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Organic Organic ChemistryChemistry

• Study of Compounds that Study of Compounds that contain Carbon.contain Carbon.

• Why is carbon so interesting?Why is carbon so interesting?Carbon has the ability to form more Carbon has the ability to form more

compounds than any other element.compounds than any other element.

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Diamond

Graphite

Pure Carbon

Molecules

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What are we composed What are we composed of?of?

Elements

Covalent bonds

Atoms Compounds

Macromolecules

Cell

Proteins

Lipids

Carbohydrates

Nucleic acid

Carbon compounds

Functional groups

Nucleus

DNA

Ribosomes

Endomembrane

Organelles

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What are What are we we composed composed of?of?--We have We have structure-structure-

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Macromolecules of Macromolecules of LifeLife4 basic Molecules4 basic Molecules

1.1.CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

2.2.LipidsLipids

3.3.ProteinsProteins

4.4.Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

•Provide energy to living Provide energy to living cells. cells.

•Main Source of energy.Main Source of energy.

•Structural Components: Structural Components:

CHO 1:2:1 ratioCHO 1:2:1 ratio

• The name carbohydrate means "watered The name carbohydrate means "watered carbon" or carbon with attached water carbon" or carbon with attached water molecules.molecules.

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VocabularyVocabulary•Monomer- Single unitMonomer- Single unit

•Polymer- many unitsPolymer- many units

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This is PAUL LEMUR. This is PAUL LEMUR. He's a lemur named Paul.He's a lemur named Paul.

JOKE BREAK

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MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

one sugar unitone sugar unit

Ex: Galactose-milkEx: Galactose-milk

C6H12O6

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“Saccharide” means sugar.

DisacchridesDisacchrides

two sugars

What molecule will this make?

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Condensation and Condensation and HydrolysisHydrolysis• Condensation: two monomers Condensation: two monomers

come together and one molecule come together and one molecule of water is formedof water is formed

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WATER Forms

HydrolysisHydrolysis•““water splitting”water splitting”

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PolysaccharidePolysaccharidess

•““Many sugars”Many sugars”• Glycogen (pictured)Glycogen (pictured)•Glycogen functions as a fuel store Glycogen functions as a fuel store

in animals.in animals. --Large amounts are stored inLarge amounts are stored in liver and muscleliver and muscle and maintain circulating blood and maintain circulating blood glucose levels between meals.glucose levels between meals.

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Starch is the fuel stored

in plants

Viewed under a microscope, the Viewed under a microscope, the starch grains in these plants cells starch grains in these plants cells

are visible as small dots. are visible as small dots.

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PlantPlant Cell Walls Cell Walls•Cellulose found in plant cell walls.•Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate in plants.

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Clip

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LipidsLipids• Two main FunctionsTwo main Functions• Energy Storage Energy Storage

--more energy than more energy than carbohydratescarbohydrates

• Cushions and insulates the Cushions and insulates the body and nerves body and nerves

• Examples: Fats, Oils, WaxesExamples: Fats, Oils, Waxes

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StructurStructure of e of

LipidsLipids

•Glycerol Glycerol backbonbackbone w/ 3 e w/ 3 fatty fatty acid acid chainschains

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Structure of Lipids

Structure of LipidsGlycerol backbone w/

Glycerol backbone w/

3 fatty acid chains

3 fatty acid chains

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Cell membranes are Cell membranes are made of phosphomade of phospholipidslipids

Lipids26

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ProteinsProteins FunctionsFunctions•Transport moleculesTransport molecules

•Hemoglobin transports oxygenHemoglobin transports oxygen

•Storage moleculesStorage molecules•Iron stored in the liver in a protein Iron stored in the liver in a protein complexcomplex

•Mechanical supportMechanical support•Skin and bones contain collagenSkin and bones contain collagen•Antibodies in the immune systemAntibodies in the immune system

•HormonesHormones• ClipClip

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Elements in Elements in ProteinsProteins

CarbonCarbon

HydrogenHydrogen

OxygenOxygen

NitrogenNitrogen

Sometimes SulfurSometimes Sulfur

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Proteins are chains of amino acids30

PROTEINS CLIP

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Sickle Cell Anemia:

The incorrect amino acid sequence in a protein may lead to fatal consequences.

For example, the inherited disease, sickle cell anemia, results from a single incorrect amino acid at the 6th position of the beta - protein chain out of 146.

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EnzymesEnzymes •Are ProteinsAre Proteins• speed up chemical speed up chemical

reactions reactions

• These reactions These reactions would take place would take place anyway…enzymes anyway…enzymes just speed them just speed them up! up!

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•They are catalysts!

• SubstratesSubstrates– molecules molecules

that bind to that bind to specific specific enzymes to enzymes to make them make them workwork

– Each Each substrate fits substrate fits into an area into an area of the enzyme of the enzyme called the called the active siteactive site. .

– It is like a It is like a lock-and-key lock-and-key mechanism. mechanism.

Binding Specificity

Enzymes can only bind to certain molecules

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How fast or slow the enzyme works depends on:

1.the concentration of the enzyme.

2.pH3.Temperature

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Nucleotides Nucleotides consist of aconsist of a

phosphate group,phosphate group,

a sugar and a a sugar and a

"nitrogeneous "nitrogeneous base." base."

There are four There are four types of types of nitrogeneous nitrogeneous base. base.

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EOCT PRACTICE QUESTION

Food is commonly refrigerated at temperatures of 2° C to 7° C to slow the rate

of spoilage by bacteria. Which of the following best explains why refrigeration at these temperatures slows the spoilage of

food?

A Bacteria that cause food spoilage are killed by these low temperatures.B Bacteria that cause food spoilage multiply rapidly at these temperatures.C The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are not active at these temperatures.D The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are denatured at thesetemperatures.