the christians who call god allah

7/28/2019 The Christians Who Call God ALLAH

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The Christians who call God 'Allah'

Muslims in Malaysia have burnt churches in protest at Christians callingtheir God Allah, but there is a precedent, says Christopher Howse

By Christopher Howse (The Telegraph)

11:50AM GMT 30 Jan 2010

Two-thirds of Malaysians are Muslims and about 10 per cent of them

Christians. Malaysian political life is a little different from that in Britain. The

leader of the opposition, for example, is facing trial on charges of "sodomy", a

ploy used by the government before.

Churches have been burnt down in Malaysia in a row over Christians using

the wordAllah for God.

The government had ruled that the word must not be used except to refer to

God as worshipped by Muslims. But the high court declared that a Catholic

newspaper, the Herald, could continue to useAllah in its Malay edition, since

the people in Borneo that buy the paper have from time immemorial referred

to God by that name.

Many of those protesting at the Christian use ofAllah had hardly been aware

of the usage before the public row, for they do not buy Christian newspapers

and they do not live in Borneo, where the papers mostly circulate.

One popular objection among Malaysian Muslims to the use ofAllah by

Christians is that it might lead to Muslims being lured into conversion to

Christianity. The implicit thinking seems to be thatAllah is the name of God

used in the Koran, and that the God worshipped by Christians is a false god.

This thinking seems to me a mirror image of a protest in Stoke on Trent last

weekend where people in the crowd chanted: "Allah, Allah, who the ---- is

Allah?" That was a disgustingly offensive remark which erroneously took it for

granted that Allah and God are not the same being.

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The clinching argument against such an assumption is that Christians

explicitly worship the God of Abraham. They worship the same God that Jews

worship. Of course Jews deny, and indeed are repelled by the idea, that God

has a Son who became man, just as Muslims are.

But the fact that you think others are mistaken in their description of

someone's characteristics does not mean that they are referring to a different

person. Someone, for example, might call Spartacus a "freedom fighter" and

someone else call him a "murderous rebel", but they are talking about the

same man.

On a non-religious level, it is undeniable that the word for God is translated

into different languages. It is not (like Spartacus) a proper name, but it is theword for the supreme being, of whom there can only be one. English-

speakers say "God", Frenchmen say "Dieu".

Looking at it from the point of view of language, there is a widespread, quite

unconscious, sharing of the wordAllah between Muslims and non-Muslims.

Maltese people, for example, sayAlla for "God", because their language has

been deeply moulded by Arabic. The Spanish, who live in territory occupied

by Arabic-speakers for 700 years, use the word ojalto mean "I hope that". I

think that most of them are unaware that the word derives from wa sallah "and God wills".

The problem in Malaysia has erupted among people who do not use Arabic as

their first language. No such misunderstanding would be possible between

Arabic-speaking Muslims and Arabic-speaking Christians, for whom the only

word for God isAllah.

The Arabic wordAllah comes from al-ilah, "the god". The wordAllah was in

use among the people of Mecca before Mohammed announced his message

to them. It is found in pre-Islamic poetry and in ancient inscriptions in Arabia.

It was used by Christians as their term for God long before Mohammed was

born.

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On the face of it, the Koran declares that the God known to Mohammed is the

God of the people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians). In Sura 29: 46 God

tells his followers: "Say: 'We believe in that which has been revealed to us

and what has been revealed to you. Our God and your God are one. We

surrender to Him'."

Muslims may think that Jews and Christians have betrayed the revelation

given to them, but that does not affect the identity of the creator of Adam.

Allah

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation,searchThis article is about the Arabic word "Allah". For the Islamic view of God, see God inIslam. For other uses, see Allah (disambiguation).

Allah (Englishpronunciation:/ l / or/l/; Arabic: Allh, IPA: [ al l h] ( listen) isthe Arabicword forGod (literally 'the God', as the initial "Al-" is the definite article).[1][2][3] It is used mainly by Muslims to refer to God in Islam,[4]Arab Christians, and often,albeit not exclusively, by Bah's,Arabic-speakers, Indonesian, Malaysian and MalteseChristians, and Mizrahi Jews.[5][6][7]

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Usage in Arabic

o 2.1 Pre-Islamic Arabiao 2.2 Islamo 2.3 Christianityo 2.4 Judaism

3 As a loanwordo 3.1 English and other European languageso 3.2 Malaysian and Indonesian languageo 3.3 In other scripts and languages

4 Typographyo 4.1 Unicode

5 See also 6 Notes 7 References

8 External links

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a.org/wiki/Allah#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#External_links


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Etymology

The Arabic components that build-up the word "Allah":1. alif2. hamzat wa l ( )3. lm4. lm5. shadda( )6. dagger alif( )7. h

The termAllh is derived from a contractionof the Arabic definite article al- "the" and

ilh "deity, god" to al-lh meaning "the [sole] deity, God" ( , ho theosmonos).[8]Cognates of the name "Allh" exist in otherSemitic languages, includingHebrew and Aramaic.[9]Biblical Hebrew mostly uses the plural form (but functionalsingular)Elohim. The correspondingAramaic form is lh in Biblical Aramaicand Alh in Syriac as used by the Assyrian Church, both meaning simply 'God'.[10] In the Sikhscriptures, Guru Granth Sahib, the termAllah (Punjabi: ) is used 37times.[11]

The name was previously used bypaganMeccansas a reference to a creator deity,possibly the supreme deity inpre-Islamic Arabia.[12][13]The concepts associated with thetermAllah (as a deity) differ among religious traditions. In pre-Islamic Arabia amongst

pagan Arabs,Allah was not considered the sole divinity, having associates andcompanions, sons and daughtersa concept that was deleted under the process ofIslamization. In Islam, the nameAllah is the supreme and all-comprehensive divinename, and all other divine names are believed to refer back to Allah.[14]Allah is unique,the only Deity, creator of the universeand omnipotent.[5][6] Arab Christians today useterms such asAllh al-Ab ( , 'God the Father') to distinguish their usage fromMuslim usage.[15]There are both similarities and differences between the concept of God

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as portrayed in the Quran and the Hebrew Bible.[16] It has also been applied to certainliving human beings as personifications of the term and concept. [17][18]

Unicode has a codepoint reserved forAllh, = U+FDF2.[19]Many Arabic type fontsfeature specialligatures for Allah.[20]

Usage in Arabic

Pre-Islamic Arabia

In pre-Islamic Arabia, Allah was used by Meccans as a reference to the creator-god,possibly the supreme deity.[21] Allah was not considered the sole divinity; however, Allahwas considered the creator of the world and the giver of rain. The notion of the term mayhave been vague in the Meccan religion.[8] Allah was associated with companions, whompre-Islamic Arabs considered as subordinate deities. Meccans held that a kind ofkinshipexisted between Allah and thejinn.[22] Allah was thought to have had sons[23] and that the

local deities ofal-Uzz, Mant and al-Lt were His daughters.[24] The Meccans possiblyassociated angels with Allah.[25][26]Allah was invoked in times of distress.[26][27]Muhammad's father's name was Abd Allh meaning 'the slave of Allh'.[26]

Islam

Main article: God in IslamSee also:Names of God in the Qur'an

Medallion showing "Allah" in Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey.

According to Islamic belief, Allah is theproper nameof God,[28] and humble submissionto his will, divine ordinances and commandments is the pivot of the Muslim faith.[5] "Heis the only God, creator of the universe, and the judge of humankind." [5][6] "He is unique(w id ) and inherently one (a ad ), all-merciful and omnipotent."[5] The Qur'an declares"the reality of Allah, His inaccessible mystery, His various names, and His actions onbehalf of His creatures."[5]

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Allah script outside Eski Cami (The Old Mosque) in Edirne, Turkey.

In Islamic tradition, there are99 Names of God (al-asm al- usn lit. meaning: 'the bestnames' or 'the most beautiful names'), each of which evoke a distinct characteristic ofAllah.[6][29] All these names refer to Allah, the supreme and all-comprehensive divinename.[14] Among the 99 names of God, the most famous and most frequent of these namesare "the Merciful" (al-Ra mn ) and "the Compassionate" (al-Ra m ).[6][29]

Most Muslims use the untranslated Arabic phrase in sh Allh (meaning 'if God wills')

after references to future events.

[30]

Muslim discursive piety encourages beginning thingswith the invocation ofbismillh(meaning 'in the name of God').[31]

There are certain phrases in praise of God that are favored by Muslims, including"Sub n Allh " (Holiness be to God), "al- amdu lillh " (Praise be to God), "l ilha illAllh" (There is no deity but God) and "Allhu akbar" (God is great) as a devotionalexercise of remembering God (dhikr).[32] In a Sufipractice known as dhikr Allah (lit.remembrance of God), the Sufi repeats and contemplates on the name Allah or otherdivine names while controlling his or her breath.[33]

Some scholars[who?] have suggested that Mu ammad used the term Allah in addressing

both pagan Arabs and Jews or Christians in order to establish a common ground for theunderstanding of the name for God, a claim Gerhard Bwering says is doubtful. [28]According to Bwering, in contrast with pre-Islamic Arabianpolytheism, God in Islamdoes not have associates and companions, nor is there any kinship between God and jinn.[28] Pre-Islamic pagan Arabs believed in a blind, powerful, inexorable and insensible fateover which man had no control. This was replaced with the Islamic notion of a powerfulbut provident and merciful God.[34]

According to Francis Edwards Peters, "The Qurninsists, Muslims believe, andhistorians affirm that Muhammad and his followers worship the same God as the Jews(29:46). The Quran's Allah is the same Creator God who covenanted with Abraham".Peters states that the Qur'an portrays Allah as both more powerful and more remote thanYahweh, and as a universal deity, unlike Yahweh who closely follows Israelites.[16]

Christianity

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The Aramaic word for "God" in the language ofAssyrian Christians is lh , orAlaha.Arabic-speakers of all Abrahamic faiths, including Christians and Jews, use the word"Allah" to mean "God".[7] The Christian Arabs of today have no other word for "God"than "Allah".[15] (Even the Arabic-descended Maltese language ofMalta, whosepopulation is almost entirely Roman Catholic, usesAlla for "God".) Arab Christians for

example use termsAllh al-ab ( ) meaning God the Father,Allh al-ibn ( )mean God the Son, andAllh al-r al-quds ( ) meaning God the HolySpirit. (See God in Christianity for the Christian concept of God.)

Arab Christians have used two forms of invocations that were affixed to the beginning oftheir written works. They adopted the Muslim bismillh, and also created their ownTrinitized bismillh as early as the 8th century CE.[35] The Muslim bismillh reads: "Inthe name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful." The Trinitized bismillh reads: "Inthe name of Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, One God." The Syriac,Latin andGreekinvocations do not have the words "One God" at the end. This addition was madeto emphasize the monotheistic aspect of Trinitian belief and also to make it more

palatable to Muslims.

[35]

According to Marshall Hodgson, it seems that in the pre-Islamic times, some ArabChristians made pilgrimage to the Kabah, a pagan temple at that time, honoring Allahthere as God the Creator.[36]

Judaism

Main articles: Mizrahi Jews andNames of God in Judaism

As Hebrew and Arabic are closely related Semiticlanguages, it is commonly accepted

thatAllah (root, ilh) and the BiblicalElohim are cognate derivations of same origin, asinEloah a Hebrew word which is used (e.g. in theBook of Job) to mean '(the) God' andalso 'god or gods' as in the case ofElohim, ultimately deriving from the rootEl, 'strong',possibly genericized from El (deity), as in the Ugariticlhm "children of El" (the ancientNear Eastern creator god in pre-Abrahamic tradition).

In Jewish scripture Elohim is used as a descriptive title for the God of the scriptureswhose name is YHWH, as well as for pagan gods.

As a loanword

English and other European languages

This article is part of a series on:

Islam

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Beliefs[show]

Practices[show]

Texts and laws[show]

Historyandleaders[show]

Denominations[show]

Cultureandsociety[show]

Related topics[show]

Islam portal

The history of the nameAllh in English was probably influenced by the study ofcomparative religion in the 19th century; for example, Thomas Carlyle (1840) sometimesused the term Allah but without any implication that Allah was anything different fromGod. However, in his biography of Mu ammad (1934), Tor Andr always used the termAllah, though he allows that this "conception of God" seems to imply that it is differentfrom that of the Jewish and Christian theologies.[37]

Languages which may not commonly use the termAllah to denote God may still containpopular expressions which use the word. For example, because of the centuries longMuslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula, the word ojal in the Spanish language andoxal in the Portuguese languageexist today, borrowed from Arabic (Arabic: ).This phrase literally means 'if God wills' (in the sense of "I hope so"). [38] The Germanpoet Mahlmann used the form "Allah" as the title of a poem about the ultimate deity,though it is unclear how much Islamic thought he intended to convey.

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Some Muslims leave the name "Allh" untranslated in English.[39]

Malaysian and Indonesian language

The first dictionary of Dutch-Malay byA.C. Ruyl, Justus Heurnius, and Caspar Wiltensin 1650 recorded "Allah" as the translation of theDutch word "Godt".

Christians in Indonesia and Malaysia also useAllahto refer to God in the Malaysian language andIndonesian language (both languages forms of theMalay language which is referred to asBahasaMelayu).

Mainstream Bible translations in both languages useAllah as the translation of HebrewElohim (translatedin English Bibles as "God").[40] This goes back toearly translation work byFrancis Xavierin the 16thcentury.[41][42] The first dictionary of Dutch-Malay byA.C. Ruyl, Justus Heurnius, and Caspar Wiltens in1650 (revised edition from 1623 edition and 1631

Latin-edition) recorded "Allah" as the translation of the Dutch word "Godt". [43] Ruyl alsotranslated Matthewin 1612 to Malay language (first Bible translation to non-Europeanlanguage, only a year afterKing James Version was published[44][45]), which was printedin the Netherlands in 1629. Then he translated Markwhich was published in 1638.[46][47]

The government of Malaysia in 2007 outlawed usage of the termAllah in any other butMuslim contexts, but the High Court in 2009 revoked the law, ruling that it wasunconstitutional. WhileAllah had been used for the Christian God in Malay for morethan four centuries, the contemporary controversy was triggered by usage ofAllah by theRoman Catholic newspaperThe Herald. The government has in turn appealed the courtruling, and the High Court has suspended implementation of its verdict until the appeal isheard.

In other scripts and languages

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Name ofAllh after the 17th-century Ottoman calligrapherHfz Osman

Allh in other languages that use Arabic script is spelled in the same way. This includesUrdu, Persian/Dari, Uyghuramong others.

Assamese, Bengali: Allah Bosnian:Allah Chinese:l,nl;Zhnzh (semantic translation),Huda

(Khoda, from Persian language) Czech, Slovak:Allch Greek: Allch Hebrew: Allah Hindi: Allh Malayalam: A h Japanese:Ar,Arr,Arrfu Maltese:Alla Korean:Alla Polish:Allah, also archaicAllach orAach Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian: Allakh Serbian, Belarusian, Macedonian: Alah Spanish, Portuguese:Al Thai: Anlw Punjabi (Gurmukhi): Allh, archaic Alahu (in Sikh scriptures)

Typography

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The wordAllah written in different writing systems.The wordAllh is always written without an alifto spell the vowel. This is because thespelling was settled before Arabic spelling started habitually using alifto spell .However, in vocalized spelling, a small diacritic alifis added on top of theshaddahtoindicate the pronunciation.

One exception may be in the pre-Islamic Zabad inscription,[48]where it ends with anambiguous sign that may be a lone-standing h with a lengthened start, or may be a non-standard conjoined l-h:-

: This reading would beAllh spelled phonetically with aliffor the . : This reading would be al-Ilh = 'the god' (an older form, withoutcontraction), by older spelling practice without aliffor.

Unicode

Unicode has a codepoint reserved forAllh, = U+FDF2, in the Arabic PresentationForms-A block, which exists solely for compatability with older, legacy character setsthat encoded presentation forms directly[49], which is dicouraged for new text. Instead,the wordAllh should be represented by its individual Arabic letters, while modern fonttechnologies will render the desired ligature.

The calligraphic variant of the word used as theCoat of arms of Iran is encoded inUnicode, in the Miscellaneous Symbols range, at codepoint U+262B ().

See also

Islam portal

Religion portal

Islamic eschatology

Abdullah (name) Ilh Names of God Taw d Dhikr Termagant Five Pillars of Islam Kabah

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alephhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet#Pre-Islamic_Arabic_inscriptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_Presentation_Forms-Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_Presentation_Forms-Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscellaneous_Symbolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_eschatologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_(name)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhikrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termaganthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaabahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allah-green.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allahnameindifferentlanguages.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allahnameindifferentlanguages.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alephhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet#Pre-Islamic_Arabic_inscriptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_Presentation_Forms-Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_Presentation_Forms-Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscellaneous_Symbolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_eschatologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_(name)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhikrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termaganthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba


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Prophets of Islam El (deity)

Notes

1. ^ "God".Islam: Empire of Faith. PBS. Retrieved 18 December 2010.2. ^ "Islam and Christianity",Encyclopedia of Christianity (2001): Arabic-

speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as Allh.3. ^ L. Gardet. "Allah".Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.4. ^ Merriam-Webster. "Allah". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 25 February

2012.5. ^ abcdef "Allah." Encyclopdia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopdia

Britannica

6. ^a

b

c

d

e

Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa,Allah7. ^ abColumbia Encyclopedia,Allah8. ^ ab L. Gardet,Allah, Encyclopaedia of Islam9. ^ Columbia Encyclopaedia says: Derived from an old Semitic root

referring to the Divine and used in the CanaaniteEl, the Mesopotamianilu, andthe biblicalElohimandEloah, the word Allah is used by all Arabic-speakingMuslims, Christians, Jews, and other monotheists.

10. ^ The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Entry for lh11. ^ Guru Granth Sahib website (Search: | )12. ^ L. Gardet, "Allah",Encyclopedia of Islam13. ^ Smith, Peter (2000). "prayer".A concise encyclopedia of the Bah'

Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 274275. ISBN978-1-85168-184-6.14. ^ ab Murata, Sachiko (1992). The Tao of Islam : a sourcebook on genderrelationships in Islamic thought. Albany NY USA: SUNY. ISBN978-0-7914-0914-5.

15. ^ ab Lewis, Bernard; Holt, P. M.; Holt, Peter R.; Lambton, Ann KatherineSwynford (1977). The Cambridge history of Islam. Cambridge, Eng: UniversityPress. p. 32.ISBN978-0-521-29135-4.

16. ^ ab F.E. Peters,Islam, p.4, Princeton University Press, 200317. ^Nation of Islam personification of Allah as Detroit peddler W D Fard18. ^ "A history of Clarence 13X and the Five Percenters", referring to

Clarence Smith as Allah

19. ^ Unicode Standard 5.0, p.479,49220. ^ Arabic fonts and Mac OS X Programs for Arabic in Mac OS X

21. ^ See Quran 13:16 ; 29:6163; 31:25;39:38)22. ^ See Quran 37:158)23. ^ See Quran (6:100)24. ^ See Quran (53:1922; 16:57; 37:149)

12
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_of_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_(deity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-1http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-4http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/allahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Britannica_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Britannica_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Britannica_5-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Britannica_5-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Britannica_5-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Britannica_5-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Britannica_5-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Britannica_5-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Britannica_5-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EncMMENA_6-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EncMMENA_6-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EncMMENA_6-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EncMMENA_6-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EncMMENA_6-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EncMMENA_6-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EncMMENA_6-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Columbia_7-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Columbia_7-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Columbia_7-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EoI_8-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EoI_8-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EoI_8-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-autogenerated1_9-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_(deity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-cal_10-0http://cal1.cn.huc.edu/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-GGS_11-0http://www.srigranth.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-autogenerated2_12-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-smith_13-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Tao-Islam_14-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Tao-Islam_14-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Tao-Islam_14-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0914-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0914-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Cambridge_15-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Cambridge_15-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Cambridge_15-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29135-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Peters1_16-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Peters1_16-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Peters1_16-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-17http://www.bible.ca/islam/islam-nation-of-islam.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-18http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/article_3290.shtmlhttp://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/article_3290.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Uni_19-0http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdfhttp://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdfhttp://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Typ1_20-0http://www.smi.uib.no/ksv/ArabicFonts.htmlhttp://www.smi.uib.no/ksv/ArabicProgsx.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-21http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/013-qmt.php#013.016http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/029-qmt.php#029.61%E2%80%9363http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/031-qmt.php#031.025http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/039-qmt.php#039.038http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/039-qmt.php#039.038http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-22http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/037-qmt.php#037.158http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-23http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/006-qmt.php#006.100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-24http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/053-qmt.php#053.19%E2%80%9322http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/016-qmt.php#016.057http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/037-qmt.php#037.149http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_of_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_(deity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-1http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-4http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/allahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Britannica_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Britannica_5-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Britannica_5-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Britannica_5-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Britannica_5-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Britannica_5-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EncMMENA_6-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EncMMENA_6-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EncMMENA_6-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EncMMENA_6-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EncMMENA_6-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Columbia_7-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Columbia_7-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EoI_8-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EoI_8-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-autogenerated1_9-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_(deity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-cal_10-0http://cal1.cn.huc.edu/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-GGS_11-0http://www.srigranth.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-autogenerated2_12-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-smith_13-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Tao-Islam_14-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Tao-Islam_14-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0914-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0914-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Cambridge_15-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Cambridge_15-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29135-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Peters1_16-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Peters1_16-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-17http://www.bible.ca/islam/islam-nation-of-islam.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-18http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/article_3290.shtmlhttp://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/article_3290.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Uni_19-0http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Typ1_20-0http://www.smi.uib.no/ksv/ArabicFonts.htmlhttp://www.smi.uib.no/ksv/ArabicProgsx.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-21http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/013-qmt.php#013.016http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/029-qmt.php#029.61%E2%80%9363http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/031-qmt.php#031.025http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/039-qmt.php#039.038http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-22http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/037-qmt.php#037.158http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-23http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/006-qmt.php#006.100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-24http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/053-qmt.php#053.19%E2%80%9322http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/016-qmt.php#016.057http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/037-qmt.php#037.149


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25. ^ See Quran (53:2627)26. ^ abc Gerhard Bwering, God and his Attributes, Encyclopedia of the

Quran27. ^ See Quran 6:109; 10:22; 16:38;29:65)28. ^ abc Bwering, Gerhard, God and His Attributes, Encyclopaedia of the

Qur n, Brill, 2007.

29. ^ ab Bentley, David (September 1999). The 99 Beautiful Names for Godfor All the People of the Book. William Carey Library.ISBN978-0-87808-299-5.

30. ^ Gary S. Gregg, The Middle East: A Cultural Psychology, OxfordUniversity Press, p.30

31. ^ Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban,Islamic Society in Practice, University Press ofFlorida, p. 24

32. ^ M. Mukarram Ahmed, Muzaffar Husain Syed,Encyclopaedia of Islam,Anmol Publications PVT. LTD, p. 144

33. ^ Carl W. Ernst, Bruce B. Lawrence, Sufi Martyrs of Love: The ChishtiOrder in South Asia and Beyond, Macmillan, p. 29

34. ^ Allah,Encyclopdia Britannica35. ^ ab Thomas E. Burman,Religious Polemic and the Intellectual History ofthe Mozarabs, Brill, 1994, p. 103

36. ^ Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and Historyin a World Civilization,University of Chicago Press, p. 156

37. ^ William Montgomery Watt,Islam and Christianity today: AContribution to Dialogue, Routledge, 1983, p.45

38. ^ Islam in Luce Lpez Baralt, Spanish Literature: From the Middle Agesto the Present, Brill, 1992, p.25

39. ^ F. E. Peters, The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims inConflict and Competition, Princeton University Press, p.12

40. ^ Example: Usage of the word "Allah" from Matthew 22:32 in Indonesianbible versions (parallel view) as old as 1733

41. ^ The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern SocietySneddon, James M.; University of New South Wales Press; 2004

42. ^ The History of Christianity in India from the Commencement of theChristian Era: Hough, James; Adamant Media Corporation; 2001

43. ^ Justus Heurnius, Albert Ruyl, Caspar Wiltens. "Vocabularium ofteWoordenboeck nae ordre van den alphabeth, in 't Duytsch en Maleys". 1650:65

44. ^ Barton, John (200212). The Biblical World, Oxford, UK: Routledge.ISBN 978-0-415-27574-3.

45. ^North, Eric McCoy; Eugene Albert Nida ((2nd Edition) 1972). TheBook of a Thousand Tongues, London: United Bible Societies.

46. ^ (Indonesian)Biography of Ruyl47. ^ Encyclopdia Britannica: Albert Cornelius Ruyl48. ^ "Zebed Inscription: A Pre-Islamic Trilingual Inscription In Greek,

Syriac & Arabic From 512 CE". Islamic Awareness. 17 March 2005.49. ^ The Unicode Consortium. FAQ - Middle East Scripts

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-25http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/053-qmt.php#053.26%E2%80%9327http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-GodEoQ_26-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-GodEoQ_26-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-GodEoQ_26-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-GodEoQ_26-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-27http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/006-qmt.php#006.109http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/010-qmt.php#010.022http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/016-qmt.php#016.038http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/029-qmt.php#029.065http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/029-qmt.php#029.065http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EoQ_28-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EoQ_28-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EoQ_28-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EoQ_28-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Ben_29-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Ben_29-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Ben_29-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-299-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Thomas_35-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Thomas_35-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Thomas_35-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Watt45_37-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-40http://alkitab.sabda.org/verse.php?book=Mat&chapter=22&verse=32&search=allah&scope=all&exact=offhttp://alkitab.sabda.org/verse.php?book=Mat&chapter=22&verse=32&search=allah&scope=all&exact=offhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-43http://books.google.co.id/books?id=3GcTAAAAQAAJ&v=onepage&q=allah&f=falsehttp://books.google.co.id/books?id=3GcTAAAAQAAJ&v=onepage&q=allah&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415275743http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-46http://sejarah.sabda.org/sejarah/bio_ruyl.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-47http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/514364/Albert-Cornelius-Ruylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-48http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/zebed.htmlhttp://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/zebed.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-49http://www.unicode.org/faq/middleeast.html#5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-25http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/053-qmt.php#053.26%E2%80%9327http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-GodEoQ_26-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-GodEoQ_26-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-GodEoQ_26-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-27http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/006-qmt.php#006.109http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/010-qmt.php#010.022http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/016-qmt.php#016.038http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/029-qmt.php#029.065http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EoQ_28-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EoQ_28-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-EoQ_28-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Ben_29-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Ben_29-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-299-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Thomas_35-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Thomas_35-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-Watt45_37-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-40http://alkitab.sabda.org/verse.php?book=Mat&chapter=22&verse=32&search=allah&scope=all&exact=offhttp://alkitab.sabda.org/verse.php?book=Mat&chapter=22&verse=32&search=allah&scope=all&exact=offhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-43http://books.google.co.id/books?id=3GcTAAAAQAAJ&v=onepage&q=allah&f=falsehttp://books.google.co.id/books?id=3GcTAAAAQAAJ&v=onepage&q=allah&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415275743http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-46http://sejarah.sabda.org/sejarah/bio_ruyl.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-47http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/514364/Albert-Cornelius-Ruylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-48http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/zebed.htmlhttp://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/zebed.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah#cite_ref-49http://www.unicode.org/faq/middleeast.html#5


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the christians who call god allah

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