the cold war. wwii peace ? germany – “unconditional” surrender – divided into 4 zones poland...
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THE COLD WAR
WWII PEACE?Germany – “unconditional” surrender – divided into 4 zones
Poland reconstituted – Soviet satallite
Finland and Austria – Independent – Russia yoke of influence
Baltic States – absorbed into USSR
Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria - USSR
Yugoslavia, Albania – Communist – resistant to USSR rule
Italy abolished monarchy – unstable democracy
WWII PEACE?Greece – bloody civil war
France – 4th Republic – Unstable
Britain – empire evaporated
Japan – imposed democracy, rapid economic recovery = power status
China liberated from Japanese rule – civil war = Mao Zedong (1949)
League of Nations replaced by the United Nations
US and USSR superpowers = bi-polar world
THREE PERIODS
THE EARLY COLD WAR (1945-53)
THE MIDDLE COLD WAR (1953-74)
THE COLD WAR’S END (1974-91)
WEAPONSPropaganda
Diplomatic Moves
Scientific Competition
Economic Competition
Espionage
Subversion
THE EARLY COLD WAR
YALTA1945
BIG THREE
Issues?
Germany, Japan, Poland
Free-Elections
Intentions, suspicions
WHAT TO DO WITH EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS?
SATELLITES
Heavenly body that orbits a larger body
Eastern and Central Europe: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Rumania
Dictatorships controlled by the Communist Party
Denied Civil Liberties
GERMANY DIVIDED
IRON CURTAIN
1946
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent.”
CONTAINMENT THEORY
1947
George F. Kennan
“The main element of any United States policy toward Soviet Union must be a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansionist tendencies.”
CONTAINMENT
Kennan’s prediction = mellow, collapse
Creative application of containment
War, Diplomacy, Aid, Intelligence, Rebel Groups
Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Berlin Airlift
TRUMAN DOCTRINE
1947
USSR expansion – Greece - Turkey
US $400 million in aid
1947-50 $660 million
THE MARSHALL PLAN
1947
George C. Marshall, Sec. Of State
Europe “rubble heap” (Churchill)
US recovery - $$$$
$13 Billion
“a miraculous economic recovery”
THE BERLIN AIRLIFT
June 1948 – May 1949
West Berlin – 2.5 million population
2.3 million tons of supplies
After 276,926 flights Soviet Union lifts blockade
NATO1949
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Brussels, Belgium
Defensive Military Alliance
12 Nations originally
Today?
28 members
United StatesUnited States
BelgiumBelgium
BritainBritain
CanadaCanada
DenmarkDenmark
FranceFrance
IcelandIceland
ItalyItaly
LuxemburgLuxemburg
NetherlandsNetherlands
NorwayNorway
PortugalPortugal
1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey
1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany
1983: Spain1983: Spain
} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.
} AlbaniaAlbania
} BulgariaBulgaria
} CzechoslovakiCzechoslovakiaa
} East East GermanyGermany
} HungaryHungary
} PolandPoland
} RumaniaRumania
WARSAW PACT
UNITED NATIONS
1945 – 51 founding nations
Goals: International Peace and Security, Friendly Relations, Cooperation in International problems, Human Rights
Five “Super powers”
Today 192 Nations
CHINA REVOLUTION
1949
Mao Tse Tung (r. 1949 – 1976)
Communism
Chaing Kai Shek – Nationalists – Taiwan
KOREA
1950-1953
“The Forgotten War”
38th Parallel
North Korea –Kim Il-Sung
THE MIDDLE COLD WAR
CRISIS AND COMPETITION
HUNGARIAN UPRISING
1956
Imre Nagy
Prime Minister
Krushschev “Secret Speech” – De-Stalinization
Withdrawal – Warsaw Pact
End Communism in Hungary?
Executed 1958
SUEZ CRISIS
1956-1957
British/French Control – military base 80,000 troops
Symbol of the overseas power
“jugular vein of the empire”
Abdel Nassar – President of Egypt
Egyptian Nationalization
SPUTNIK
1957
Russia – 1st man-made satellite
US – NASA
“Space Race”
U2 Incident
1960
Soviets - Krushchev
US – Eisenhower
Col. Francis Gary Powers
US Spy Plane shot down in Russia
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS 1962
Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)
Fidel Castro (r. 1959-2008)
BERLIN WALL
1961
Divides East and West Berlin
VIETNAM
1955-1963
Imperialist French control of Indo-China
Ho Chi Minh (1892-1969) - Nationalists
US INVOLVEMNT
“If you want to, go ahead and fight in the jungles of Vietnam," Khrushchev said. "The French fought there for seven years and still had to quit in the end. Perhaps the Americans will be able to stick it out for a little longer, but eventually they will have to quit, too." - Nikita Krushchev
VIETNAMIZATION 1969
President Nixon
Gradual withdraw U.S. ground forces
“Peace with Honor”
1973 – all US troops out
Communist North Vietnam captures South Vietnam
Containment?
PRAGUE SPRING
1968
Led to Brezhnev Doctrine
Alexander Dubcek (1921-1992)
“Socialism with a Human Face”
Russia – 500,000 troops
THE COLD WAR’S END
SALT I & II
Strategic Arms Limitation Total
1969-1979
US – USSR strategic arms limitations
SALT I – Moscow (1972) Nixon, Brezhnev
SALT II – Vienna (1979) Carter, Brezhnev
SOLIDARITY
1980
Poland
1956 – workers protested
1970 – food riots
1976 – new strikes
1980 – 17,000 workers Lenin Shipyard – STRIKE (food prices)
SOLIDARITY
Network of Unions
Solidarity Movement
Leader Lech Walesa
1979 – New Pope – John Paul II
27-year Papacy
First non-Italian Pope in 455 years
“There can be no just Europe without an independent Poland on the map of Europe!”
FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL
Gorbachev’s Glasnost - Perestroika
“General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” – Ronald Reagan (June 12, 1987)
November 9, 1989
Unification October 3, 1990 – Reunification of Germany
REVOLUTIONS OF 1989
Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Romania?
Velvet Revolution – Czechoslovakia -Vaclav Havel
Free elections, press
THE DEATH OF YUGOSLAVIA
Republic of Yugoslavia (1944-1992)
Six republics – Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia
Two autonomous regions – Kosovo - Vojvodina
Josip Broz Tito (r. 1944-1980)
“Non-Alignment”
THE DEATH OF YUGOSLAVIA
Multi-Ethnic
Violent Break – Civil War
Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia – Independence 1991
Serb minorities in each above region
Slobodan Milosevic (1941-2006) – Yugoslavia
“Ethnic Cleansing” – Bosnian Muslims
THE EUROPEAN UNION
Jean Monnet (1888-1979), Robert Schuman (1886-1963)
1952 European Coal and Steel Community – “Inner Six” – Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Italy, Germany
1957 – Treaty of Rome – Common Market or European Economic Community
1991 – Maastricht Treaty – “single Europe” – European Union
European Parliament, European Commission, Euro
THE EUROPEAN UNION
27 Member Nations
Political and Economic (Euro)
16 members use Euro
“Europe without frontiers”
Peace, Stability, and Prosperity
United States of Europe?
BRIEF HISTORY U.S. – SOVIET RELATIONS
1917-1941 - Unfriendly
1941-1945 - Cooperative
1945 – 1971 – Hostile
1971 –1979 – Detente
1980-1985 - Strained
1980 – Present – Diplomacy