Slide 1

The Church Today Cardinal Avery Dulles Institution Offer Salvation to All Mystical Communion Provide Spiritual Support Sacrament Make Christ Present Herald Preach the Gospel Servant Transform Society

Slide 2

2000 years in 14 common words and phrases

Slide 3

Consubstantial Logos Arius, 318 Council of Nicea, 325 Homoousius (In Latin, consubstantialis) Constantinople I, 381

Slide 4

Begotten, not made Origen of Alexandria, 185-254/5 As an act of will proceeds from the mind without either cutting off any part of the mind or being separated or divided from it, in some similar fashion has the Father begotten the Son.

Slide 5

Light from Light Origen of Alexandria, 185-254/5 The Ray of Light that hits your eye is the same ray of light in the candle flame A pure effluence of the glory of the Almighty, the brightness of eternal light, unspotted mirror of the working and power of God.

Slide 6

Persons Ousia + Idioma = Hypostasis God = 1 Ousia (Nature) + 3 Idiomata (distinguishing characteristics) = 3 Hypostases (Persons) Father = Unbegottenness Son = Origin by generation (Begotten) Spirit = Origin by procession/mission

Slide 7

Mother of God Theotokos: God-bearer Nestorius: Christotokos Council of Ephesus 431 Council of Chalcedon 451

Slide 8

Monk Anthony of Egypt (b.251) & Pachomius (290) Monastic movement introduced by Martin of Tours in France in 397, Patrick in Ireland in 461 St. Benedicts Rule, 520 Monasteries became centers of Christian culture, stabilizing the barbarians Slow assimilation takes place from 500-800 Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne

Slide 9

Crusade Pope St. Gregory the Great (d. 604) established the Popes as rulers of central Italy; initiated the conversion of Anglo-Saxon Britain; writings shaped Medieval Papacy Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand; 1073-85) revives claim the Popes have authority over emperors and kings Urban II calls for a crusade to retake Jerusalem, 1091

Slide 10

Filioque Proceeds from the Father and the Son Orthodox: Proceeds from the Father through the Son Toledo III 589 Adopted as official doctrine, circa 1000 & added to the Creed July 16, 1054: Leo IXs representative, Humbert, excommunicates Byzantine Patriarch Cerularius, & Emperor Michael Constantine & all their followers

Slide 11

Avignon Captivity 1100s Rise of Nation-States 122o-50 Popes, notably Gregory IX, fight Emperor Frederick over Sicily & the Papal States 1294 Celistine V resigns after less than a year 1300 Pope Boniface VIII declares the first Holy Year (One of the pilgrims is Dante); fights with French king Philip the Fair; Pope attacked Sept. 3, 1303 Clement V elected 1305 1305-1378: Seven Popes

Slide 12

The Great Schism 1378-1417 Avignon Gregory XI returns to Rome

Slide 13

The Great Schism 1378-1417 Avignon Rome Gregory XI returns to Rome Gregory XI dies in 1378. Romans riot outside the conclave. Urban VI elected; goes nuts.

Slide 14

The Great Schism 1378-1417 Avignon Rome Gregory XI returns to Rome Cardinals declare Urbans election invalid; Elect Clement VII. Gregory XI dies in 1378. Romans riot outside the conclave. Urban VI elected; goes nuts.

Slide 15

The Great Schism 1378-1417 Avignon Rome Gregory XI returns to Rome Cardinals declare Urbans election invalid; Elect Clement VII. Gregory XI dies in 1378. Romans riot outside the conclave. Urban VI elected; goes nuts. Urban dies in 1389; cardinals elect Boniface IX

Slide 16

The Great Schism 1378-1417 Avignon Rome Gregory XI returns to Rome Cardinals declare Urbans election invalid; Elect Clement VII. Clement dies, 1394; Benedict XIII elected; breaks promise. Gregory XI dies in 1378. Romans riot outside the conclave. Urban VI elected; goes nuts. Urban dies in 1389; cardinals elect Boniface IX

Slide 17

The Great Schism (cont.) Avignon Rome (Benedict XII continues) 1406: Boniface dies; Gregory XII elected; promises to resign if Benedict does. Face-to-face talks never happen

Slide 18

The Great Schism (cont.) March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope Alexander V.

Slide 19

The Great Schism (cont.) March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope Alexander V. He dies before arriving in Rome.

Slide 20

The Great Schism (cont.) March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope Alexander V. He dies before arriving in Rome. 1410: Conclave replaces Alexander with John XXIII, a reprobate.

Slide 21

The Great Schism (cont.) March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope Alexander V. He dies before arriving in Rome. 1410: Conclave replaces Alexander with John XXIII, a reprobate. 1414-1417: Council of Constance; Assertion of councilar supremacy in the decree Sacrosancta, April 6, 1415.

Slide 22

The Great Schism (cont.) March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope Alexander V. He dies before arriving in Rome. 1410: Conclave replaces Alexander with John XXIII, a reprobate. 1414-1417: Council of Constance; Assertion of councilar supremacy in the decree Sacrosancta, April 6, 1415. 1417 Pope Martin V elected. Pope Gregory resigns. Benedict XII flees to Spain.

Slide 23

Protestant October 31, 1517: Luther nails his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg Protesting against: Selling Indulgences; Simony (selling church offices); Pluralism (more than one man in the same office); Absenteeism (Bishops who never live in their diocese); Church preaching that actions, not faith alone, are required for salvation Calvin: Pre-destination; Henry VIII: Head of nation- state is head of its church, not a foreigner; Zwingli: emphasis on Scripture

Slide 24

Trent (Tridentine) Council of Trent 1545-1563 Scripture & Tradition Seven Sacraments Justification by faith, alone, rejected Reaffirms Christs presence in the Eucharist Obliges Sunday preaching Obliges bishops to live in their diocese Seminaries to train priests Imposes censorship (Index of Forbidden Books)

Slide 25

Tridentine (cont.) (Council of Trent: 1545-1563) Reformed but reaffirmed indulgences Retranslated Bible (New Vulgate)

Slide 26

Infallibility Pius IX: 1846-1878 Defined the Immaculate Conception Dec. 8, 1854 Syllabus of Errors, 1864: Lists 80, including allowing non-Catholics in Catholic countries to practice their religion and that the Pope should reconcile himself with progress, liberalism and recent civilization. Vatican I, 1870, Defined infallibility: The Roman Pontiffs definitions are irreformible of themselves, and not from the consent of the Church BUT

Slide 27

Infallibility (cont.) Only when the Pope is speaking ex cathedra, as supreme pastor Deals with a doctrine of faith & morals Divine assistance that protects him from error is due to the gift of infallibility granted to the Church, itself.

Slide 28

Vatican II John XXIII 1958-63; Paul VI 1963-78 Summons a Council: January 1959 Four sessions: Oct. Dec. of 1962, 63, 64, 65 16 Formal documents Church looks at: 1) Itself 2) Other Christians 3) The World

Slide 29

Vatican II SACROSANCTUM (Liturgical reform) Pius X 1903-1914: Encouraged frequent Communion; lowered minimum age from 14 to age to reason; called for use of Gregorian Chant Early 1900s in Europe: Translation of Roman Missal 1932 in U.S.: My Sunday Missal Pius XII 1939-58: Modified Eucharistic fast; reorganized Triduum liturgies

Slide 30

Vatican II SACROSANCTUM (Liturgical Reform) Active participation in liturgy is a right & a duty Paschal Mystery: Suffering, death, resurrection Emphasizes Christs presence in the scripture Allows use of the vernacular Allows reception of Eucharist under both species Bishops conferences to decide on changes Approved in 1962: 2,162-46 Final vote in 1963: 2,147-4

Slide 31

Vatican II DEI VERBUM (The Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation) God his revealing Himself, not just a list of rules General Revelation: God speaking to all humans, calling them to love Special Revelation: Gods choice to reveal Himself to specific groups of human beings, Jews and Christians The Christian revelation (Jesus & the sending of the Spirit) is the high point of revelation, in that it is Gods personal self-communication

Slide 32

Vatican II DEI VERBUM (The Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation) What Jesus reveals to his disciples is called the Deposit of Faith. Tradition (Our common experience of trying to live what Jesus taught, guided by the Holy Spirit) and Scripture (Writings inspired by the Holy Spirit) both arise out of the Deposit of Faith.

Slide 33

Vatican II DEI VERBUM (The Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation) Scripture teaches firmly, faithfully and without error that truth which God wanted put into the sacred writings for the sake of our salvation. (DV 11) Since God speaks through sacred Scripture through men in human fashion, the interpreter of sacred Scripture, in order to see clearly what God wanted to communicate to us, should carefully investigate what meaning the sacred writers really intended, and what God wanted to manifest by the means of their words. (DV 12)

Slide 34

Vatican II DEI VERBUM The task of authentically interpreting the Word of God, whether written or handed on, has been entrusted exclusively to the living teaching office of the Church. (DV 10) This is called Magisterium. This teaching office is not above the Word of God, but serves it (DV 10) Sacred tradition, sacred Scripture & the teaching authority of the Church are so linked and joined together that one cannot stand without the others (DV 10)

Slide 35

Vatican II LUMEN GENTIUM: (The Dogmatic Constitution on the Church) Church is a Mystical Body. The visible nature of the Church is not enough; ALL CHRISTIANS are members of Christs Mystical Body with a shared, supernatural existence People of God Church is linked to all Christians, Jews, Muslims, non-Christian religions, those who strive to live a good life (LG 15, 16)

Slide 36

Vatican II LUMEN GENTIUM: (The Dogmatic Constitution on the Church) Eschatological Institution: The Church is the final development of Gods saving plan but we have not yet reached full flower. We are journeying toward Christs second coming but the Reign of God already is in our midst. We are a combination of already/not yet. The Church is the budding of the Kingdom Sacrament. Just as Christ is the sacrament of God; the Church represents Christ to the world

Slide 37

Vatican II UNITATIS REDINTEGRATIO (The Decree on Ecumenism) Catholics must joyfully acknowledge and esteem the truly Christian endowments from our common heritage which are to be found among our separated brethren. Nor should we forget that whatever is wrought by the grace of the Holy Spirit in the hearts of our separated brethren can contribute to our own edification. Calls for dialogue, understanding & a mutual change of heart

Slide 38

Vatican II NOSTRA AETATE (Declaration on non-Christian Religions) The Church rejects nothing that is holy and sacred in these religions The Church repudiates all persecutions

Slide 39

Vatican II DIGNITATIS HUMANAE (Declaration on Religious Freedom) The dignity of the human person supersedes ALL government and social constraints. Only areas where government should intervene are: 1) Create a peaceful way to solve disputes; 2) Maintain a genuine public peace; 3) Guard the public morality Every human being has a right to publically express their religious ideology Parents have a right to determine their childrens education Racial and ethnic discrimination are condemned

Slide 40

Vatican II GAUDIUM ET SPES (The Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World.) Treats Humanity as a whole, not as Christians & non- Christians. Very Optimistic! Says the triumphs of the human race are a sign of Gods greatness and the flowering of His mysterious design.

Slide 41

Vatican II GAUDIUM ET SPES (cont.) It praises humanitys economic, artistic, scientific, technical and philosophical achievements, declaring such progress purifies religion by banishing magic and superstition Urges Christians to devote their energy to the world Says the Christian life joyously brings Gods values love, dignity, forgiveness - to the world

Slide 42

Catholic responses to secular society

Slide 43

The Church Today Philip Murnion Traditionalist Sectarian Response of the Right or Left Community as Intimacy Association Solidarity