the civil war do now: 1.take out class materials (notebook and packet). 2.answer this in your...
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The Civil War
Do Now:1. Take out class
materials (notebook and packet).
2. Answer this in your notebook:– What are the causes of
the Civil War? Identify and explain each cause.
Agenda:• Causes• Abe Lincoln’s Words• The Civil War
HW:1. Continue Killer Angels part II – due Monday!2. OH ½ Day…
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The Civil War
1861-1865
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Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other
Wars
Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other
Wars
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President Abraham Lincoln
• 1st Inaugural Address• LINCOLN had no
intention of interfering with slavery or the South.
• He warned that no state had the right to break up the Union.– “In your hands is the
issue of civil war.”– “You can have no conflict
without being yourselves the aggressor”
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Fort Sumter • 7 states seceded before Fort Sumter• South fired on federal troops
providing provisions to Fort Sumter• Lincoln responded by putting down
the insurrection with troops• 4 more states/upper south seceded • LINCOLN USED his “COMMANDER-
IN-CHIEF” POWER liberally:• He called for 75,000 troops to
put down the attack at Sumter• He authorized spending for the
war (Congressional power).• He suspended habeas corpus
– [an accused person must be informed of their accusation—can’t be imprisoned indefinitely w/out trial.]
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North South
Advantages ? ?
Disadvantages ? ?
North vs. South in 1861
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Rating the North & the South
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Slave/Free States Population, 1861
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Railroad Lines, 1860
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Resources: North & the South
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The Union & Confederacy in 1861
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Men Present for Duty in the Civil War
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Ohio Military Service
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Soldiers’ Occupations: North/South Combined
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Immigrants as a % of a State’s Populationin 1860
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Southern Inflation
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Northern Advantages and Disadvantages
• Advantages– Extensive railroad network– Strong industrial base– Superior navy– Larger population– Abundant supply of food– Dominance in foreign trade
• Disadvantages– Shortage of experienced and
skilled military commanders– Divided population that did
not fully support the war
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Southern Advantages and Disadvantages
• Advantages– A defensive war fought on home
territory– A long coastline that would be difficult
to blockade– An important cash crop in cotton – A group of experienced and skilled
military commanders– A close economic relationship with
Britain North was afraid that Britain would ally with South• U.S. almost bought Br. Into war when
captured Confederate diplomats from Br. Steamer “Trent”
• Disadvantages– Smaller population than the North– Smaller industrial base than the North
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Border States
• Importance– Strategic location– Important industrial
and agricultural resources
• Key Border States =– Kentucky– Maryland
• Abraham Lincoln didn’t want to isolate
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Confederate States of America
The Confederate States of America
Constitution• Modeled after US Const.• Congress cannot levy protective
tariffsPresident• Jefferson Davis• Suffered from inability to increase
executive/federal power—ideology of states’ rights backfired!
Economy• imposed income taxes • issued money=inflation
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The Leaders of the Confederacy
The Leaders of the Confederacy
Pres. Jefferson DavisPres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander Stevens
VP Alexander Stevens
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Overviewof
the North’s
Civil WarStrategy
:
“Anaconda”Plan
Overviewof
the North’s
Civil WarStrategy
:
“Anaconda”Plan
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The “Anaconda” PlanThe “Anaconda” Plan
1. Naval blockade of the South to cut off essential supplies (Anaconda Plan)
2. Control the Mississippi River and divide the South.
3. Take control of Richmond, Virginia
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Lincoln’s GeneralsLincoln’s Generals
Irwin McDowellIrwin McDowell
Winfield ScottWinfield Scott
George McClellan,Again!
George McClellan,Again!
George McClellanGeorge McClellan
Ambrose BurnsideAmbrose Burnside
Joseph HookerJoseph Hooker
George MeadeGeorge MeadeUlysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant
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The Confederate Generals
The Confederate Generals
Jeb StuartJeb Stuart
James LongstreetJames Longstreet
George PickettGeorge Pickett
“Stonewall” Jackson“Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest
Nathan Bedford Forrest
Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee
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First Manassas (Bull Run)
• July 1861• First major battle• Union fled to D.C.• Showed that the Union
was in it for the long run
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Antietam (Sharpsburg)
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Antietam (Sharpsburg)
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The Battle of Antietam, September 1862
• The Union victory persuaded England and France to remain neutral While both European powers saw advantages in a divided America, they followed a cautious policy toward both the North and South
• Bloodiest day of the war (22,000 killed)
• Stopped the possibility of Confederates receiving foreign recognition and aid.
• The Union victory enabled Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation
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The Emancipation Proclamation
• Lincoln delayed issuing the Emancipation Proclamation b/c he didn’t want to antagonize slave owners in Border States
• The North originally went to war to preserve the Union. The Emancipation Proclamation strengthened the Union’s moral cause.
• Rallied anti-slavery support in France and Britain• DID NOT free slaves in Border States• Freed ONLY the slaves in the states that were still
in rebellion• It DID NOT grant African Americans political
equality• Lincoln Hesitated to End Slavery
– Wanted to keep support of the border states– Constitutional protections of slavery (5th
Amendment)– Northern racism– Possibility that premature action could be
overturned (next election)
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Gettysburg
• July 1863• This was the bloodiest
battle of the Civil War.• It lasted 3 days.• Ultimately, Lee
retreated, and was never again on the offensive.
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Three days of fighting July 1-3, 1863…
Image courtesy Library of Congress
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… and 51,000 casualtieskilled, wounded, or missing
Image courtesy Library of Congress
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Finishing the War
Total War• Lincoln had a very difficult
time finding a general who could win
• Grant’s new strategy:1. Wage war on the enemy’s
will to fight.2. Systematically destroy
southern supplies.• Foreshadowed trench
warfare.
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Finishing the War
Sherman’s March to the Sea• 1864 • Marched from Tennessee to
South Carolina• Destroyed everything in
their path: cotton fields, barns, livestock, houses
• Grant set Atlanta on fire.• Sherman burned Columbia,
South Carolina.
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Foreign Affairs
Reasons Cotton Diplomacy Failed1. Europe found other ways of getting cotton and didn’t need the South.2. Confederate loss at Antietam (too much of a risk)3. The Northern goal of ending slavery appealed to the working class
British, although British leaders sympathized with the South.
Foreign Raiders• Using ships purchased from the
British, Confederates raided Union trade-vessels.
• British paid the Union $15.5 million in damages and cancelled iron ship sales to the Confederacy.
Trent Affair• The Union captured
Confederate diplomats hoping to win British recognition.
• The British insisted the Union return the prisoners, but did not recognize the Confederacy.
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Freedmen in the War
¼ of the slave population walked away from slavery as the Union army approached after the Emancipation Proclamation.
• 200,000 African Americans served in the Union army.– Most units were segregated
(Massachusetts 54th Regiment)– African American soldiers won the
respect of northern soldiers– 37,000 African Americans died in
the war.
• “Army of Freedom” = African American fighters in the Union army
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African-American Recruiting Poster
African-American Recruiting Poster
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The Famous 54th Massachusetts
The Famous 54th Massachusetts
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August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert
Gould Shaw
August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert
Gould Shaw
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African-Americansin Civil War BattlesAfrican-Americansin Civil War Battles
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Congressional Actions
• Congress established a national banking system to provide a uniform national currency
• Congress chartered two corporations – the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad – to build a transcontinental railroad connecting Omaha, NE to Sacramento, CA
• Congress passed the Homestead Act in 1862, offering cheap – sometimes free – land to people who would settle the West and improve their property
• Congress passed high tariffs to protect American industry from foreign competition
• Morill Land Grant Act govt gave land to states who created agriculture and mechanical colleges
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The End of the War
Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse
• After 90 days of fighting, Lee’s men were forced to surrender at Appomattox, outside of Richmond Virginia.
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Assassination of LincolnJohn Wilkes Booth shot the President while he attended a performance in Ford
Theater 5 days after the war ended, hoping to save the Confederacy; a co-conspirator attacked Secretary of States Seward.
Major effect = unity among northerners/decreased sympathy for defeated South
13th Amendment• December 1865• Ended slavery• Lincoln secured
enough votes in Congress for it to pass after his assassination.
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Casualties on Both Sides
Casualties on Both Sides
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Political Effects of the WarPolitical Parties
Republicans were split:• Radical Republicans wanted abolition of
slavery• Moderate Republicans (free-soilers) wanted
economic opportunity for Whites only.Copperheads and Peace Democrats opposed
the war and wanted peace.
Dominance of the North• After the war, the dominance of the federal
government over states rights was assumed by everyone [end of Federalist v. anti-Federalist debates].
• The abolition of slavery expanded the definition of American “democracy.”
Civil LibertiesThere is much debate about
whether Lincoln stepped outside the constitutional bounds of the presidency in executing the war.
k
The DraftThe Union Conscription Act• Made all men 20-45 eligible to fight.• Men could avoid the draft by paying someone
else to replace them or paying $300.• White laborers thought African Americans
would replace them in the labor force.• “Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”1863: Riots broke out in New York City• Angry Irish attacked Blacks and rich Whites.• Suspension of the draft and federal troops
restored order.
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Economic Effects of the War
Financing the War• The North raised money by selling
government bonds an issuing Greenbacks.
• Inflation caused Congress to create a unified banking system in 1863.
Modernizing Northern Economy• Workers’ wages lowered with
inflation.• The war encouraged manufacturing
businesses to grow; a few war profiteers who became millionaires gained the capital that would help them finance postwar industrialization.
Wartime Laws Promoted Economic Growth:
•Morrill Tariff Act—increased taxes to protect American manufacturers•Homestead Act—offered 160 acres of Great Plains land to a family who would live there for 5 years•Morrill Land Grant Act—sold federal land to finance agricultural and technical colleges•Pacific Railway Act—created a northern route for a transcontinental railroad to link CA & western land to eastern states
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Social Effects of the WarWomen
• Operated farms and plantations; filled factory jobs; worked as nurses while men were fighting.
• Most evacuated their jobs when men returned.
1. Field of Nursing was open to women.2. Responsibilities taken by women in the war fed
the movement for equal voting rights for women.
End of Slavery• The 13th Amendment was a big step
—the first time that African Americans were protected by the Constitution.
• Economic hardship and political oppression would continue for generations.
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The Second American Revolution• 620,000 men died.• 4 million were freed from
slavery.• The South’s plantation
system was virtually destroyed.
• The North became more industrialized & modernized.– Republicans enacted a pro-
business program during the war.
• Strengthened characteristics of American democracy and capitalism.