

– FM has banned K5.6 (K80) and K8.0 (K115) from ceiling protection of

storage, NFPA restricts the use but not a ban

– FM has banned 286 degree (high temperature) sprinklers from wet

systems

– FM has eliminated density and area from design considerations, NFPA

still highly dependent on density curves

– FM has eliminated storage height from design consideration of ceiling

only protection, storage height and clearance a significant design

consideration in NFPA

– FM and NFPA now recognize ceiling only designs with as few as 6

sprinklers in the hydraulic demand.

3

Storage Strategy

• Commodity Class

• Sprinkler Selections

• When in-racks are required

• Comparisons of the process of storage design between

NFPA 13 2013 edition and FM 8-9 2011 Edition

• Recommended Ceiling Only Designs for Ceilings from 35

ft (10.7 m) to 45 ft (13.7 m)

• FM 8-9 Design and Installation highlights

4

• 5.6.1.1.1 Commodity classification and the corresponding protection requirements shall be determined based on the makeup of individual storage units (i.e., unit load, pallet load).

• 5.6.1.1.2 When specific test data of commodity classification by a nationally recognized testing agency are available, the data shall be permitted to be used in determining classification of commodities.

Commodity Classification Process

5

NFPA 13 Commodity Classification

Class or

Group Class or Group Material

Class I Essentially non-combustible products in corrugated cartons on combustible

pallets

Class II Class I products in slatted wooden crates, solid wooden boxes or multiple

thickness paperboard cartons with or without pallets

Class III Wood, paper, natural fiber cloth or Group C plastics with or without pallets.

May contain a limited amount (5% by weight or volume or less) of Group A

or Group B plastics

Class IV Class I, II or III commodities in corrugated cartons with appreciable amounts

(5-15% by weight, or 5-25% by volume) of Group A plastics

Pla

sti

cs

Cartoned Unexpanded Group A Plastic

Exposed Unexpanded Group A Plastic

Cartoned Expanded Group A Plastic

Exposed Expanded Group A Plastic

Ha

za

rd S

eve

rity

6

• 5.6.3.1* Class I. A Class I commodity shall be defined as a noncombustible product that meets one of the following criteria:

(1) Placed directly on wood pallets

(2) Placed in single-layer corrugated cartons, with or without single-thickness cardboard dividers, with or without pallets

(3) Shrink-wrapped or paper-wrapped as a unit load with or without pallets

Commodity Classes – Class I

NFPA 13- Table A.5.6.3

7

• 5.6.3.2* Class II. A Class II commodity shall be defined as a noncombustible product that is in slatted wooden crates, solid wood boxes, multiple-layered corrugated cartons, or equivalent combustible packaging material, with or without pallets.

Commodity Classes – Class II

Metal-lined double tri-wall corrugated carton on a wood pallet


8

• 5.6.3.3.1 A Class III commodity shall be defined as a product fashioned from wood, paper, natural fibers, or Group C plastics with or without cartons, boxes, or crates and with or without pallets.

(1) Fluoroplastics (PCTFE — polychlorotrifluoroethylene; PTFE — polytetrafluoroethylene)

(2) Melamine (melamine formaldehyde)

(3) Phenolic

(4) PVC (polyvinyl chloride — flexible — PVCs with plasticizer content up to 20 percent)

(5) PVDC (polyvinylidene chloride)

(6) PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride)

(7) PVF (polyvinyl fluoride)

(8) Urea (urea formaldehyde)

• 5.6.3.3.2 A Class III commodity shall be permitted to contain a limited amount (5 percent by weight or volume or less) of Group A or Group B plastics.

Commodity Classes – Class III

Paper cups in compartmented cardboard cartons on wood pallets


9

• 5.6.3.4.1 A Class IV commodity shall be defined as a product, with or without pallets, that meets one of the following criteria:

• (1) Constructed partially or totally of Group B plastics

• (2) Consists of free-flowing Group A plastic materials

• (3) Contains within itself or its packaging an appreciable amount (5 percent to 15 percent by weight or 5 percent to 25 percent by volume) of Group A plastics

– (1) Cellulosics (cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate,

– ethyl cellulose)

– (2) Chloroprene rubber

– (3) Fluoroplastics (ECTFE—ethylene-chlorotrifluoro-ethylene

– copolymer; ETFE — ethylene-tetrafluoroethylenecopolymer;

– FEP — fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer)

– (4) Natural rubber (not expanded)

– (5) Nylon (nylon 6, nylon 6/6)

– (6) Silicone rubber

• 5.6.3.4.2 The remaining materials shall be permitted to be metal, wood, paper, natural or synthetic fibers, or Group B or Group C plastics.

Commodity Classes – Class IV

A mixture of paper and plastic cups (15 % plastic by weight) on

wood pallets.

10

• 5.6.4* Classification of Plastics, Elastomers, and Rubber. Plastics, elastomers, and rubber shall be classified as Group A, Group B, or Group C.

– Group B anc C are shown in class IV and class III respectively.

Plastics

Group A (1) ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene

copolymer)

(2) Acetal (polyformaldehyde)

(3) Acrylic (polymethyl methacrylate)

(4) Butyl rubber

(5) EPDM (ethylene-propylene rubber)

(6) FRP (fiberglass-reinforced polyester)

(7) Natural rubber (if expanded)

(8) Nitrile-rubber (acrylonitrile-butadiene-rubber)

(9) PET (thermoplastic polyester)

(10) Polybutadiene

(11) Polycarbonate

(12) Polyester elastomer

(13) Polyethylene

(14) Polypropylene

(15) Polystyrene

(16) Polyurethane

(17) PVC (polyvinyl chloride — highly plasticized,

with

plasticizer content greater than 20 percent) (rarely

found)

(18) SAN (styrene acrylonitrile) (19) SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber)

11

Commodity Classes – Group A Plastic

• Plastic materials – Cartoned vs. Uncartoned (Exposed)

– Expanded vs. Unexpanded NFPA 13- Table A.5.6.3

12

Group A Plastic

13

16-oz (450 g) Polystyrene Plastic Jars in Compartmented Cardboard Cartons

Expanded Polystyrene Trays Cartoned

Expanded Polystyrene Trays Exposed

Unexpanded Plastic Pallets Exposed

Commodity Classes – Group A

> 40% (by volume) of expanded plastic

Cartoned expanded

plastic

13: 5.6.4.4.1

=

> 25% (by volume) of

expanded plastic

Exposed expanded

plastic

13: 5.6.4.4.2

=

NEW TO 2013 EDITION

14

• 5.6.1.2 Mixed Commodities.

• 5.6.1.2.1 Protection requirements shall not be based on the overall commodity mix in a fire area.

• 5.6.1.2.2 Unless the requirements of 5.6.1.2.3 or 5.6.1.2.4 are met, mixed commodity storage shall be protected by the requirements for the highest classified commodity and storage arrangement.

• 5.6.1.2.3 The protection requirements for the lower commodity class shall be permitted to be utilized where all of the

• following are met:

– (1) Up to 10 pallet loads of a higher hazard commodity, as described in 5.6.3 and 5.6.4, shall be permitted to be present in an area not exceeding 40,000 ft2 (3716 m2).

– (2) The higher hazard commodity shall be randomly dispersed with no adjacent loads in any direction (including diagonally).

– (3) Where the ceiling protection is based on Class I or Class II commodities, the allowable number of pallet loads for Class IV or Group A plastics shall be reduced to five.

• 5.6.1.2.4 Mixed Commodity Segregation. The protection requirements for the lower commodity class shall be permitted to be utilized in the area of lower commodity class, where the higher hazard material is confined to a designated area and the area is protected to the higher hazard in accordance with the requirements of this standard.

Mixed Commodities

15

NFPA 13 2016 Proposed Change

• 5.6.3.4.2 Commodities containing a mix of both Group A expanded and unexpanded plastics shall comply with Figure 5.6.3.4.

16

Storage Strategy

• Commodity Class






ft (10.7 m) to 45 ft (13.7 m)


17

How did we get here?

• For Control Mode Density Area (CMDA) sprinklers the Standard Spray K5.6 (K80) and K8.0 (K115) pendent and upright automatic sprinklers were the only CMDA K factors for storage until 1992.

18

CMDA (continued)

• In 1992 Tyco introduced the first CMDA K11.2 (K160) pendent and upright automatic sprinklers formerly known as the ELO-231

19

CMDA (continued)

20

• The K14 (200), K16.8 (K240) and K25.2EC (K360EC) CMDA automatic sprinklers

K25.2 EC Upright (K360)

K16.8 (K240)

K25.2 EC Pendent (K360)

K14.0 (K200)

Control Mode Specific Application (CMSA)

21

CMSA automatic sprinklers

K11.2 (K160)

K16.8 (K240)

K19.6 (K280)

K25.2 (K360)

K25.2EC (K360EC)

Suppression Mode (ESFR)

Suppression Mode automatic sprinklers

K14.0 (K200)

K16.8 (K240)

K22.4 (K320)

K25.2 (K360)

K16.8 (K240)

K14.0 (K200)

22

CMDA Moves to K11.2 (160) Minimum

• Double Row Rack Storage

• 9.3 m2 (100 ft2) Spacing

• 24.3 mm/min (.60 gpm/ ft2) Density

• Group A Plastics in Cardboard Boxes

• Repeat of Rack Storage Plastics Test 7 (RSP 7) 1975

7,62 m (25’) High Bldg.

4,57 m (15’) Storage

VS.

K8.0 (115) K11.2 (160)

Sprinkler Demand

Sprinkler Demand

K8.0 (115) K11.2 (160)

1740 GPM (6587 L/min)

240 GPM 908 L/min)

RSP 7 Operated Sprinklers 29 sprinklers K8.0 (115) Operated Sprinklers Only 4 K11.2 (160)

Activated Sprinklers RSP 7 vs. K11.2

(160)

Gas Peak Temperatures RSP 7 vs. K11.2

(160)

Time (minutes)

0 5 10 20 25 30 15

K11.2 (160)

K8.0 (115)

1094 C

(2000 F)

816 C

(1500 F)

538 C

(1000 F)

260 C

(500 F)

0

K5.6 Spray 7 psi (0.5 bar) to 100 psi

(7 bar)

26

K25EC Droplet Size 7 psi (0.5

bar) to 100 psi (7 bar)

27

22

MP

H

(45

KP

H)

Droplets Ability to Penetrate the Fire Plume

http://www.hdwallpaperspics.com/uploads/2012/12/water-droplet-icon1.jpg


Small Drops are Carried Back to Ceiling - May Skip

or Prevent Adjacent Sprinklers from Opening

22

MP

H

(45

KP

H)


High Temperature Sprinklers?

Core Sprinklers Control the Fire

Outer Rings of Sprinklers Provide Little Benefit

High Temperature Sprinklers WERE the Best Answer to Poor Performance of the Core Sprinklers of the Past

NFPA 13, 2010 EditionDensity K-factor

12.6.1: densities of 0.20 gpm/ft2 (8.2 mm/min) or less 5.6 (80) & larger

12.6.2: densities of greater than 0.20 gpm/ft2 (8.2 mm/min)

to 0.34 gpm/ft2 (13.9 mm/min) 8.0 (115) & larger

12.6.3: densities greater than 0.34 gpm/ft2 (13.9 mm/min) 11.2 (160) & larger

NFPA 13 K-factor Requirements for Storage

Protection

31

FM 8-9 2.3.3.2.1 Use only FM Approved sprinklers listed in the Approval Guide under the heading of Storage Sprinklers (Ceiling-Level) for any ceiling-level sprinkler options in this data sheet. Currently, FM Approved ceiling-level Storage sprinklers have K-factor values ranging from 11.2 (160) to 25.2 (360).

K8.0 (115) .33 gpm/ft2 / 3000 sq ft

(13.44 / 279)

EC-25 K25.2 (K360)

33

• Commodity Class






ft (10.7 m) to 45 ft (13.7 m)


Storage Strategy

34

Chapter Commodity Storage Height Building Height CMDA CMSA ESFR

16

Class IV >22 ft (6.7 m) NA x

Class I - III >25 ft (7.6 m) NA x

Class I - IV >35 ft (10.6) >40 ft (12.1 m) x

Class I - IV >40 ft (12.1 m) >45 ft (13.7 m) x

Spec App Class I – IV* >43 ft (13.1 m) >48 ft (14.6 m) x

17

Group A plastic commodities in

cartons, encapsulated or

nonencapsulated

20 ft (6.1 m) >25 ft (7.6 m) x

>20 ft (6.1 m)

NA x

Group A plastic Cartoned

Unexpanded >35 ft (10.6) >40 ft (12.1 m) x

Group A plastic Cartoned

Unexpanded >40 ft (12.1 m) >45 ft (13.7 m) x

Group A plastic Exposed

Unexpanded >35 ft (10.6) >40 ft (12.1 m) x

Spec App Group A plastic Cartoned

Unexpanded*

>43 ft (13.1 m) >48 ft (14.6 m) x

Where In-Racks Become Mandatory Based on Type of

Sprinkler and Storage or Ceiling Height – NFPA 13 + Spec

App ESFR Sprinklers

* UL Only Specific Application ESFR Sprinkler – See Manuf. Data Sheet

When In-Rack Sprinklers are Required in

NFPA 13 other than Maximum Height

• 16.1.6.1 Where solid shelving in single-, double-, and multiple-row racks exceeds 20 ft2 (1.86 m2) but does not exceed 64 ft2 (5.95 m2) in area, sprinklers shall not be required below every shelf, but shall be installed at the ceiling and below shelves at intermediate levels not more than 6 ft (2 m) apart vertically.

• 16.1.6.2 Where solid shelving in single-, double-, and multiple-row racks exceeds 64 ft2 (5.95 m2) in area or where the levels of storage exceed 6 ft (2 m), sprinklers shall be installed at the ceiling and below each level of shelving.

• 17.1.5.1 Where solid shelving in single-, double-, and multiple-row racks exceeds 20 ft2 (1.86 m2) but does not exceed 64 ft2 (5.95 m2) in area, sprinklers shall not be required below every shelf, but shall be installed at the ceiling and below shelves at intermediate levels not more than 6 ft (2 m) apart vertically.

• 17.1.5.2 Where solid shelving in single-, double-, and multiple-row racks exceeds 64 ft2 (5.95 m2) in area or where the levels of storage exceed 6 ft (2 m), sprinklers shall be installed at the ceiling and below each level of shelving.

• 12.1.3.4.2 For spray sprinkler criteria where the clearance to ceiling exceeds those identified in this section, the requirements of 12.1.3.4.3 through 12.1.3.4.8 shall apply.

• 12.1.3.4.4 Where the clearance to ceiling exceeds 20 ft (6.1 m) for Section 16.2, protection shall be based upon the storage height that would result in a clearance to ceiling of 20 ft (6.1 m) or providing one level of supplemental, quick response in-rack sprinklers located directly below the top tier of storage and at every flue space intersection.

• 12.1.3.4.5 Where the clearance to ceiling exceeds 10 ft (3.1 m) for Section 16.3 or Section 17.2, protection shall be based upon the storage height that would result in a clearance to ceiling of 10 ft (3.1 m) or providing one level of supplemental, quick response in-rack sprinklers located directly below the top tier of storage and at every flue space intersection.

• 12.1.3.4.6 Where the clearance exceeds 10 ft (3.1 m) for Section 17.3, protection shall be based upon providing one level of supplemental, quick-response in-rack sprinklers located directly below the top tier of storage and at every flue space intersection.

• Table 13.2.1 Miscellaneous Storage

Where In-Racks Become Mandatory Based on Ceiling Height – FM 8-9

Chapter Commodity Building Height

Tables 7 - 11

Class I – IV and Cartoned Unexpanded Plastic

>45 ft (13.7 m)

Cartoned and Uncartoned Expanded Plastic >40 ft (12.1 m)

Where In-Racks Become Mandatory Based on

Type of Sprinkler and Storage or Ceiling Height – FM 8-9

37


Type of Sprinkler and Storage or Ceiling Height –

FM 8-9

• 2.2.5.1.4 When the open -top container hazard

cannot be eliminated and the storage racks have

solid shelves greater than 64 ft2 (6.0 m2) in area,

protect the rack storage based on presence of solid

shelves greater than 64 ft2 (6.0 m2) in area and

install in-rack sprinklers at every transverse flue

spaces intersection (i.e., IRAS[E] arrangement).

• 2.2.5.2.3 Treat portable racks that do not meet the

guidelines in Sections 2.2.5.2.1 or 2.2.5.2.2 as rack

storage having solid shelves. Size the shelf area

using the guidelines for rack storage.

• 2.2.3.1.4 Treat storage racks not having flue spaces

as described in Sections 2.2.3.1.1 through 2.2.3.1.3

as racks with solid shelves. Base the size of the

shelf area on the presence of well-maintained,

vertically aligned flue spaces having a minimum net

width of 3 in. (75 mm). If well-maintained, vertically

aligned flue spaces having a minimum net width of 3

in. (75 mm) cannot be provided, protect the racks

based on the presence of solid shelves greater than

64 ft2 (6.0 m2) in area.

• 2.2.3.2.4 Treat storage racks not having flue spaces

as described above in Sections 2.2.3.2.1

through2.2.3.2.3 as racks with solid shelves greater

than 64 ft2 (6.0 m2) in area.

• 2.2.5.1.3 When the open-top container hazard cannot

be eliminated and the storage racks are either open

frame or have solid shelves up to 64 ft2 (6.0 m2) in

area, provide protection for the racks as though 20 to

64 ft2 (2.0 to 6.0 m2) solid shelves are present. In

addition, at least one level of in-rack sprinklers is

needed for any storage in access of 10 ft (3.0 m)

high. Install in-rack sprinklers at every transverse flue

space intersection (i.e., IRAS[E] arrangement) at the

vertical tier heights where in-rack sprinklers are

recommended per Section 2.3.4.7.

• 2.3.3.7.3.1 Ceiling Heights in Excess of Those Indicated in

Protection Tables for Ceiling-Level Storage Sprinklers

Protecting Rack Storage - When ceiling heights at storage

facilities are in excess of what is indicated in the

applicable protection table in Section 2.3.3.7.2 for the

commodity being protected, a ceiling-only sprinkler

system is not an option. Implement one of the two

options listed below when ceiling-only options are not

available.

• 2.3.3.7.3.1.2 Option 2: Installation of In-Rack Sprinklers

Follow the guidelines In Section 2.3.4.6 to determine the

acceptable horizontal layout of the in-rack sprinklers, and

Section 2.3.4.7 for the vertical increments in which the in-

rack sprinklers can be installed. If there is more than 20

ft (6.0 m) of vertical clearance between the top of

storage and the ceiling above, supplement the

existing in-rack sprinkler arrangement obtained from

Sections 2.3.4.6 and 2.3.4.7 by installing in-rack

sprinklers at the top tier level of the storage rack. Use

an in-rack arrangement in accordance with Figures 11, 13,

and 14, depending on the rack type. If a horizontal barrier

is provided above this top level of in-rack sprinklers,

Figure 12 can be used as an alternative for double-row

racks, and Figure 10 can be used as an alternative for

multiple-row racks. Design the ceiling-level sprinklers in

accordance with Table 13 (Section 2.3.4.8.2) based on an

IRAS(E) in-rack sprinkler arrangement. Limit the storage

on the top tier to a maximum of 5 ft (1.5 m).

• 2.3.4.2.2 Racks With Solid Shelves 20 to 64 ft2

(2.0 to 6.0 m2) in Area In-rack sprinklers are needed

within storage racks having solid shelves 20 to 64 ft2

(2.0 to 6.0 m2) in surface area under the following

conditions:

– 1. Class 1 through 4 and cartoned plastics are

stored higher than 15 ft (4.5 m) under a ceiling

up to 30 ft (9.0 m) high, or

– 2. Uncartoned plastics are stored higher than

10 ft (3.0 m) under a ceiling up to 30 ft (9.0 m)

high, or

– 3. The ceiling height exceeds 30 ft (9.0 m), or

– 4. The available water supply cannot provide

the flow and pressure needed for any ceiling-

only protection option that is acceptable in the

presence of solid shelves 20 to 64 ft2 (2.0 to

6.0 m2) in surface area.

• 2.3.4.2.3 Racks With Solid Shelves Greater than 64

ft2 (6.0 m2) in Area In-rack sprinklers are needed

within storage racks at all tier levels equipped with

solid shelves greater than 64 ft2 (6.0 m2) in area.


Type of Sprinkler and Storage or Ceiling Height

– FM 8-9

• Commodity Class



• Comparisons of the process of storage design

between NFPA 13 2013 edition and FM 8-9 2011

Edition


ft (10.7 m) to 45 ft (13.7 m)


Storage Strategy

40

• NFPA 13 2010

– 1.5 Equivalency. Nothing in this standard is intended to prevent

the use of systems, methods, or devices of equivalent or superior

quality, strength, fire resistance, effectiveness, durability, and

safety over those prescribed by this standard.

– 1.5.1 Technical documentation shall be submitted to the authority

having jurisdiction to demonstrate equivalency.

– 1.5.2 The system, method, or device shall be approved for the

intended purpose by the authority having jurisdiction.

Selecting a Technology and a

Standard

41

When NFPA is the referenced code by law, Section 1.5 is used to submit a FM design.

Roof Vents and Draft Curtains

• FM 2.0

• 12.1.1 Roof Vents and Draft Curtains.

• 12.1.1.1* Manually operated roof vents or automatic

roof vents with operating elements that have a higher

temperature classification than the automatic

sprinklers shall be permitted.

• A.12.1.1.1 Sprinkler protection criteria are based on the assumption that roof vents and draft curtains are not being used. (See Section C.6.)

• 12.1.1.2 Early suppression fast-response (ESFR)

sprinklers shall not be used in buildings with

automatic heat or smoke vents unless the vents

use a high-temperature rated, standard response

operating mechanism.

• 12.1.1.3* Draft curtains shall not be used within

ESFR sprinkler systems.

• 12.1.1.3.1 Draft curtains separating ESFR sprinklers

at system breaks or from control mode sprinklers or

between hazards shall be permitted. (See 8.4.6.4.)

• 2.1.1.7.1 Heat and/or Smoke Vents

• Do not install automatic smoke and heat vents in facilities equipped with sprinkler protection; manual heat and smoke vents, however, are acceptable. If local codes require the installation of automatic smoke and heat vents, do one of the following:

• (a) Install vents that are FM Approved for occupancies protected by quick-response Storage sprinklers.

• (b) Install FM Approved vents equipped with a standard-response 360°F (182°C) nominal thermal activating device.

• (c) Install quick-response sprinklers directly under the vent opening ……

• 2.1.1.8 Draft Curtains

• Do not install draft curtains in buildings protected by sprinklers unless they are (a) specifically used to separate areas protected by quick-response ceiling-level Storage sprinklers from areas protected by standard response ceiling-level sprinklers, or (b) recommended by other sections of this data sheet, or © recommended by the relevant occupancy-specific data sheet.

• NFPA

Commodity Class

• Building Height

• Storage

• Arrangement - Palletized or Rack

• Height

• From floor

• Clearance to Ceiling

• Sprinkler System

• Wet

• ESFR

• CMSA

• CMDA

• Special

• Dry

• CMSA

• CMDA

• Special

NFPA 13 and FM 8-9 Starting Points

• NFPA 13 • FM 8-9

Commodity Class

• Building Height

• Storage

– Arrangement - Palletized or Rack

• Sprinkler System

– Wet

• Pendent QR or SR

• Upright QR or SR

– Dry

• Upright 2800F (140C)

Always consider Idle Pallet Storage -

NFPA

• Idle Plastic Pallet Storage

– CMDA and CMSA limited to 4 ft (1.2 m)

storage height when K Factor < 16.8

– CMDA K Factor 16.8 or greater limited

to 10 ft (3 m) storage height and a

maximum 30 ft (9.1 m) ceiling height

– Table 12.12.2.1 ESFR limited to 35 ft

(10.7 m) storage height and a maximum

40 ft (12.1 m) ceiling height

12.12.2.2.4.1 Where plastic pallets are stored in cutoff rooms, the following shall apply:

(1) The cutoff rooms shall have at least one exterior wall.

(2) The plastic pallet storage shall be separated from the remainder of the building by 3 hour–rated fire walls.

(3) The storage shall be protected by sprinklers designed to deliver 0.6 gpm/ft2 (24.5 mm/min) for the entire room or by high-expansion foam and sprinklers designed to deliver 0.30 gpm/ft2 (12.2 mm/min) for the entire room.

(4) The storage shall be piled no higher than 12 ft (3.7 m).

• Idle Wood Pallet Storage

– Table 12.12.1.2 (a) CMDA limited to 20 ft


30 ft (9.1 m) ceiling height*

– Table 12.12.1.2(b) CMSA limited to 20 ft



– Table 12.12.1.2(c) ESFR limited to 35 ft



*12.12.1.2 (4) Control mode density/area sprinkler protection in accordance with the OH2 curve of Figure 13.2.1 existing with a hose stream demand of at least 250 gpm (946 L/min) for a duration of at least 60 minutes when pallets are stored no higher than 6 ft (1.8 m) and each pile of no more than four stacks shall be separated from other pallet piles by at least 8 ft (1.4 m) of clear space or 25 ft (7.6 m) of commodity. The maximum clearance to ceiling of 20 ft (6.1 m) specified in 12.1.3.4 shall not apply to arrangement 12.12.1.2(4).

Always consider Idle Pallet Storage

8-24

FM

FM 8-9 Solid Pile, Palletized, Shelf and Bin Box Storage

FM 8-9 Rack Storage

NFPA 13 Required Information Before Proceeding to the

Applicable Chapters for Class I, II, III, IV and Plastic

Commodities

Rack Storage

• Determine Commodity Class - Section 5.6.3

• Determine Ceiling Height - Section 12.1.3.1

• Rack Type – Section 3.9.9

• Shelf Type – Section 3.9.3

• Miscellaneous Storage - Section 3.9.1.18 Go to Chapter 13

• Storage Height on Racks

– From Floor – Section 12.1.3.3

– Clearance to Sprinkler Minimum – Section 8.5.6

– Clearance to Ceiling – Section 12.1.3.4

• Rack Storage – Chapter 16, 17 and 20

Palletized, Solid Piled, Bin Box, Shelf and

Back to Back Shelf Storage • Determine Commodity Class - Section 5.6.3

• Determine Ceiling Height - Section 12.1.3.1

• Storage Arrangement – Section 3.9.2

• Storage Height –

– From Floor – Section 12.1.3.3

– Clearance to Sprinkler Minimum – Section 8.5.6

– Clearance to Ceiling – Section 12.1.3.4

• Miscellaneous Storage - Section 3.9.1.18 Go to Chapter 13

• General Storage Chapter 14 and 15

CMDA – Changes pressure with

density/spacing

12.6.9 Ordinary- and intermediate

temperature prinklers with K-

factors of K-11.2 (161) or larger,

where listed for storage, shall be

permitted to use the densities for

hightemperature

sprinklers.

Ordinary Temp

High Temp

Height Adjustment

CMDA - Pressure is not the Issue

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

40,0

45,0

50,0

55,0

60,0

65,0

70,0

75,0

80,0

85,0

90,0

95,0

100,0

0,45 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,8

PR

ES

SU

RE

(P

SI)

DENSITY (100 SQ FT)

K5.6

K8.0

K11.0

K17-231

K25 EC

CMSA – Same pressure and # of

sprinklers regardless of spacing

Table 14.3.1 CMSA Sprinkler Design Criteria for Palletized and Solid-Piled Storage of Class l Through Class lV Commodities

Configuration Commodity

Class

Maximum Storage Height Maximum Ceiling/Roof

Height K Factor /

Orientation

Type of

System

Number of

Design

Sprinklers

Minimum

Operating

Pressure

Hose Stream

Allowance

Water

Supply

Duration

(hours) ft m ft m

Palletized Class l or ll

25 7.6

30 9.1

11.2 (160)

Upright

Wet 15 25 psi

(1.7 bar)

500 (1900

lpm)

1 1/2

Dry 25 25 psi

(1.7 bar) 2

16.8 (240)

Upright

Wet 15 10 psi

(0.7 bar) 1 1/2

Dry 25 15 psi (1.0

bar) 2

19.6 (280)

Pendent Wet 15

16 psi (1.1

bar) 1 1/2

35 10.6

11.2 (160)

Upright

Wet 15 25 psi

(1.7 bar) 1 1/2

Dry 25 25 psi

(1.7 bar) 2

16.8 (240)

Upright

Wet 15 15 psi (1.0

bar) 1 1/2

Dry 25 15 psi (1.0

bar) 2

30 9.1 35 10.6 19.6 (280)

Pendent Wet 15

25 psi

(1.7 bar) 1 1/2

35 10.6 40 12.1 19.6 (280)

Pendent Wet 15

30 psi

(2.1 bar) 1 1/2

ESFR – 12 Sprinklers @ pressure

determined by table

Chapter 14 Example - 30 ft (9.1m) Class IV Palletized

Storage under a 35 ft (10.6m) Ceiling – Wet System

• CMDA

• CMSA

Sprinkler Demand

GPM (LPM)

Hose Demand

GPM (LPM)

Total Flow GPM (LPM)

Duration Minutes

Total Gallons (Liters)

1,470 (5,476) 500

(1,900) 1,970

(7,376) 90

177,300 (663,840)

• Table 14.4.1 – K25.2 (360)

Pendent 12 sprinklers @ 20 psi

(1.4 bar) = 12 x 113 gpm = 1356

(5112 L/min)

• Table 14.4.1 - Hose allowance

is 250 gpm (946 L/min) for 60

minutes

Sprinkler Demand

GPM (LPM)

Hose Demand

GPM (LPM)


Duration Minutes


1,356 (5,112) 250 (946) 1,606

(6,058) 60

96,360 (363,480)

• Figure 14.2.4.2 – 0.30 gpm/ft2 (12.2

mm/min) X 190% (Figure 14.2.4.3) =

.57 gpm/ft2 (23.2 mm/min) over 2000

ft2 (186 m2)

• Table 14.1.3 - Hose allowance is

500 gpm (1900 L/min) for 150

minutes

• K11.2 (160) @ 100 ft2 = 26 psi (1.8

bar)

• K16.8 (240) @ 100 ft2 = 11.5 psi

(0.8 bar)

Sprinkler Demand GPM

(LPM)

Hose Demand

GPM (LPM)


Duration Minutes


1,140 (4,315) 500

(1,900) 1,640 (6,215) 150

246,000 (932,250)

• ESFR

• Table 14.3.1 – K19.6 (280) Pendent

15 sprinklers @ 25 psi (1.7 bar) = 15

x 98 gpm = 1470 (5564 L/min)

• Table 14.3.1 - Hose allowance is

500 gpm (1900 L/min) for 90 minutes

• Table 21.2 – K25.2 EC (360)

Upright 8 sprinklers @ 40 psi

(2.6 bar) = 8 x 159 gpm =

1272 (4815 L/min)

• Table 21.2 - Hose allowance

is 250 gpm (946 L/min) for 60

minutes

• K25.2 EC (280) @ 144 ft2

(13.4 m2) 12 ft x 12 ft (3.6m x

3.6m)

NFPA 13 2013 – New Chapter 21 -Alternative Sprinkler

System Designs for Chapters 12 Through 20

• SPECIAL

Sprinkler Demand

GPM (LPM)

Hose Demand GPM (LPM)


Duration

Minutes


1,275 (4,819)

250 (946)

1,525 (5,769)

60 91,500 (346,14

0)

Storage Arrangeme

nt

Commodity Class

Maximum

Storage Height

Maximum

Ceiling/Roof

Height K-Factor/

Orientation Type of system

Number of Design Sprinkler

s

Minimum Operating Pressure

Maximum Coverage Area

Hose Stream

Allowance

Water Supply Duratio

n (hours)

ft m ft m

Sprinkler Protection Criteria for

Open-Frame Rack

Storage

Class I Through Class

IV, encapsulated

and unencapsulat

ed, and Cartoned

Unexpanded Plastics

20 6.1 30 9.1 25.2 (360)

Upright/ Pendent Wet 6

30 psi (2.1 bar)

12ft x 12ft (3.6m x 3.6m) 144 ft2 (13.4

m2)

250 gpm (950 L/

min) 1

20 6.1 30 9.1 25.2 (360)


30 psi (2.1 bar)

14ft x 14ft (4.2m x 4.2m) 196 ft2 (18.2

m2)

250 gpm (950 L/

min) 1

25 7.6 30 9.1 25.2 (360)


30 psi (2.1 bar)

12ft x 12ft (3.6m x 3.6m) 144 ft2 (13.4

m2)

250 gpm (950 L/

min) 1

25 7.6 30 9.1 25.2 (360)


30 psi (2.1 bar)

14ft x 14ft (4.2m x 4.2m) 196 ft2 (18.2

m2)

250 gpm (950 L/

min) 1

25 7.6 35 11 25.2 (360)


40 psi (2.6 bar)

12ft x 12ft (3.6m x 3.6m) 144 ft2 (13.4

m2)

250 gpm (950 L/

min) 1

25 7.6 35 11 25.2 (360)

Upright Wet 8

40 psi (2.6 bar)

14ft x 14ft (4.2m x 4.2m) 196 ft2 (18.2

m2)

500 (1800 L/

min) 1.5

30 9.1 35 11 25.2 (360)


40 psi (2.6 bar)

12ft x 12ft (3.6m x 3.6m) 144 ft2 (13.4

m2)

250 gpm (950 L/

min) 1

30 9.1 35 11 25.2 (360)

Upright Wet 8

40 psi (2.6 bar)

14ft x 14ft (4.2m x 4.2m) 196 ft2 (18.2

m2)

500 (1800 L/

min) 1.5

Table 21.3.1 Sprinkler Protection Criteria for Open-Frame Rack Storage of Class I Through Class IV and Cartoned Unexpanded Plastic Commodities.

NFPA 13 Chapter 14 Example - 30 ft (9.1m) Class IV

Palletized Storage under a 35 ft (10.6m) Ceiling – Wet

System - Summary

Sprinkler Type Total Flow GPM

(LPM) with Hose

Stream

Total Gallons

(Liters) for

Duration

CMDA K11.2 (160) or

Greater

1,640

(6,215)

246,000

(932,250)

CMSA - K19 (280)

Pend

1,970

(7,376)

177,300

(663,840)

ESFR - K25 (360)

ESFR

1,606

(6,058)

96,360

(363,480)

Special - K25 (360) EC 1,525

(5,769)

91,500

(346,140)

FM 8-9 - 30 ft (9.1m) Class IV Palletized Storage under a 35 ft

(10.6m) Ceiling – Wet System - Fig. 1. Flowchart for

determining the protection options for solid-piled, palletized,

shelf, and bin-box storage arrangements

FM 8-9 Example - 30 ft (9.1m) Class IV Palletized

Storage under a 35 ft (10.6m) Ceiling – Wet

System FM Engineering Bulletin 06-11

90 Minutes – error in EB

FM 8-9 Example - 30 ft (9.1m) Class IV Palletized Storage under a 35 ft

(10.6m) Ceiling – Wet System - Table 3. Ceiling-Level Protection Guidelines

for Class 4 and Cartoned Unexpanded Plastic Commodities in a Solid-Piled,

Palletized, Shelf, or Bin-Box Storage Arrangement

Table 3. Ceiling-Level Protection Guidelines for Class 4 and Cartoned Unexpanded Plastic Commodities in a Solid-Piled, Palletized, Shelf or Bin-Box Storage Arrangement

Protection of Class 4 and Cartoned Unexpanded Plastic Commodities in a Solid-Piled, Palletized, Shelf or Bin-Box Storage Arrangements; No. of AS @ psi (bar)

Ceiling Height, ft

(m)*

Wet System, Pendent Sprinklers, 160°F (70°C)**

Quick Response Standard Response

K11.2 (K160)

K14.0 (K200) K16.8 (K240) K22.4 (K320) K25.2 (K360)

K25.2EC

(K360EC)

K11.2 (K160)

K14.0 (K200) K19.6 (K280) K25.2 (K360)

15 (4.5) 20 @ 7 (0.5) 12 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 35 (2.4) 12 @ 25 (1.7) 12 @ 20 (1.4) 6 @ 20 (1.4) 20 @ 7 (0.5) 20 @ 7 (0.5) 12 @ 16 (1.1) 12 @ 7 (0.5)

Without Hose 593 1,188 1,193 1,344 1,352 676 593 741 941 800

With hose 1,093 1,438 1,443 1,594 1,602 926 1,093 1,241 1,191 1,050

20 (6.0) 15 @ 20 (1.4) 12 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 35 (2.4) 12 @ 25 (1.7) 12 @ 20 (1.4) 6 @ 20 (1.4) 15 @ 20 (1.4) 15 @ 15 (1.0) 12 @ 16 (1.1) 12 @ 7 (0.5)

Without Hose 751 1,188 1,193 1,344 1,352 676 751 813 941 800

With hose 1,251 1,438 1,443 1,594 1,602 926 1,251 1,313 1,191 1,050

25 (7.5) 15 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 35 (2.4) 12 @ 25 (1.7) 12 @ 20 (1.4) 6 @ 20 (1.4) 15 @ 50 (3.5) 15 @ 35 (2.4) 12 @ 16 (1.1) 15 @ 10 (0.7)

Without Hose 1,188 1,188 1,193 1,344 1,352 676 1,188 1,242 941 1,195

With hose 1,688 1,438 1,443 1,594 1,602 926 1,688 1,742 1,191 1,695

30 (9.0) 20 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 35 (2.4) 12 @ 25 (1.7) 12 @ 20 (1.4) 6 @ 25 (1.7) 20 @ 50 (3.5) 20 @ 35 (2.4) 12 @ 16 (1.1) 20 @ 10 (0.7)

Without Hose 1,584 1,188 1,193 1,344 1,352 756 1,584 1,657 941 1,594

With hose 2,084 1,438 1,443 1,594 1,602 1,006 2,084 2,157 1,191 2,094

35 (10.5) 12 @ 75 (5.2) 12 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 35 (2.4) 12 @ 30 (2.1) 8 @ 40 (2.8)

Note 1

15 @ 25 (1.7) 12 @ 30 (2.1)

Without Hose 1,455 1426 1,590 1,656 1,275 1,470 1,656

With hose 1,705 1676 1,840 1,906 1,525 1,970 1,906

35 (10.5)*** 14x14

(4.2x4.2)

Without Hose

With hose

40 (12.0) 12 @ 75 (5.2) 12 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 45 (3.1) 12 @ 40 (2.8) 12 @ 30 (2.1)

Without Hose 1,455 1,426 1,803 1,913 1,656

With hose 1,705 1,676 2,053 2,163 1,906

45 (13.5) 12 @ 90 (6.2) 12 @ 65 (4.5) 12 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 50 (3.5)

Without Hose 1,594 1,625 1,901 2,138

With hose 1,844 1,875 2,151 2,388

Ceiling Height, ft

(m)*

Wet System, Pendent Sprinklers, 160°F (70°C)**


K11.2 (K160)

K14.0 (K200) K16.8 (K240) K22.4 (K320) K25.2 (K360)

K25.2EC

(K360EC)

K11.2 (K160)

K14.0 (K200) K19.6 (K280) K25.2 (K360)

15 (4.5) 20 @ 7 (0.5) 12 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 35 (2.4) 12 @ 25 (1.7) 12 @ 20 (1.4) 6 @ 20 (1.4) 20 @ 7 (0.5) 20 @ 7 (0.5) 12 @ 16 (1.1) 12 @ 7 (0.5)

Without Hose 2,263 4,490 4,462 5,007 5,111 2,556 2,263 2,828 3,524 3,055

With hose 4,163 5,440 5,412 5,957 6,061 3,506 4,163 4,728 4,474 4,005

20 (6.0) 15 @ 20 (1.4) 12 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 35 (2.4) 12 @ 25 (1.7) 12 @ 20 (1.4) 6 @ 20 (1.4) 15 @ 20 (1.4) 15 @ 15 (1.0) 12 @ 16 (1.1) 12 @ 7 (0.5)

Without Hose 2,840 4,490 4,462 5,007 5,111 2,556 2,840 3,000 3,524 3,055

With hose 4,740 5,440 5,412 5,957 6,061 3,506 4,740 4,900 4,474 4,005

25 (7.5) 15 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 35 (2.4) 12 @ 25 (1.7) 12 @ 20 (1.4) 6 @ 20 (1.4) 15 @ 50 (3.5) 15 @ 35 (2.4) 12 @ 16 (1.1) 15 @ 10 (0.7)

Without Hose 4,490 4,490 4,462 5,007 5,111 2,556 4,490 4,648 3,524 4,518

With hose 6,390 5,440 5,412 5,957 6,061 3,506 6,390 6,548 4,474 6,418

30 (9.0) 20 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 35 (2.4) 12 @ 25 (1.7) 12 @ 20 (1.4) 6 @ 25 (1.7) 20 @ 50 (3.5) 20 @ 35 (2.4) 12 @ 16 (1.1) 20 @ 10 (0.7)

Without Hose 5,987 4,490 4,462 5,007 5,111 2,816 5,987 6,197 3,524 6,024

With hose 7,887 5,440 5,412 5,957 6,061 3,766 7,887 8,097 4,474 7,924

35 (10.5) 12 @ 75 (5.2) 12 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 35 (2.4) 12 @ 30 (2.1) 8 @ 40 (2.8)

Note 1

15 @ 25 (1.7) 12 @ 30 (2.1)

Without Hose 5,473 5,388 5,949 6,260 4,819 5,476 6,260

With hose 6,423 6,338 6,899 7,210 5,769 7,376 7,210

40 (12.0) 12 @ 75 (5.2) 12 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 45 (3.1) 12 @ 40 (2.8) 12 @ 30 (2.1)

Without Hose 5,473 5,388 6,761 7,229 6,260

With hose 6,423 6,338 7,711 8,179 7,210

45 (13.5) 12 @ 90

(6.2)

12 @ 65

(4.5)

12 @ 50

(3.5) 12 @ 50 (3.5)

Without Hose 5,976 6,109 7,184 8,082

With hose 6,926 7,059 8,134 9,032









Table 3. Ceiling-Level Protection Guidelines for Class 4 and Cartoned Unexpanded Plastic Commodities in a Solid-Piled, Palletized, Shelf or Bin-Box Storage Arrangement


Ceiling Height, ft

(m)*

Wet Systems, Upright Sprinklers, 160°F (70°C) Dry System, Upright Sprinklers, 280°F (140°C)

Quick Response Standard Response Standard Response

K11.2 (K160)

K14.0 (K200) K16.8 (K240)

K25.2EC

(K360EC)

K11.2 (K160)

K16.8 (K240) K25.2 (K360)

K11.2 (K160)

K16.8 (K240) K19.6 (K280) K25.2 (K360)

15 (4.5) 20 @ 7 (0.5) 12 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 35 (2.4) 6 @ 20 (1.4) 20 @ 7 (0.5) 20 @ 7 (0.5) 12 @ 20 (1.4) 25 @ 7 (0.5) 25 @ 7 (0.5) 20 @ 30 (2.1) 20 @ 7 (0.5)

Without Hose 593 1,188 1,193 676 593 889 1,352 741 1,111 2,147 1,333

With hose 1,093 1,438 1,443 926 1,093 1,389 1,602 1,241 1,611 2,647 1,833

20 (6.0) 15 @ 20 (1.4) 12 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 35 (2.4) 6 @ 20 (1.4) 15 @ 20 (1.4) 15 @ 10 (0.7) 12 @ 20 (1.4) 20 @ 20 (1.4) 20 @ 10 (0.7) 20 @ 30 (2.1) 20 @ 7 (0.5)

Without Hose 751 1,188 1,193 676 751 797 1,352 1,002 1,063 2,147 1,333

With hose 1,251 1,438 1,443 926 1,251 1,297 1,602 1,502 1,563 2,647 1,833

25 (7.5) 15 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 35 (2.4) 6 @ 20 (1.4) 15 @ 50 (3.5) 15 @ 25 (1.7) 12 @ 20 (1.4) 20 @ 50 (3.5) 20 @ 20 (1.4) 20 @ 30 (2.1) 20 @ 10 (0.7)

Without Hose 1,188 1,188 1,193 676 1,188 1,260 1,352 1,584 1,503 2,147 1,594

With hose 1,688 1,438 1,443 926 1,688 1,760 1,602 2,084 2,003 2,647 2,094

30 (9.0) 20 @ 50

(3.5)

12 @ 50

(3.5)

12 @ 35

(2.4) 6 @ 25 (1.7)

20 @ 50

(3.5)

20 @ 25

(1.7)

12 @ 20

(1.4) 25 @ 50 (3.5) 25 @ 20 (1.4) 25 @ 30 (2.1) 20 @ 10 (0.7)

Without Hose 1,584 1,188 1,193 756 1,584 1,680 1,352 1,980 1,878 2,684 1,594

With hose 2,084 1,438 1,443 1,006 2,084 2,180 1,602 2,480 2,378 3,184 2,094

35 (10.5) 12 @ 75 (5.2) 12 @ 50 (3.5) 8 @ 40

(2.8)*** Note 1

Without Hose 1,455 1426 1,275

With hose 1,705 1676 1,525

35 (10.5)*** 14x14

(4.2x4.2)

8 @ 40

(2.8)***

Without Hose 1,275

With hose 1,775

40 (12.0)

Without Hose

With hose

45 (13.5)

Without Hose

With hose




Palletized, Shelf, or Bin-Box Storage Arrangement Table 3. Ceiling-Level Protection Guidelines for Class 4 and Cartoned Unexpanded Plastic Commodities in a Solid-Piled, Palletized, Shelf or Bin-Box Storage

Arrangement


Ceiling Height, ft

(m)*

Wet Systems, Upright Sprinklers, 160°F (70°C) Dry System, Upright Sprinklers, 280°F (140°C)

Quick Response Standard Response Standard Response

K11.2 (K160)

K14.0 (K200) K16.8 (K240) K25.2EC

(K360EC)

K11.2 (K160)

K16.8 (K240) K25.2 (K360) K11.2 (K160)

K16.8 (K240) K19.6 (K280) K25.2 (K360)

15 (4.5) 20 @ 7 (0.5) 12 @ 50

(3.5)

12 @ 35

(2.4)

6 @ 20 (1.4) 20 @ 7 (0.5) 20 @ 7 (0.5) 12 @ 20

(1.4)

25 @ 7 (0.5) 25 @ 7 (0.5) 20 @ 30

(2.1)

20 @ 7 (0.5)

Without Hose 2,263 4,490 4,462 2,556 2,263 3,394 5,111 2,828 4,243 8,115 5,091

With hose 4,163 5,440 5,412 3,506 4,163 5,294 6,061 4,728 6,143 10,015 6,991

20 (6.0) 15 @ 20

(1.4)

12 @ 50

(3.5)

12 @ 35

(2.4)

6 @ 20 (1.4) 15 @ 20

(1.4)

15 @ 10

(0.7)

12 @ 20

(1.4)

20 @ 20

(1.4)

20 @ 10

(0.7)

20 @ 30

(2.1)

20 @ 7 (0.5)

Without Hose 2,840 4,490 4,462 2,556 2,840 3,012 5,111 3,786 4,016 8,115 5,091

With hose 4,740 5,440 5,412 3,506 4,740 4,912 6,061 5,686 5,916 10,015 6,991

25 (7.5) 15 @ 50

(3.5)

12 @ 50

(3.5)

12 @ 35

(2.4)

6 @ 20 (1.4) 15 @ 50

(3.5)

15 @ 25

(1.7)

12 @ 20

(1.4)

20 @ 50

(3.5)

20 @ 20

(1.4)

20 @ 30

(2.1)

20 @ 10

(0.7)

Without Hose 4,490 4,490 4,462 2,556 4,490 4,694 5,111 5,987 5,679 8,115 6,024

With hose 6,390 5,440 5,412 3,506 6,390 6,594 6,061 7,887 7,579 10,015 7,924

30 (9.0) 20 @ 50

(3.5)

12 @ 50

(3.5)

12 @ 35

(2.4)

6 @ 25 (1.7) 20 @ 50

(3.5)

20 @ 25

(1.7)

12 @ 20

(1.4)

25 @ 50

(3.5)

25 @ 20

(1.4)

25 @ 30

(2.1)

20 @ 10

(0.7)

Without Hose 5,987 4,490 4,462 2,816 5,987 6,258 5,111 7,483 7,099 10,144 6,024

With hose 7,887 5,440 5,412 3,766 7,887 8,158 6,061 9,383 8,999 12,044 7,924

35 (10.5) 12 @ 75

(5.2)

12 @ 50

(3.5)

8 @ 40

(2.8)*** Note 1

Without Hose 5,473 5388 4,819

With hose 6,423 6338 5,769

35 (10.5)*** 14x14

(4.2x4.2)

8 @ 40

(2.8)***

Without Hose 4,819

With hose 6,719

40 (12.0)

Without Hose

With hose

45 (13.5)

Without Hose

With hose

35 ft (10.5m) Ceiling Height

K25.2EC (K360EC) Pendent and Upright 12ft x12ft (3.6m)

K25.2EC (K360EC) Upright 14ft x14ft (4.2m)

K16.8 QR (K240) Pendent 10ft x 10ft (3.0m)

# @ pressure 8 @ 40 psi (2.8 bar)

8 @ 40 psi (2.8 bar)

12 @ 50 psi (3.5 bar)

Sprinkler Demand GPM (LPM)

1,275 (4,819)

1,275 (4,819)

1426 (5,388)


1,525 (5,769)

1,775 (6,719)

1676 (6,338)

Duration Minutes 60 min 90 min 60 min

Total Gallons (Liters) 91,500

(346,140) 159,750 (604,654)

100,560 (380,280)

FM 8-9 Example - 30 ft (9.1m) Class IV Palletized

Storage under a 35 ft (10.6m) Ceiling – Wet

System – From Table 3

FM 8-9 Table 3

NFPA and FM 8-9 Example - 30 ft (9.1m) Class IV

Palletized Storage under a 35 ft (10.6m) Ceiling –

Wet System 30 ft (9.1m) Class IV Palletized Storage under a 35 ft (10.6m) Ceiling – Wet System

NFPA 13 FM 8-9

CMDA K11.2

(160) or

Greater

CMSA - K19

(280) Pend

ESFR - K25

(360) ESFR

NFPA 13

2013 Special

- K25 (360)

EC 12ft x12ft (3.6m) 8 @ 40

psi (2.8 bar)

K25.2EC

(K360EC)

Pendent and

Upright 12ft

x12ft (3.6m) 8

@ 40 psi (2.8

bar)

K25.2EC

(K360EC)

Upright 14ft

x14ft (4.2m) 8

@ 40 psi (2.8

bar)

K16.8 QR

(K240)

Pendent 10ft

x 10ft (3.0m)

12 @ 50 psi

(3.5 bar)

Sprinkler

Demand

GPM (LPM)

1,140 (4,315) 1,470 (5,476) 1,356 (5,112) 1,275 (4,819) 1,275 (4,819) 1,275 (4,819) 1426 (5,388)

Hose

Demand

GPM (LPM)

500 (1,900) 500 (1,900) 250 (946) 250 (946) 250 (946) 500 (1,900) 250 (946)

Total Flow

GPM (LPM) 1,640 (6,215) 1,970 (7,376) 1,606 (6,058) 1,525 (5,769) 1,525 (5,769) 1,775 (6,719) 1676 (6,338)

Duration

Minutes 150 90 60 60 min 60 min 90 min 60 min

Total Gallons

(Liters)

246,000

(932,250)

177,300

(663,840)

96,360

(363,480)

91,500

(346,140)

91,500

(346,140)

159,750

(604,654)

100,560

(380,280)

NFPA and FM 8-9 Example - 25 ft (7.6m) Class IV Double

Rack Storage W/ 4 ft (1.2 m) Aisle under a 30 ft (9.1m) Ceiling

– Wet System

25 ft (7.6m) Class IV Double Rack Storage W/ 4 ft (1.2 m) Aisle under a 30 ft (9.1m) Ceiling – Wet System

NFPA 13 FM 8-9

CMDA K11.2

(160) or

Greater W/ 1

level of In-

Rack

CMSA - K19

(280) Pend

ESFR - K25

(360) ESFR

NFPA 13 2013 Special - K25 (360) EC 12ft

x12ft (3.6m) 6 @ 30 psi (2.1 bar)

K25.2EC

(K360EC)

Pendent and

Upright 12ft x12ft (3.6m) 6 @ 30 psi (2.1

bar)

K16.8 QR

(K240)

Pendent 10ft x

10ft (3.0m) 12

@ 35 psi (2.4

bar)

Sprinkler

Demand GPM

(LPM)

954 (3,578) 1,176 (4,405) 1,171 (4,432) 828 (3,130) 828 (3,130) 1,193 (4,462)

Hose Demand

GPM (LPM) 500 (1,900) 500 (1,900) 250 (946) 250 (946) 250 (946) 250 (946)

Total Flow

GPM (LPM) 1,454 (5,503) 1,676 (6,305) 1,421 (5,379) 1,078 (4,080) 1,078 (4,080) 1,443 (5,412)

Duration

Minutes 120 90 60 60 60 60 min

Total Gallons

(Liters)

174,480

(660,407)

150,840

(570,929)

85,260

(322,709)

64,680

(244,814)

64,680

(244,814)

86,580

(327,705)

• NFPA 13 Sprinkler Selections




ft (10.7 m) to 45 ft (13.7 m)



Storage Strategy

65

• Model ESFR-25

– K-Factor 25.2 (360)

• NFPA/FM Global Exceptions

– No Solid Shelves

– Open-top containers

– Uncartoned Unexpanded

Plastic

– Cartoned or Uncartoned

Expanded Plastic

45 ft (13,7 m) Ceiling Recommendation

Rack Storage With No In-Rack Sprinklers

45 ft (13,7 m) Ceiling Above Finished Floor

• NFPA

– Class I Through Class IV

• 16.2.3.2 ESFR Protection

as defined shall not apply to

the following:

– (1) Rack storage involving solid shelves

– Plastic and Rubber

• 17.2.3.1.1 ESFR Protection


the following:

– (1) Rack storage involving solid shelves

45 ft (13,7 m) Ceiling Exception

Rack Storage With Solid Shelves

• FM Global

– Tables 7 – 11 – Open frame

racks.

• NFPA

– Class I Through Class IV

• 16.2.3.2 ESFR Protection as

defined shall not apply to the

following:

– (2) Rack storage involving combustible, open-top cartons or containers

– Plastic and Rubber

• 17.2.3.1.1 ESFR Protection


the following:

– (2) Rack storage involving combustible, open-top cartons or containers


Rack Storage With Open Top Containers

• FM Global

– 2.2.5.1 Open-Top, Five-Sided

Containers Maintained in

Storage Racks

• Okay if

– On the top tier and everything below is in non-combustible containers

– On the bottom tier

– Mesh sides or large openings

– Intermixed with combustible and not on top tier

• NFPA – Table 17.3.3.1 - Uncartoned

Unexpanded limited to 40 ft

(12,2 m) ceiling

– Table 17.2.3.1 - Cartoned

Expanded limited to 32 ft (9.8 m)

ceiling


Rack Storage With Plastic

• FM Global – Table 10 &11 - Uncartoned

Unexpanded and

Cartoned/Uncartoned

Expanded limited to 40 ft (12,2

m) ceiling

Expanded Exposed Plastic

70

• Model ESFR-25

– K-Factor 25.2 (360)

• NFPA/FM Global Exceptions


– Open Top containers

• NFPA Exceptions

– Cartoned or Uncartoned

Expanded Plastic

• Other available options include

Model ESFR-17 Pendent and

Model ESFR-1



40 ft (12,0m) Ceiling Above Finished Floor

• Model EC-25

– K-Factor 25.2 (360)

• NFPA Exceptions


– No Open Top containers

– Cartoned or Uncartoned Expanded Plastic

• FM Global Exceptions


– Open Top containers

– Uncartoned Unexpanded Plastic

– Cartoned or Uncartoned Expanded Plastic

• Other available options include Model ESFR-25,

Model ESFR-17 Pendent, Model ESFR-17

Upright and Model ESFR-1



35 ft (10,5 m) Ceiling Above Finished Floor

EC-25 Operating Pressure at Various

Spacings - NFPA Density Application

• The Model ESFR-17 Dry-Type Sprinkler provides fire

protection for box-in-box cold storage facilities with:

– Greater flexibility and marketability of the facilities

– Lower installed cost and better fire protection when

compared to other ceiling-only protection options

– Lower installed cost when compared to in-rack protection

– Lower cost of operation than other options

Model ESFR-17 Dry-Type

New Tyco Storage Sprinkler

74

The industry’s best sprinkler for Box-in-Box Cold Storage

Installation Threaded

Ambient Temperature of Discharge End of Sprinkler

Exposure Length of Sprinkler inches (mm) in

Heated Area

Temperature of Heated Area 40˚F (4˚C)

40˚F (4˚C) 0 30˚F (-1˚C) 0 20˚F (-7˚C) 4 (100)

10˚F (-12˚C) 8 (200) 0˚F (-18˚C) 12 (305)

-10˚F (-23˚C) 14 (355) -20˚F (-29˚C) 14 (255) -30˚F (-34˚C) 16 (405) -40˚F (-40˚C) 18 (455) -50˚F (-46˚C) 20 (510) -60˚F (-51˚C) 20 (510)

Do not attempt to add additional insulation around the barrel in the heated area as a method to minimize condensation. This will reduce the calculated “Exposure Length”.

• Provide ceiling-only protection up to and including:

– 48 ft (14.6 m) Ceiling

– 43 ft (13.1 m) Storage

• Eliminates need for in-rack sprinklers for storage arrangements beyond

NFPA 13

• Lower pressure provides flexibility when sizing system piping when

compared to other listed sprinklers

• 10-Year Limited Warranty

Specific Application Listing

Tyco Model ESFR-25

77

• Temperature rating: 212°F (100°C)

• Deflector to top of storage: ≥ 36 in (914 mm)

• Deflector to ceiling distance 6 – 14 in (152 – 356 mm)

• Sprinkler system design: NFPA 13 for ESFR Sprinkler

based on 45 PSI (3.1 bar)

• Minimum aisle width: 8 ft (2,4 m)

Specific Application Listing

Tyco Model ESFR-25 Key Design Criteria

78

Tyco New Model ESFR-17 Comparative View

79 Company Confidential

Old Model ESFR-17 New Model ESFR-17

Tyco New Model ESFR-1/ESFR-14 Comparative View

80 Company Confidential

Old Model ESFR-1 New Model ESFR-14

Tyco New K22 ESFR

• Table 15.4.1 – The only ESFR recognized to protect Palletized or Solid Piled Exposed Expanded Plastic

• Table 18.4(d) Rubber Tires – The only ESFR to protect laced tire storage up to 25 ft (7.6m) under a 40 ft (12.1m) ceiling

• Table 18.4(d) Rubber Tires – The only ESFR to protect up to 30 ft (9.1m) storage under a 40 ft (12.1m) ceiling

• Table 18.4(d) Rubber Tires – The only ESFR to protect up to 30 ft (9.1m) palletized portable rack storage under a 40 ft (12.1m) ceiling

• Table 20.2 Automotive Components – The only ESFR to protect Automotive Components to 25 ft (7.6m) storage under a 35 ft (10.7m) ceiling

• Section 20.3.7 Big Box Retail Plastics in Display Shelving – The only ESFR for Storage to 20 (6.1m) under a 30 ft (9.1m) ceiling. Only ESFR in the Retail section.

• Section 20.7.3 – High Bay Record Storage – the only ESFR recognized for High Bay Record Storage up to 34 ft (10.4m) high.

ESFR 25 Exclusives - NFPA

82

• Table 4 Protection of Cartoned Expanded Plastic Commodities in Solid-Piled, Palletized, Shelf, and Bin-Box Arrangements – The only ESFR (Pend QR) to protect 35 ft (10.7m) and 40 ft (12.1m) high ceilings

• Table 6 Protection of Uncartoned Expanded Plastic Commodities in Solid-Piled, Palletized, Shelf, and Bin-Box Arrangements – The only ESFR (Pend QR) to protect 35 ft (10.7m) and 40 ft (12.1m) high ceilings

• Table 9 Protection of Cartoned Expanded Plastic Commodities in Open-Frame Storage Racks– The only ESFR (Pend QR) to protect 35 ft (10.7m) and 40 ft (12.1m) high ceilings

• Table 10 Protection of Uncartoned Unexpanded Plastic Commodities in Open-Frame Storage Racks;– The only ESFR (Pend QR) to protect 35 ft (10.7m) and 40 ft (12.1m) high ceilings

• Table 11 Protection of Uncartoned Expanded Plastic Commodities in Open-Frame Storage Racks - The only ESFR (Pend QR) to protect 35 ft (10.7m) and 40 ft (12.1m) high ceilings

ESFR 25 (Pend QR) Exclusives FM 8-9

83

• For ESFR Specific Application (UL) 48 ft (14.6m) ceilings, the Tyco K25

ESFR is 10 psi (.7bar) less pressure than the K22 ESFR and is the only

ESFR that is also a Specific Application – the K22 ESFR has 2 models to

cover both applications

• For greater than 40 feet (12,2 meters) ceiling height and up to and including

45 feet (13,7 meters) ceiling height the Model ESFR-25 will have more

placement flexibility because the maximum deflector to ceiling distance is 18

inches (457 mm) 4 inches (100 mm) greater than competitions K25 ESFR.

Advantage Notes of the Tyco K25 (K360) ESFR

(Pendent QR for FM) Expanded Applications

84

• Commodity Class






ft (10.7 m) to 45 ft (13.7 m)


Storage Strategy

85

FM Global Engineering Bulletin 06-11 – Adds 35 ft

(10.5m) Ceiling Only Options for the Tyco K25 EC

Upright

86

FM Global Engineering Bulletin 06-11 – Adds 35 ft

(10.5m) Ceiling Only Options for the Tyco K25 EC

Upright

87

• 2.2.3.1 Flue Spaces for Rack Storage Protected by Ceiling-Level Sprinklers Only

• 2.2.3.1.1 Maintain all transverse flue spaces at a minimum net width of 3 in. (75 mm) throughout the

vertical height of the rack. Provide transverse flue spaces a maximum of every 4-1⁄2 ft (1.4 m)

horizontally when their net width is less than 6 in. (150 mm) or when their vertical alignment

cannot be maintained. The maximum horizontal distance between well-maintained, vertically

aligned transverse flue spaces can be increased to 9 ft (2.7 m) when their net width is 6 in. (150

mm) or greater.

• 2.2.3.1.2 Longitudinal flue spaces are not required in double-row racks; however, if they are

provided, maintain a minimum net width of 3 in. (75 mm) throughout the vertical height of the rack.

Provide net 6 in. (150 mm) wide longitudinal flue spaces within multiple-row racks a maximum of

every 16 ft (4.8 m) horizontally.

• 2.2.3.1.4 Treat storage racks not having flue spaces as described in Sections 2.2.3.1.1 through

2.2.3.1.3 as racks with solid shelves.

FM - Rack Flues

88

FM 8-9 Solid Pile, Palletized, Shelf and Bin Box Storage -

Table 1. Spacing of Ceiling-Level Storage Sprinklers Under

Unobstructed Ceiling Construction

*If the K25.2EC (360EC) sprinkler is supplemented with in-rack sprinklers in accordance with this data sheet, then the maximum linear spacing can be increased to 14 ft (4.2 m) and the maximum area spacing can be increased to 196 ft2 (18.0 m2).

EB 06-11 Tyco EC-25 for 35 ft (10.5m) Ceilings -This (Upright 25 EC) sprinkler should be installed on a minimum linear spacing of 10 ft (3.0 m) and a maximum spacing of 14 ft (4.2 m). The minimum allowable area spacing for this sprinkler is 100 ft² (9.0 m²), and the maximum allowable spacing is 196 ft² (18.0 m²).

• 2.2.6 Clearance Between Top of Storage and Ceiling-

Level Sprinkler Deflector

– Maintain a minimum 3 ft (0.9 m) clearance between

the top of the storage and the ceiling-level

sprinkler deflectors.

FM - Storage Height

90

FM - Hose Demand and Duration

91

= 250 GPM Hose Demand

• 2.3.4.3.2 Use in-rack sprinklers listed as quick-response when installing

K14.0 (K200) or smaller sprinklers. In-rack sprinklers with larger K-factor

values can be either quick-response or standard-response.

• 2.3.4.3.3 Use a minimum K8.0 (K115) for in-rack sprinkler design flows

greater than 30 gpm (115 L/min).

• 2.3.4.5.1 Locate all in-rack sprinklers within the rack storage array. In-rack

sprinklers may be located outside the rack storage structure of a

single-row rack that is located within 12 in. (300 mm) horizontally of a wall.

The in-rack sprinklers must be no more than 6 in. (150 mm) horizontally

away from the rack structure as well as no more than 3 in. (75 mm) offset

from the transverse flue space intersection they are intended to protect.

• 2.3.4.5.2 For in-rack sprinkler arrangements per Figures 9 and 12, or for in-

rack sprinklers located outside the rack storage structure as outlined in

Section 2.3.4.5.1, position the in-rack sprinklers so they are not directly

behind rack uprights and are not more than 3 in. (75 mm) offset

horizontally from the transverse flue space intersection they are

intending to protect.

FM - In-Rack Sprinklers

92

In Rack Minimum Clearance

93

• The type of horizontal in-rack sprinkler layout acceptable for installation will

be dependent on:

– the type of rack (single-row, double-row, or multiple-row) being

protected,

– the commodity being protected,

– whether open-top combustible containers are present,

– the maximum ceiling height of the storage area,

– whether a minimum 6 in. (150 mm) vertical clearance is provided

between the top of storage and the in-rack sprinkler deflector, and

– whether horizontal barriers are to be installed.

FM - In-Rack Sprinklers

94

FM - In-Rack Spacing (EO) vs. (E)

• 2.3.4.6.2.3 When arranging protection in accordance

with an IRAS(E) arrangement, ensure the maximum

horizontal distance between transverse flue spaces is 8

ft (2.4 m). If the horizontal distance between every

transverse flue space is greater than 8 ft (2.4 m), install

in-rack sprinklers horizontally at the midpoints between

transverse flue spaces such that the horizontal distance

between in-rack sprinklers does not exceed 8 ft (2.4 m).

• 2.3.4.6.2.4 Ensure the minimum distance between

transverse flue spaces is greater than 2 ft (0.6 m);

otherwise, in-rack sprinklers can be installed at every

other transverse flue space.

• 2.3.4.6.1.2 When arranging protection in accordance with an IRAS(EO) arrangement, ensure the maximum horizontal

distance between every other transverse flue space is 10 ft (3.0 m). If the horizontal distance between every other

transverse flue space is greater than 10 ft (3.0 m), follow the guidelines in Section 2.3.4.6.2 for installing an IRAS(E)

arrangement.

• 2.3.4.6.1.3 Ensure the minimum distance between every other transverse flue space is 4 ft (1.2 m) minimum;

otherwise, in-rack sprinklers can be installed at every fourth transverse flue space.

Scheme 8-9A

97

• 2.3.5.2 Hose Connections

• Provide permanent small hose lines (1-1⁄2 in. [40 mm])

not exceeding 100 ft (30 m) in length, capable of reaching

all storage areas to aid in potential initial-stage firefighting

as well as for after-extinguishment mop-up operations.

FM - Hose Demand

98

• Water Delivery Time: The time interval, measured in

seconds, of both the trip time and the water travel time of

a sprinkler system. It can also be defined as the time

interval, in seconds, between the following two events:

• (1) The point in time when the most hydraulically remote

sprinkler on a dry-pipe, preaction, or similar type of

sprinkler system equipped with an automatic system

valve opens.

• (2) The point in time when pressure at the most remote

sprinkler reaches or surpasses the design pressure

for the sprinkler system.

8-9 Water Delivery Time

99

• FMDS 2-0 has replaced 2-8N

• Must follow requirements of both 2-0 and 8-9

• FM obstruction rules for storage sprinklers have changed

(2-0)

– No longer based on sprinkler classification (e.g., CMDA, CMSA,

and ESFR)

– Geared more toward upright versus pendent

– Upright sprinkler obstruction rules can be less stringent than

pendent

FM Installation vs. Design Criteria

100

FM 2.0 Section 2.2.1.6 Ceiling Slope

• Unless recommended otherwise by the relevant occupancy-specific data

sheet, Storage sprinklers are acceptable under sloped ceilings as indicated

in Table 14.

(10 degrees = 2 in12 pitch) (20 degrees = 4 in 12 pitch)

• For ceiling slopes that exceed the maximum indicated in Table 14, do one of the

following:

– Install a flat, continuous false ceiling (see Appendix A for definition)

over the affected area and for 20 ft (6.0 m) beyond in all directions. Design

the false ceiling in accordance with Data Sheet 1-12, Ceilings and

Concealed paces, and ensure it can withstand a minimum uplift pressure

of 3 lb/ft2 (14.4 kg/m2). Provide sprinkler protection beneath the false

ceiling based on the recommendations in the relevant occupancy-specific

data sheet, or

– If the affected occupancy is rack storage, protect the storage racks based

on the presence of excessive clearance as outlined in Data Sheet 8-9,

Storage of Class 1, 2, 3, 4 and Plastic Commodities.

• For ceilings with a slope greater than 5, locate sprinklers within 3 ft (0.9 m) of a

ceiling’s peak, measured horizontally along the slope of the ceiling.

FM 2.0 Ceiling Slope Limitations

102

• 2.2.2.2.3 Automatic Shutdown of Conveyor Systems

– Arrange conveyor systems to automatically shut down in the event of sprinkler

water discharge. See Data Sheet 7-11, Belt Conveyors, for other guidelines

regarding the presence of conveyor systems in buildings equipped with sprinkler

protection.

• 2.2.3.1.2 Sprinkler Applications

– Install Storage sprinklers so their deflector is parallel to the floor. Exception:

The deflector of the sprinkler can be installed parallel to the ceiling if the ceiling

slope is 5°or less.

(5 degrees = 1 in 12 pitch)

FM 2.0 Section 2.2 Storage

103

FIGURE 8.6.4.1.3.1(b) Sprinklers at Pitched Roofs; Branch Lines Run Up the Slope.

NFPA 13 FM

• 2.2.3.1.4 Return Bends for Sprinklers

– Provide individual return bends for all K11.2 (K160) or smaller

pendent sprinklers that are supplied from a raw water source, mill

pond, or from open-top reservoirs.

• 2.2.3.4.1 Unobstructed Ceiling Construction

– Unless recommended otherwise by the relevant occupancy-

specific data sheet, install Storage sprinklers under unobstructed

ceiling construction so the centerline of the sprinkler’s thermal

sensing element is positioned vertically as follows:


104

• 2.2.3.5 Obstruction to Discharge Pattern of Storage

Sprinklers

– Install Storage sprinklers in accordance with Sections

2.2.3.5.1 and 2.2.3.5.2 to ensure the water discharged from

sprinklers is not significantly obstructed.

• 2.2.3.5.1 Obstruction to Umbrella Discharge Pattern of

Ceiling-Level Storage Sprinklers

– If the width of the obstruction is from more than 24 in. (600 mm)

to 4 ft (1.2 m), install a single line of ceiling-level sprinklers

centered under the obstruction on a maximum linear spacing of 4

ft (1.2 m) fed by the same branchline pipe size used at ceiling-

level.


105

ESFR Obstructed

106

• a Upright Storage sprinklers can tolerate individual

objects up to 4 in. (100 mm) wide located directly

below them at any vertical distance.

FM - Obstructions to Core Distribution

107


108

Up to0.75 in. (20 mm)

4 in. (100 mm)

• Upright Storage sprinklers can tolerate individual objects up to 4 in. (100 mm) wide located directly below them at any vertical distance.


109

over 0.75 in. (20 mm) and up

to 1.25 in. (32mm) wide

16 in. (400 mm)



110

over 1.25 in. (32 mm) and up to 2 in. (50 mm)

wide

24 in. (600 mm)


• 2.2.3.5.3 Obstruction to In-Rack Storage Sprinklers

– Locate all in-rack sprinklers within the rack storage array.

Position the in-rack sprinklers so they are not directly behind rack

uprights, and are no more than 3 in. (75 mm) horizontally away

from the transverse flue space intersection they are intended to

protect.

– Position the in-rack sprinkler’s deflector so it is at or just below

the bottom of the rack’s horizontal support member at each tier

level under full load condition where in-rack sprinklers are

recommended. When in-rack sprinklers are not provided at

every transverse flue space intersection, ensure a minimum 6

in. (150 mm) clearance is provided between the deflector of the

in-rack sprinkler and the top of storage.

FM 2.0 - In-Rack Obstructions

111

• 2.4.1.6 Sprinkler System Maximum Area of Coverage

– The maximum area of coverage for a sprinkler system is limited only by

(1) the hydraulic requirements of the sprinkler system’s design and (2)

the waterflow alarm requirements outlined in Section 2.6.4.

– Note: If the local authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) limits a sprinkler

system’s area of coverage based on a local code, follow the local code.

FM - FM 2.0 Section 2.4

112

• 2.4.3.3 Excessive Water Accumulation Above the Dry-Pipe Valve Clapper

– Provide an automatic high-water level signaling device or an automatic

drain device for any dry-pipe valve where an unacceptable level of water

can accumulate above the clapper, such as with a low-differential dry-

pipe valve.

• 2.4.3.4 Sprinklers for Dry-Pipe Sprinkler Systems

– Install only upright or dry-type sprinklers (dry-pendent, dry-upright, or

dry-sidewall sprinklers) on a dry-pipe sprinkler system.

• 2.4.3.5 Sprinkler Piping Arrangement of Dry-Pipe Sprinkler Systems

– Arrange the sprinkler piping of a dry-pipe sprinkler system as follows:

– • To provide single-path flow within all parts of the sprinkler system,

and

– • To meet the maximum recommended water delivery time once the first

sprinkler has operated, and

– • To meet the recommendations in Section 2.4.1.6.

FM 2.0 - Dry Systems

113

• 2.5.2.1 General

– Ensure the ends of all sprinkler system pipes are smooth and

free of any burrs or fins. To help reduce the potential for

accelerated internal pipe corrosion of longitudinally-welded black

steel pipe, install such pipe with the weld line rotated at least

45° in relationship to the floor (for reference, the weld line

points at the floor at 0°).

FM 2.0 Piping

114

• 2.4.7 Antifreeze Solution Sprinkler Systems

– 2.4.7.1 Recommended Ambient Temperature Conditions

– A 30% solution propylene glycol antifreeze system is acceptable if the ambient

temperature of the protected area is maintained at or above 25°F (-4°C), as well as at or

below 200°F (95°C) at all times.

– Use either a dry-pipe or preaction sprinkler system if the ambient temperature of the

protected area can drop below 25°F (-4°C) or can rise above 200°F (95°C). Use a

refrigerated-area sprinkler system if the ambient temperature of the protected area is

maintained below 20°F (-7°C) at all times.

– Exception 1: An antifreeze solution sprinkler system may be installed for ambient

temperatures below 25°F (-4°C) when the antifreeze solution is specifically FM Approved

for 10 degrees F (6 degrees C) below the expected lowest ambient temperature condition and

the relevant occupancy-specific data sheet allows the use of an antifreeze solution system.

Base the required concentration of the antifreeze solution on a temperature that is 10 degrees

F (6 degrees C) lower than the lowest expected ambient temperature in the protected area.

– Exception 2: An antifreeze solution sprinkler system, as outlined in Table 21, can be used if

the ambient temperature of the protected area can drop below 25°F (-4°C), as long as size

of the protected area does not exceed 2,000 ft2 (185 m2).

FM 2.0 - Antifreeze

115

• Any Questions?

Thank you

Appendix

1. 24 ft (7.4m) Class III Double row Rack w/ 8 ft (2.4m)

Aisles under a 30 ft (9.1m) Ceiling

2. 45 ft (13.7 m) Class III Double Row Rack Storage w/ 8 ft

(2.4m) Aisle under a 50 ft (15.2 m) Ceiling – Dry

3. 50 ft (15.2 m) Class IV Multiple Row Rack Storage

under a 55 ft (16.8m) Ceiling - Wet

Annex 3 More Detailed Example Work

• 3.9.3.7.1 Racks w/depth not wider than 12ft (3.7m), or two

single-row racks w/combined depth up to 12ft (3.7m), with

aisles at least 3.5ft (1.1m) between loads are considered

as double-row racks

• 8.2.1(4) Maximum floor area protected by one system

riser for High-piled storage and storage covered by other

NFPA standards

• 11.3.2.1 A minimum of 7psi (0.5bar) shall be supplied at

any sprinkler with all sprinklers facing the exposure

operating

• 12.6 Storage applications K-factor requirements

• Table 16.2.1.3.2 Density-Area curve references for

Single- and Double-row racks

• Figure 16.2.1.3.2(c), Curve E Design curve for racks with

8ft (2.44m) aisles and high temperature ceiling sprinklers

• 16.2.1.3.4.1 Densities from design curves shall be

adjusted in accordance with Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1

• 16.2.1.3.2.1(B) Density given for 8ft (2.4m) aisle width

shall be applied to aisles wider than 8ft (2.4m)

• 16.1.4 Building columns protection requirements

• Table 16.2.1.3.5 Hose stream allowance and water supply

duration for rack storage of Class I .. Class IV

commodities

Example - 24 ft (7.4m) Class III Double row Rack

w/ 8 ft (2.4m) Aisles under a 30 ft (9.1m) Ceiling

• Table 16.2.1.3.2(e) – 0.37

gpm/ft2 (15.1 mm/min) X 160%

(Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1) = .59

gpm/ft2 (24.0 mm/min) over 2000

ft2 (186 m2)

• Table 16.2.1.3.5 - Hose

allowance is 500 gpm (1900

L/min) for 90 minutes

• K11.2 (160) @ 100 ft2 = 27.8 psi

(1.9 bar)

• K16.8 (240) @ 100 ft2 = 12.3 psi

(0.8 bar)

• K25 EC (360) @ 196 ft2 = 21.1

psi (1.5 bar)

•CMDA

Sprinkler Demand

GPM (LPM)



Duration

Minutes


1,180 (4,466)

500 (1,900)

1,680 (6,359)

90 151,200 (572,31

0)

• Table 21.2 – K25.2 EC (280

• Table 21.2 - Hose allowance is 250 gpm (1900 L/min) for 60 minutes

• K25.2 EC (280) @ 14 x 14 ft (4.2m x 4.2m)

NFPA 13 2013 – New Chapter 21 -Alternative

Sprinkler System Designs for Chapters 12 Through

20 - DRAFT

• SPECIAL

Sprinkler Demand

GPM (LPM)

Hose Demand

GPM (LPM)


Duration Minutes


828 (3,130) 250 (946) 1078

(4,080) 60

64,680 (244,814)

Storage Arrangement

Commodity Class

Maximum Storage Height

Maximum

Ceiling/Roof

Height K-Factor/

Orientation Type of system

Number of Design

Sprinklers

Minimum Operating Pressure

Maximum Coverage Area

Hose Stream Allowance

Water Supply

Duration (hours)

ft m ft m

Sprinkler Protection Criteria for

Open-Frame Rack Storage

Class I Through Class IV,

encapsulated and

unencapsulated, and Cartoned Unexpanded

Plastics

20 6.1 30 9.1 25.2 (360)


30 psi (2.1 bar)

12ft x 12ft (3.6m x 3.6m)

144 ft2 (13.4 m2)

250 gpm (950 L/ min)

1

20 6.1 30 9.1 25.2 (360)


30 psi (2.1 bar)

14ft x 14ft (4.2m x 4.2m)

196 ft2 (18.2 m2)

250 gpm (950 L/ min)

1

25 7.6 30 9.1 25.2 (360)


30 psi (2.1 bar)

12ft x 12ft (3.6m x 3.6m)

144 ft2 (13.4 m2)

250 gpm (950 L/ min)

1

25 7.6 30 9.1 25.2 (360)


30 psi (2.1 bar)

14ft x 14ft (4.2m x 4.2m)

196 ft2 (18.2 m2)

250 gpm (950 L/ min)

1

25 7.6 35 11 25.2 (360)


40 psi (2.6 bar)

12ft x 12ft (3.6m x 3.6m)

144 ft2 (13.4 m2)

250 gpm (950 L/ min)

1

25 7.6 35 11 25.2 (360)

Upright Wet 8

40 psi (2.6 bar)

14ft x 14ft (4.2m x 4.2m)

196 ft2 (18.2 m2)

500 (1800 L/ min)

1.5

30 9.1 35 11 25.2 (360)


40 psi (2.6 bar)

12ft x 12ft (3.6m x 3.6m)

144 ft2 (13.4 m2)

250 gpm (950 L/ min)

1

30 9.1 35 11 25.2 (360)

Upright Wet 8

40 psi (2.6 bar)

14ft x 14ft (4.2m x 4.2m)

196 ft2 (18.2 m2)

500 (1800 L/ min)

1.5

Table 21.3.1 Sprinkler Protection Criteria for Open-Frame Rack Storage of Class I Through Class IV and Cartoned Unexpanded Plastic Commodities.

Example - 24 ft (7.4m) Class III Double row

Rack under a 30 ft (9.1m) Ceiling

NFPA 13 FM 8-9

CMDA K11.2

(160) or Greater

NFPA 13 2013 Special - K25 (360)

EC 14ft x14ft (4.2m) 6 @ 30 psi (2.1

bar)

K25.2EC

(K360EC)

Pendent

and Upright

14ft x14ft (4.2m) 6 @

30 psi (2.1

bar)

Sprinkler

Demand

GPM (LPM)

1,180

(4,466)

828

(3,130)

828

(3,130)

Hose

Demand

GPM (LPM)

500

(1,900)

250

(946)

250

(946)

Total Flow

GPM (LPM)

1,680

(6,359)

1,078

(4,080)

1,078

(4,080)

Duration

Minutes 90 60 60

Total

Gallons

(Liters)

151,200

(572,310)

64,680

(244,814)

64,680

(244,814)

• 3.9.3.7.1 Racks w/depth not wider than 12ft (3.7m), or two single-row racks w/combined depth up to 12ft (3.7m),

with aisles at least 3.5ft (1.1m) between loads are considered as double-row racks

• 8.2.1(4) Maximum floor area protected by one system riser for High-piled storage and storage covered by other

NFPA standards

• 11.2.3.2.2.3 The minimum area shall be protected by no less than 5 sprinklers

• 11.3.2.1 A minimum of 7psi (0.5bar) shall be supplied at any sprinkler with all sprinklers facing the exposure

operating

• 12.5.1 For dry pipe and preaction systems Design Area shall be increased by 30% without revising the density


• Table 16.3.1.1 Protection criteria for commodities stored on double-row racks without solid shelves

• 16.3.1.1 Control mode Density-Area sprinkler protection criteria for nonencapsulated storage for single- and double-

row racks shall be in accordance with Table 16.3.1.1

• Figure 16.3.4.1.1.1(f) In-rack sprinkler arrangement

• 16.3.4.1.1 In-rack sprinkler location for double-row rack storage without solid shelves shall be made in accordance

with Figure 16.3.4.1.1.1(a) .. Figure 16.3.4.1.1.1(j)

• 16.3.4.2.1 In-rack sprinklers shall be staggered where installed in accordance with Table 16.3.1.1, Figure

16.3.4.1.1.1(a) .. Figure 16.3.4.1.1.1(j), and Figure 16.3.4.1.2.1(a) .. Figure 16.3.4.1.2.1(e)

• 16.3.4.2.2 In-rack sprinkler spacing requirements for double-row rack storage specified in Table 16.3.1.1 and Figure

16.3.4.1.1.1(a) .. Figure 16.3.4.1.1.1(b)

• 16.3.4.3 In-rack sprinkler water demand requirements

• 16.3.4.3.1 Sprinklers in racks shall discharge at a rate no less than 30 gpm (113.6L/min) for all classes of

commodities

• Table 16.3.1.3 Hose stream allowance and water supply duration requirements

Example 2 – 45 ft (13.7 m) Class III Double Row Rack

Storage w/ 8 ft (2.4m) Aisle under a 50 ft (15.2 m) Ceiling -

Dry

Example – 45 ft (13.7 m) Class III Double Row

Rack Storage w/ 8 ft (2.4m) Aisle under a 50 ft

(15.2 m) Ceiling - Dry

NFPA 13 2010 – Figures 16.3.4.1.1.1 (d) to (g)

D = 3 levels – one w/ face D = 2 levels – one w/ face

E = 2 levels – both w/ face Horizontal Barriers

FM 8-9 - Table 13. Hydraulic Design for Ceiling-

Level Sprinkler Systems Supplemented with In-

Rack Sprinklers

125

Dry System, Upright Sprinklers, 280°F

(140°C) LPM

Standard Response

K11.2

(K160)

K16.8

(K240)

K19.6

(K280)

K25.2

(K360)

25 @ 7

(0.5)

25 @ 7

(0.5)

20 @ 30

(2.1)

20 @ 7

(0.5)

2,828 4,243 8,115 5,091

4,728 6,143 10,015 6,991

Dry System, Upright Sprinklers, 280°F

(140°C) GPM

Standard Response

K11.2

(K160)

K16.8

(K240)

K19.6

(K280)

K25.2

(K360)

25 @ 7

(0.5)

25 @ 7

(0.5)

20 @ 30

(2.1)

20 @ 7

(0.5)

741 1,111 2,147 1,333

1,241 1,611 2,647 1,833

Table 7

FM 8-9 - Table 12. Hydraulic Design for In-

Rack Sprinkler Systems

126

2.3.4.3 K-Factors, Nominal Temperature Rating, and RTI Rating of In-Rack Storage Sprinklers 2.3.4.3.1 Use nominally rated 160°F (70°C) FM Approved in-rack sprinklers for all in-rack sprinkler installations. 2.3.4.3.2 Use in-rack sprinklers listed as quick-response when installing K14.0 (K200) or smaller sprinklers. In-rack sprinklers with larger K-factor values can be either quick-response or standard-response. 2.3.4.3.3 Use a minimum K8.0 (K115) for in-rack sprinkler design flows greater than 30 gpm (115 L/min).

• FM 8-9:

– Racks - 10 @ 22 gpm (85 L/min) = 220 gpm (850 L/min)

– Ceiling K11.2 (160) – 25 @ 7 psi = 741 gpm (2828 L/min)

– Total Sprinkler 961 gpm (3378 L/min)

• NFPA 13 2010:

– Racks 10 @ 30 gpm (113.6 L/min) = 300 gpm (1,136 L/min)

– Ceiling - 0.30 gpm/ft2 (12.2 mm/min) over 2600 ft2 (242 m2) =

780 gpm (2952.3 L/min)


Example – 45 ft (13.7 m) Class III Double Row

Rack Storage w/ 8 ft (2.4m) Aisle under a 50 ft

(15.2 m) Ceiling - Dry

127


• Table 16.3.1.2 Protection criteria for commodities stored on multiple-row racks

• 16.3.1.2 Control mode Density-Area sprinkler protection criteria for nonencapsulated storage for

multiple-row racks shall be in accordance with Table 16.3.1.2

• Figure 16.3.4.1.3.1(c) In-rack sprinkler arrangement for multiple-row racks, Class I, Class II, Class

III, or Class IV commodities

• 16.3.4.1.3 In-rack sprinkler location for multiple-row rack storage without solid shelves shall be

made in accordance with Figure 16.3.4.1.3.1(a) .. Figure 16.3.4.1.3.1(c)

• 16.3.4.2.1 In-rack sprinklers shall be staggered where installed in accordance with Table 16.3.1.1,

Figure 16.3.4.1.1.1(a) .. Figure 16.3.4.1.1.1(j), and Figure 16.3.4.1.2.1(a) .. Figure 16.3.4.1.2.1(e)

• 16.3.4.2.3 In-rack sprinkler horizontal spacing for multiple-row rack storage shall be in accordance

with Figure16.3.4.1.3.1 (a) .. Figure 16.3.4.1.3.1(c)


• 16.3.4.3.1 Sprinklers in racks shall discharge at a rate no less than 30 gpm (113.6L/min) for all

classes of commodities


Example 3 – 50 ft (15.2 m) Class IV Multiple

Row Rack Storage under a 55 ft (16.8m)

Ceiling - Wet

128

Table 16.3.1.2 Multiple-Row Racks of Class I

Through Class IV Commodities Stored Over 25 ft

(7.6 m) in Height

129

FIGURE 16.3.4.1.3.1(c) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class

I, Class II, Class III, or Class IV Commodities — Multiple-Row

Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m).

130

FIGURE 16.3.4.1.3.1(c) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class

I, Class II, Class III, or Class IV Commodities — Multiple-Row

Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m).

131

Maximum 10 ft (3.05m)

5 Levels


– 0.35 gpm (14.3 mm/min) minimum K11.2 (160)

• 16.3.1.2 Control mode Density-Area sprinkler protection criteria for nonencapsulated storage for

multiple-row racks shall be in accordance with Table 16.3.1.2

• Figure 16.3.4.1.3.1(c) In-rack sprinkler arrangement for multiple-row racks, Class I, Class II, Class

III, or Class IV commodities

– 0.35 gpm (14.3 mm/min) over 200 ft2 (185 m2)

• 16.3.4.1.3 In-rack sprinkler location for multiple-row rack storage without solid shelves shall be

made in accordance with Figure 16.3.4.1.3.1(a) .. Figure 16.3.4.1.3.1(c)

– 5 levels – two at Face

• 16.3.4.2.1 In-rack sprinklers shall be staggered where installed in accordance with Table 16.3.1.1,

Figure 16.3.4.1.1.1(a) .. Figure 16.3.4.1.1.1(j), and Figure 16.3.4.1.2.1(a) .. Figure 16.3.4.1.2.1(e)

• 16.3.4.2.3 In-rack sprinkler horizontal spacing for multiple-row rack storage shall be in accordance

with Figure16.3.4.1.3.1 (a) .. Figure 16.3.4.1.3.1(c)

– 10 ft (3.1m)


– (4) 14 sprinklers (7on each two top levels)

• 16.3.4.3.1 Sprinklers in racks shall discharge at a rate no less than 30 gpm (113.6L/min) for all

classes of commodities


– 500 gpm (1900 L/min) for 90 minutes

Example – 50 ft (15.2 m) Class IV Multiple Row

Rack Storage under a 55 ft (16.8m) Ceiling - Wet

132

FM8-9 - Fig. 2. Flowchart for determining the

protection options available for rack storage

arrangements

133

FM 8-9 - Fig. 7. Recommended horizontal in-rack

sprinkler arrangements for multiple-row racks

134

FM 8-9 - Fig. 14. Plan view of IRAS(E) in-

rack sprinkler arrangement for multiple-row

racks

135

FM 8-9 - Fig. 15. Recommended vertical in-

rack sprinkler increments

136

2 levels – Both w/ Face

FM 8-9 - Table 13. Hydraulic Design for Ceiling-

Level Sprinkler Systems Supplemented with In-

Rack Sprinklers

137

Ceiling

Height, ft

(m)*

Wet Systems, Upright Sprinklers, 160°F (70°C)


K11.2 (K160) K14.0 (K200) K16.8 (K240) K25.2EC

(K360EC) K11.2 (K160) K16.8 (K240) K25.2 (K360)

15 (4.5) 20 @ 7 (0.5) 12 @ 50 (3.5) 12 @ 35 (2.4) 6 @ 25 (1.7) 20 @ 7 (0.5) 20 @ 7 (0.5) 12 @ 20 (1.4)

Without Hose 593 1,188 1,193 756 593 889 1,352

With hose 1,093 1,438 1,443 1,006 1,093 1,389 1,602

Without Hose

(2,263) (4,490) (4,462) (2,816) (2,263) (3,394) (5,111)

With hose

(4,163) (5,440 ) (5,412) (3,766) (4,163) (5,294) (6,061)

FM 8-9 - Table 12. Hydraulic Design for In-

Rack Sprinkler Systems

138

2.3.4.3 K-Factors, Nominal Temperature Rating, and RTI Rating of In-Rack Storage Sprinklers 2.3.4.3.1 Use nominally rated 160°F (70°C) FM Approved in-rack sprinklers for all in-rack sprinkler installations. 2.3.4.3.2 Use in-rack sprinklers listed as quick-response when installing K14.0 (K200) or smaller sprinklers. In-rack sprinklers with larger K-factor values can be either quick-response or standard-response. 2.3.4.3.3 Use a minimum K8.0 (K115) for in-rack sprinkler design flows greater than 30 gpm (115 L/min).

• FM 8-9:

– Racks - 14 @ 30 gpm (115 L/min) = 420 gpm (1590 L/min)

– Ceiling K 25.2 EC (360) – 6 @ 25 psi (1.7 bar) = 756 gpm (2816

L/min)

– Total Sprinkler 1176 gpm (4,451 L/min)

• NFPA 13 2010:

– Racks 14 @ 30 gpm (113.6 L/min) = 420 gpm (1590 L/min)

– Ceiling - 0.35 gpm (14.3 mm/min) over 2000 ft2 (185 m2) = 700

gpm (2650 L/min)


Example – 50 ft (15.2 m) Class IV Multiple Row

Rack Storage under a 55 ft (16.8m) Ceiling - Wet

139

the commodity

Documents