the clark-kozma debate in the 21st century

The Clark-The Clark-Kozma Kozma

Debate in Debate in the 21st the 21st CenturyCenturyKatrin Becker

CNIE 2010 Clark-Kozma Debate in the 21st Century © K.Becker 2

Everything old is new again. Everything old is new again.

Students should NOT be taught

how to write!

Why?

Writing diminishes memory!


The Debate:The Debate:Clark (1983): Media do not

influence learning under

any circumstances!

Kozma (1991): Media

produce a unique

experience!

(1994) Do not!

(1994) Do too!

(2007) Still not!


The Medium is just like a The Medium is just like a Truck.Truck.

LearningObjectives Instructional

Methods

Content

Medium

InstructionalDesigner

Learner


Times Have ChangedTimes Have ChangedTHEN

The Internet!!

Behold,WORD!!

system "Autovision II" at "Technology 83" trade show in Israel demonstrating blob analysis using backlighting. (Date is within a day or so.)

IBM PC XT (128KB

memory; 10Mb HD,

5 ¼ floppy)


Times Have ChangedTimes Have ChangedNOW

video game tournament

Alienware Area-51 Desktop

Cloud computing


Times Have Times Have ReallyReally Changed Changed


Where’s the Evidence?Where’s the Evidence?

• Lectures?• Books?• TV, Film, Games?• Other Technology?(on this, Clark is right about there being no

evidence)

NOTHING works better than a good teacher, unless it’s a good teacher

with decent tools.


The REAL ProblemThe REAL Problem

“Instructional technology only works for some kids, with some topics, and under some conditions – but that is true of all pedagogy. There is nothing that works for every purpose, for every learner, and all the time.”

(Mann, 2001, p. 241)


Serious GamesSerious Games

Definition:Digital games designed for purposes

OTHER than pure entertainment.

Designed intent is key.


Serious Games Serious Games ≠ ≠ Educational Educational Games Games

But all Games are

SimulationsSimulations

Games

Serious

GamesGames for

Change Game

s for the

Military

Adver-game

s

Games for

Health

Exergames

Games for

Learning

Games for

Politics


The Vehicular Metaphor The Vehicular Metaphor Applied to Digital GamesApplied to Digital Games

It’s just a vehicle. They’re all the same....


The Replacibility TestThe Replacibility Test

“Whenever you have found a medium or set of media attributes which you believe will cause learning for some learners on a given task, ask yourself if another (similar) set of attributes would lead to the same learning result” (Clark 1994, p.28).

For all learners? For your best learners? Average? Struggling?wait.......CAUSE learning?


The Medium really IS the The Medium really IS the MessageMessage

• Have you ever read a book, then watched the movie and thought, “Well, that was EXACTLY the same” ?

• Which pilot would you rather have?– The one who read his flight manuals for

100 hours.– The pilot who spent 100 hours in a

state-of-the-art flight simulator.


Educational Game DebatesEducational Game Debates

Games Design is all we need.

Instructional Designis all we need.

Grim FandangoGrim Fandango Virtual FrogVirtual Frog


The ChallengeThe Challenge

• If you thought designing good instruction was hard, designing good games is just as hard.

• Designing good educational games is MUCH HARDER!

• Can’t just wrap game around ID. – Games are about the experience. – ID is about the content (what).


What NOT to do:What NOT to do:edutainment

Mathblaster

WTF????

Eat or be Eaten


Where Does That Leave Us?Where Does That Leave Us?

1. The medium matters.2. Don’t try to copy the commercial model.3. Don’t try to replace the teacher.4. An educational game is rarely a stand-alone

device.5. Study instructional design AND game design.

1. One can not teach what one does not practice.2. One cannot design what one does not understand


ImagImage e CreditCreditss

• Title Slide: Second Life; Global Conflicts• Times have changed [THEN]

– w:Automatix w:machine vision system "Autovision II" at "Technology 83" trade show in Israel demonstrating blob analysis using backlighting. (Date is within a day or so.)

– IBM PC XT (128KB memory; 10Mb HD, 5 ¼ floppy)

• Times Have Changed [NOW] – video game tournament– Alienware Area-51 Desktop

• Times Have Really Changed– Medical Simulation (1), University of Calgary– Medical Simulation (2), Young Chow, Virginia Tech– Ayiti: The Cost of Life, Global Kids– Air Force Delta Storm, used by USAF– Darwars, image: soldiersmediacenter

• The Vehicular Metaphor Applied to Digital Games – Wargames

All other images: wikimedia commons


Credits & Reference

s• What Not to Do slide:• Eat or be Eaten, Larry Green, Lake Tahoe Community College• Asian Capitals, SheppardSoftware.com • http://www.teach-nology.com/web_tools/games/ • Math Mountain

• Clark, R. E. (1994). Media will never influence learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 42(1), 21-29.

• Mann, D. (2001). Documenting the Effects of Instructional Technology, A Fly-Over of Policy Questions. In W. F. Heineke & L. Blasi (Eds.), Research methods for educational technology ; v. 1: Methods of evaluating educational technology (Vol. 1, pp. 239-249). Greenwich, Conn.: Information Age Pub.

• Grim Fandango• Virtual Frog

the clark-kozma debate in the 21st century

Education

learning games

good games

good educational games

change games

military advergames

digital games wargames

serious games definition

health exergames games