The Cold War:1945-1990

Life After WW2

WW2 ends Aug. 14, 1945 after Japan surrenders

Over 60 million casualties 20 million soldiers Over 40 million civilians Europe in ruins after war U.S. & Soviets emerge as superpowers

Cold War Background

Germany split into East & West Berlin, Germany split into 4 zones: Great

Britain, France, Soviet Union & U.S. Big 3 meet/agree at Yalta Conference Meeting to discuss how to keep peace

Germany after WW2

United Nations

Big 3 agree peace keeping group needed United Nations: formed in 1945 to replace

League of Nations Goal: prevent future war & advocate world

peace Every member nation was given a seat

Fear of Communism

U.S. wanted to spread democracy, S.U. wanted to spread communism

Countries U.S. freed could choose own government

Countries Soviet Union freed forced to be under communist control

S.U. had satellite countries watched by secret police

Citizens not allowed to speak against government or leave country

What is Communism? Communism is a type of government and philosophy. Its goal is to form a society where

everything is shared equally. All people are treated equally and there is little private ownership. In a communist government, the government owns and controls most everything including property, means of production, education, transportation, and agriculture

Marx described ten important aspects of a communist government: No private property A single central bank High income tax that would rise significantly as you made more All property rights would be confiscated No inheritance rights The government would own and control all communication and transportation The government would own and control all education The government would own and control factories and agriculture Farming and regional planning would be run by the government The government would tightly control labor

Cold War Begins

S.U. building an “Iron Curtain”

Iron curtain: imaginary wall or line that separated Soviet nations from the rest of Europe

S.U. determined to surround itself with counties that were not a threat

S.U. did not trust U.S. as U.S. had atomic bomb & less damage from WW2

Review… 1) Which 2 countries emerges as superpowers following

WW2? 2) What country was split into 2 after WW2? 3) What was formed in 1945 to replace the League of

Nations? 4) What was its purpose? 5) What type of government was the U.S. hoping to

spread? The Soviets? 6) It was said that the Soviets were building what? 7) Why did the Soviets not trust the U.S. after WW2?

Cold War Begins

Cold War was an indirect war for global power & domination

U.S. used policy of Containment to prevent Soviet Union influence around the world

Western Europe: U.S. & its allies

Eastern Europe: Soviet Union & its satellites

Truman Doctrine

U.S. vowed to provide aid to help foreign countries fight off communism

Began after Greece & Turkey threatened by communism

Part of containment policy to fight off Soviet aggression

Marshall Plan

Nations of Europe in ruin after WW2

U.S. agreed to help fund European nations to help rebuild economy

Soviet Union disallowed Eastern Europe from receiving aid

Marshall Plan Expenditures

Map of Cold War

NATO

NATO: U.S. joined 9 Western European nations in 1949

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Members promised to defend each other if attacked

Warsaw Pact

Military pact created in 1955

Created in response to NATO by Soviets for safety

Soviets & its Eastern Europe countries agree to defend each other if attacked

Disbanded in 1991

NATO-Warsaw Pact Map

Review… 1) What was the name of the indirect war for global

domination? 2) What was the name of the imaginary wall the Soviets

were building to separate them from the rest of Europe? 3) The S.U. & its satellites was what part of Europe? 4) The U.S. & its allies was what part of Europe? 5) The U.S. adopted a policy of what to prevent Soviet

influence around the world? 6) The U.S. vowed to provide aid to foreign countries

threatened by communism (Greece and Turkey) This was called what?

7) The U.S. helping European countries rebuild their economy after WW2 was called what?

8) What was the name of the defense pact the U.S. & its allies signed?

9) What was the name of the defense pact the S.U. &its satellites signed?

Berlin Airlift First major crisis of Cold War France, Great Britain & U.S. decided to

combine their German occupation zones to unite West Germany

Berlin was in S.U. zone; but was divided east & west

Soviet Union feared Allies were gaining upper hand & set up a blockade in Berlin

Berlin Airlift U.S. & British began airlifting supplies to West

Berlin in response to Soviet blockade U.S. delivered over 2.3 million tons of food, fuel

& machinery to West Germany Soviet lifts blockade & Germany split into 2

countries East Germany: communist under S.U. control West Germany: democracy under U.S. control

Map of East & West Germany

McCarthyism

Fear of communism increased due to: China taken over by communism Korean War Successful creation & testing of atomic

bomb by Soviets Known as “Red Scare”

McCarthyism

McCarthyism: accusing people of being communists

1950s fear that communist spies were working in the U.S.

Named after U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy Claimed to have a “list” of over 200 communists

working for the government

McCarthyism

Americans believed that McCarthy was trying to save U.S. from communist takeover

Others saw McCarthy as a danger to U.S.

Never had any proof of his accusations

After falsely accusing U.S. Army of having communists, he was censored by the Senate

Fear of Communism

Communism in Asia Japan controlled Korea prior to WW2

After WW2, Korea divided into communist North & democratic South

Soviets occupied North, U.S. occupied South

Korean War Civil War began in China in 1946

Communist Party vs. American supported Nationalists Party

After Chinese Civil War, China fell to communism in 1949

Leader of China: Mao Tse-Tung

Domino theory: if one country in Asia fell to communism, others would

Korean War U.S. & Soviet could not agree on plan to

unite Korea

On June 25th,1950, North’s Soviet trained army invades South

Truman condemned North’s attack & sent UN forces to fight

90% of UN troops were American

Korean War North receives aid from communist China

MacArthur calls for invasion of China

Neither side able to make progress as cease-fire called for on July 27th, 1953

Korea still remained divided along 38th parallel

First Stages of War North Invades South North Advances

aid from China

Final Stages of War U.S. Advances Cease-fire Called

Korean War Map

Review… 1) If one country in Asia fell to communism,

others would as well. What was this theory called?

2) The Soviets controlled which part of Korea? 3) Which part of Korea did the U.S. control? 4) The Korean war began after which side

invaded which? 5) Gen. MacArthur was fired after he called for

the invasion of which country? 6) The Korean War ended after what was called

for? 7) Where does Korea remain divided at?

Cuban Missile Crisis

Cuba fell to communism in 1959 after Cuban Revolution

Cuban Revolution led by Fidel Castro

Communist overthrew dictatorship government

U.S. saw this as a threat as Cuba only 90 miles from Florida

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuba refused U.S. intervention after falling

to communism in 1959

U.S. imposed an embargo on Cuba

Cuba began receiving aid from Soviets

Cuban exiles began fleeing to U.S. to get away from harsh government

Bay of Pigs Invasion JFK trained Cuban exiles for invasion of

Cuba Exiles were to be supported by local

population of Cuba Support never came & exiles captured by

Cuba Huge mistake & defeat for U.S. U.S. forced to pay ransom for release of

soldiers

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuba feared another U.S. invasion &

turned to Soviets for help

Soviets began installing nuclear missiles in Cuba in 1962

Missiles could reach all the way to CA

Cuban Missile Crisis JFK risked nuclear war by attacking

Soviets but could not ignore missiles

U.S. installed blockade of Cuba

Soviets agreed to remove missiles if U.S. would not invade Cuba

Crisis was closest U.S. & Soviets came to nuclear war

CMChttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5ZzL9KsyPY CASTRO https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kq6dfCvVxCU

Vietnam War Vietnam won its independence from

France in 1954

Divided into communist North & U.S. supported South

Communist group in South formed called Viet Cong

Leaders and Parties

North Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh

South Vietnam: Ngo Dinh Diem

Communist Party in North: Viet Minh

Communist Party in South: Viet Cong

Vietnam War North supplied weapons to Viet Cong Goal was to re-unite Vietnam under

communist rule After U.S. ships bombed in Vietnam waters,

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed (1964) Allowed president to use military force in

Vietnam: 1965, 1st US combat troops land. U.S. troops in Vietnam escalated in attempt

to contain communism

Vietnam War U.S. Disadvantages: 1) Unable to decipher enemy from civilian 2) Inexperienced soldiers 3) Jungle terrain & weather 4) Guerilla Warfare Ex: Grenades hidden in bushes, jungle

filled with landmines & booby traps, underground tunnels used for fighting

Vietnam War Tet Offensive: surprise attack on U.S.

military bases in S. Vietnam Viet Cong destroyed military bases &

villages Surprise attack proved end of war

nowhere near Anti-war sentiment escalated in U.S.

Vietnam War U.S. homefront disagreed with war Felt we should not be fighting Vietnam’s

civil war Protests held on college campuses Men burned draft card &/or fled to Canada Poor men drafted as they could not afford

to pay college & defer

Vietnam War Neither side able to make progress as

cease-fire called in 1973

Last of U.S. troops withdrew by March

In 1975 North launched surprise attack on South

South defeated & Vietnam united as communist

Wading through Jungle Waters

Clearing the Jungle

Wading Through the Mud

Viet Cong Carrying POW

Checking Villages for Enemy

Viet Cong Tunnels

War Tunnels

Entrance to Tunnels

Civilians Looking Through Homes

Review 1) The communist group formed in the South

was called what? 2) What resolution gave the president the power

to use military force in Vietnam? 3) What was the goal of the Vietnam War? 4) What were 2 disadvantages for the US? 5) What was the name of the surprise attack on

the US military base in the South? 6) Why did Americans disagree with the Vietnam

War? 7) What is one way people protested the war? 8) What was the final result of the war?