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THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STEP MOTHERS IN
GRIMM’S THREE TRANSLATED FAIRY TALES:
TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS
AN UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ANGGITA GETZA PERMATA
Student Number: 164214029
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2020
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THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STEP MOTHERS IN
GRIMM’S THREE TRANSLATED FAIRY TALES:
TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS
AN UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ANGGITA GETZA PERMATA
Student Number: 164214029
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2020
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am beyond grateful to have Ms. Arina Isti‟anah as my thesis advisor, and
Mr. Francis Borgias Alip as my thesis co-advisor, for they do not only support,
but also criticize and suggest me to make this thesis much better than what I could
have ever expected. May God be with them and the people they love.
I would also thank my parents, whose supports are best for me. Without
their supports I might never even get the chance to study English in the first place.
Last but never ever been least, my gratitude goes to my dearest friends:
Stephanie Permata, Maria Dwilla Sekar, Valensia Olivia, Felicia Ernestine,
Michella Arleen, Sukma Krisnamurti, Nindya Larasaty, Desy Rizki, Dara Devina,
Ardi Cahyanto, and Dhimas Agil, and the people who have always been there and
help me going through my ups and downs. Their supports mean the most to me. I
wish them the best for their future.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................ ii
APPROVAL PAGE ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .................................................................... v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .. vi
DEDICATION PAGE ......................................................................................... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... ix
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... xi
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... xii
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................... xiiiiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1
A. Background of the Study .............................................................................. 1
B. Problem Formulation ................................................................................... 4
C. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................ 4
D. Definition of Terms ...................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................... 6
A. Review of Related Studies ........................................................................... 6
B. Review of Related Theories ......................................................................... 8
1. Stylistics ................................................................................................... 8
2. Systemic Functional Grammar ................................................................. 8
3. Transitivity ............................................................................................... 9
4. Characterization ...................................................................................... 17
5. Characteristic .......................................................................................... 19
C. Review of Related Backgrounds ................................................................ 19
D. Theoretical Framework .............................................................................. 21
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CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 22
A. Object of the Study..................................................................................... 22
B. Approach of the Study ............................................................................... 23
C. Method of the Study ................................................................................... 24
1. Data Collection ....................................................................................... 24
2. Data Analysis ......................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ....................... 27
A. Transitivity Patterns Found in The Step Mothers‟ Direct Speeches .......... 27
1. Material Process and Its Patterns ............................................................ 29
2. Relational Process and Its Patterns ......................................................... 33
3. Behavioural Process and Its Patterns ...................................................... 37
4. Mental Process and Its Patterns .............................................................. 38
5. Verbal Process and Its Patterns .............................................................. 40
6. Existential Process and Its Patterns ........................................................ 41
7. Circumstances and Its Patterns ............................................................... 41
B. The Step Mothers‟ Characteristics ............................................................. 48
1. Domineering ........................................................................................... 48
2. Cruel ....................................................................................................... 49
3. Selfish ..................................................................................................... 51
4. Crafty ...................................................................................................... 51
5. Manipulative ........................................................................................... 53
6. Ambitious ............................................................................................... 55
7. Superior .................................................................................................. 59
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 63
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 64
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 67
Appendix 1 ........................................................................................................ 67
Appendix 2 ........................................................................................................ 71
Appendix 3 ........................................................................................................ 76
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LIST OF TABLES
No. Table Page
1 Table 1. Types of Process and Participant 10
2 Table 2. Types of Relational Process and the Examples 13
3 Table 3. Types of Circumstance and the Examples 16
4 Table 4. Summary of Types of Process Found in the Data 27
5 Table 5. Examples of the Verbs in Material Clauses 28
6 Table 6. Types of Material Process in the Data 29
7 Table 7. Examples of Actors in the Material Clauses 29
8 Table 8. Examples of Goals in the Material Clauses 30
9 Table 9. Other Participants Found in the Material Clauses 31
10 Table 10. Types of Relational Process in the Data 33
11 Table 11. Examples of Carriers Found in the Relational Clauses 34
12 Table 12. Examples of Attributes Found in the Relational Clauses 34
13 Table 13. Examples of the Verbs in Behavioural Clauses 35
14 Table 14. Summary of Types of Circumstance Found in the Data 38
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ABSTRACT
PERMATA, ANGGITA GETZA (2020). The Characteristics of Step Mothers
in Grimm’s Three Selected Fairy Tales: Transitivity Analysis. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Grimm‟s fairy tales are famous of their gruesome stories. One of the
causes is the presence of the wicked step mother characters in some of the stories.
“Cinderella”, “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs” and “Hansel and Grethel” are
three famous Grimms‟ fairy tales with step mother characters in the story.
However, the word wicked is still too broad and can be interpreted in many ways.
Further details of the characteristics of the step mothers in the three fairy tales are
revealed through transitivity analysis in this research.
This research aimed at revealing the transitivity patterns in the step mother
characters‟ direct speeches in the three fairy tales. The second goal of this
research was to use the transitivity patterns as the hard data to prove the
characteristics of the step mothers in the three fairy tales.
This research used stylistics approach to reveal the style of language used
by the step mother characters. The transitivity data were then used to support the
characteristics of the step mother characters in the three fairy tales. This research
was a descriptive qualitative research. It focused more on the description and
interpretation of the data. The results on this research were an interpretation.
Thus, any other interpretations regarding to the data are possible.
Accumulatively, material process occured 50,00% in the data, relational
process by 32,46%, followed by behavioural, mental, verbal, and existential
process. The material processes mostly showed how the step mother characters
realize their wickedness toward others, while the relational processes showed the
ambitions or goals want to be achieved by the step mother characters. These two
processes contributed the most in the interpretation of the step mothers‟
characteristics. The linguistic data support the stepmother‟s characteristics that is
interpreted as being domineering, cruel, selfish, crafty, manipulative, ambitious,
and superior.
Keywords: transitivity analysis, stylistics, character, characteristic.
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ABSTRAK
PERMATA, ANGGITA GETZA (2020). The Characteristics of Step Mothers
in Grimm’s Three Selected Fairy Tales: Transitivity Analysis. Yogyakarta:
Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Dongeng-dongeng Grimm terkenal akan cerita-ceritanya yang mengerikan.
Salah satunya karena adanya karakter ibu tiri yang keji di beberapa ceritanya.
“Cinderella”, “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs” dan “Hansel and Grethel”
adalah tiga dongeng Grimm dengan karakter ibu tiri di dalamnya. Meski begitu,
kata keji masih begitu luas dan dapat diartikan ke berbagai hal. Pada penelitian
ini, detail karakteristik ibu tiri yang keji diungkapkan dengan analisis transitivitas.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap pola transitivitas pada ucapan
karakter ibu tiri pada ketiga dongeng tersebut. Tujuan kedua dari penelitian ini
adalah untuk menggunakan pola transitivitas tersebut sebagai data yang
mendukung karakteristik dari karakter ibu tiri pada ketiga dongeng tersebut.
Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Stilistika untuk mengungkapkan
gaya bahasa yang digunakan oleh karakter-karakter ibu tiri. Hasil dari analisis
transitivitas tersebut kemudian digunakan untuk menginterpretasi karakteristik
dari karakter ibu tiri pada tiga dongeng tersebut. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian
kualitatif deskriptif. Penelitian ini fokus pada deskripsi dan hasil interpretasi data.
Hasil dari penelitian ini merupakan interpretasi penulis. Tidak menutup
kemungkinan akan adanya interpretasi-interpretasi lain terkait data.
Secara akumulatif, proses material muncul sebanyak 50,00% pada data,
proses relasional sebanyak 32,46%, diikuti dengan proses perilaku, proses mental,
proses verbal, dan proses eksistensial. Proses material seringkali menunjukkan
cara karakter ibu tiri menjadi keji pada orang lain, sementara proses relasional
menunjukkan ambisi atau tujuan yang ingin dicapai oleh karakter-karakter ibu tiri
tersebut. Kedua proses ini berperan banyak pada hasil interpretasi karakteristik
dari ibu tiri. Data linguistik mendukung karakter ibu tiri yang digambarkan
sebagai seorang yang suka memerintah, kejam, egois, licik, manipulatif, ambisius,
dan superior.
Kata kunci: transitivity analysis, stylistics, character, characteristic.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Literary work is a world of word that is created by men of letters through
the medium of language (Damono, 1979, p. 69). Fairy tale is one kind of literary
work aims to entertain the readers through the content.
“A fairy tale is a story that has four common elements; a folk story is a
narrative, usually created anonymously, which is told and retold orally
from one group to another across generations and centuries, a form of
education, entertainment, and history, a lesson in morality, cultural values,
and social requirements, and lastly, a story which addresses current issues
as each teller revises the story, making it relevant to the audience and
time/place in which it is told” (Biechonski, 2005, p.95).
In order to entertain the readers, fairy tale and the elements inside it must
indeed be amusing. In literary works, these elements are usually classified into
two types, namely extrinsic and intrinsic elements. Extrinsic elements are the
elements outside the literary work that indirectly build the story (Nurgiyantoro,
2005, p.23). Meanwhile, intrinsic elements like plot, setting, and character help to
build the story directly. It is important to make both extrinsic and intrinsic
elements stand out considering the fact that the purpose of literary work is to
entertain the readers.
Witches, frogs, princesses, princes, talking animals, forests, magic, wicked
villains, fairy godmothers, love‟s-first-kiss, and most of all, a love that is happily-
ever-after are typically the images people have in mind when asked about fairy
tales (von Franz as cited in Schnibben, 2014, p.3). Some of the images mentioned
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such as witches, princes, princesses, and talking animals are realized as one of the
intrinsic elements called character. According to Abrams (1999), character is
persons in narrative work that is interpreted by the reader to have particular moral,
intellectual, and emotional qualities or characteristics from the persons sayings,
the way to say them, and what they do to respond (p.32-33). As mentioned before,
it is seen that characters in fairy tales are sometimes found eqquiped with some
distinct qualities such as having magical power like the fairy god mother
character, or having such strong impressions, like the step mothers in Grimm‟s
stories. In fairy tale, characters and characteristics are very important since they
have significant role in building the storyline. Moreover they are usually distinct
compared to the characters and characteristics in any other literary works.
Grimm‟s fairy tales are known to be creepy and gruesome because of their
sinister themes, such as the wickedness done by the step mother characters in the
stories (Greenspan, 2018). “Cinderella”, “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs”,
and “Hansel and Grethel” are famous Grimm‟s fairy tales with step mother
characters in the story. A step mother is defined as “the woman who is married to
your father but who is not your real mother” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s
Dictionary, 2010). In the society, the step mother characters in the three fairy tales
mentioned, as Greenspan (2018) stated before, are depicted as somone wicked in
the story.
The word wicked has a broad meaning, and yet, there is no detail
characteristics of what is meant by wicked, let alone the linguistic proof
supporting this belief. A language analysis can be very helpful in analyzing the
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step mothers‟ characteristics since language is the main medium in literary work
(Damono, 1979, p. 69). Stylistics helps to understand literature and journalism as
well as linguistic (Widdowson, 1975). The study of style or stylistics works best
in this research for it is able to reveal the language style used by the step mother
characters in the three fairy tales.
Systemic Functional Grammar can be a promising tool to analyze meaning
behind a certain language (Manggala, 2017, p.67). Unlike the traditional
grammar, Systemic Functional Grammar categorizes language based on its
function. Systemic Functional Grammar can be analyzed using transitivity
analysis as the tool. Transitivity is a part of ideational metafunction in Systemic
Functional Grammar. Language as ideational metafunction is used “to encode our
experience of the world and convey a picture of reality; that is, it makes ideational
meaning” (Butt, Fahey, Spinks, Yallop, 1998, p.13). Transitivity categorizes
language by its function into three components; process, realized by a verbal
group, participant realized by nominal groups, and circumstance in the form of
adverbial groups (Butt et al, 1998, p.43).
In this research, transitivity analysis is applied to the direct speeches said
by the step mother characters in the three fairy tales. The categories in transitivity
analysis are based on the function, thus the results of this analysis are language
styles based on the language function. These language styles reveal the meaning
behind the utterances said by the step mother characters.
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B. Problem Formulation
In order to find out the characteristics of the step mothers, the problems
were formulated as follows:
1. What transitivity patterns are found in the direct speeches said by the step
mother characters in the three selected Grimm‟s fairy tales?
2. What are the step mother‟s characteristics supported by the transitivity
patterns data?
C. Objectives of the Study
In conducting this research, the researcher had two goals. The first was to
find out the transitivity patterns in the step mother characters‟ direct speeches in
the three fairy tales. The transitivity patterns found were used to support the
second goal, the characteristics of the step mother characters.
D. Definition of Terms
To avoid misinterpretation and ambiguity, the terms used in this research
will be explained below. The terms are character, characteristic, and transitivity.
The first term is character. According to Abrams (1999), character is
person in narrative work that is interpreted by the reader to have particular moral,
intellectual, and emotional qualities that can be interpreted from the person‟s
dialogue and action (p.32-33). In this research, character refers to Cinderella‟s
step mother, Snow White‟s step mother, and Hansel‟s and Grethel‟s step mother.
The second term is characteristic. Characteristic generally defined as “a
typical feature or quality that something or someone has” (Oxford Advanced
Learner‟s Dictionary, 2010). Referring to Abram‟s definition of character, the
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characteristic of a character means the quality attached to the character. In this
thesis, characteristics refer to the moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities of the
character (Abrams, 1999, p.32-33).
The last term to discuss is transitivity. According to Halliday and
Matthiessen (1994), transitivity is “a system that construes the world of
experience into a managable set of process types” (p.106). Transitivity also
defined as “a system of the clause, affecting not only the verb serving as process
but also participants and circumstances” (Halliday&Mathiessen, 2004, p.181).
Referring to Halliday and Matthiessen‟s theory, transitivity analysis with the
process, participants and circumstance can help in interpreting and construing the
world of experience in a text.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter presents the studies and theories used as references
underlying this research. It consists of four parts, namely Review of Related
Studies, Review of Related Theories, Review of Related Backgrounds, and
Theoretical Framework. The Review of Related Studies contains the previous
related studies which have been conducted before. The Review of Related
Theories is about the theories used in analysing the data in this research. The
Review of Related Backgrounds gives additional information supporting this
research. The Theoretical Framework gives the informations and steps of what
and how the data are analyzed and discussed in this research.
A. Review of Related Studies
There are some studies have been conducted previously related to this
research. There are three studies from journal and one from an undergraduate
thesis. The first study related to this research was conducted by Nguyen (2012)
entitled “Transitivity Analysis of “Heroic Mother” by Hoa Pham”. In his research,
Halliday and Matthiessen‟s theory of transitivity is applied to the language used
by the main character to see how the main character‟s personality is portrayed and
represented throughout the story. It shows how language used can built such
personality in the story.
The next study is “Transitivity Analysis of Afghan Women in Ǻsne
Seierstad‟s The Bookstore of Kabul” conducted by Isti‟anah (2019). The study
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uses transitivity analysis to analyze three woman-character roles, the wife, the
mother and the daughter in the story. The results are they are all depicted as
submissive and devoted characters. The material process which occurs the most in
the story shows the women‟s devotion to the family. Meanwhile, the behavioural
process shows the women‟s submissive behaviour.
The third is conducted by Manggala (2017) entitled “The Transitivity
Process Patterns and Styles in the Characterization of the Protagonist Character in
Phuoc‟s “The Story of Tam and Cam”. He analyzes a protagonist character named
Phuoc using transitivity analysis and stylistics as the approach. Through his
research, it is shown that the choice of processes and patterns built up the
protagonist in Phuoc character.
The last is an undergraduate thesis entitled “Transitivity System in Two
Versions of Cinderella Stories: A Systemic Functional Perspective” conducted by
Wulandari (2016). The writer applies transitivity analysis to Grimm‟s and
Perrault‟s Cinderella. As a conclusion, there are seven types of process found in
the short story, with material as the dominant process and Actor as the dominant
participant. It is similiar to this research because it is applying transitivity analysis
to Grimm‟s short story.
This research is similiar to the previous studies since the studies apply
transitivity analysis to literary works to reveal what the characters do. However,
this thesis does not only focusing on one fairy tales, but three fairy tales all by
Grimms. This research provides the linguistic data as the supporting evidence to
certain characteristics in literary works.
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B. Review of Related Theories
This research uses stylistics, Systemic Functional Grammar, Transitivity,
theory of character and theory of characterization.
1. Stylistics
Stylistics as a branch of applied linguistic links linguistic and literary
criticism well. It does not work on its own. It helps to understand literature and
journalism as well as linguistics (Widdowson, 1975). Coyle defines stylistics as
the examination of literary language of an author and its contributions to the
construction of meaning (Coyle 1993, p.184).
Stylistics is used as the approach of this research. Stylistics sees the style
used by language users. The product of stylistic analysis is an explanation of how
language is used, including the purpose and effect (Verdonk, 2002, p.4). By
seeing the style used, it will eventually reveal the meaning and goal of the
utterances said by the three step mothers.
2. Systemic Functional Grammar
It is called as Systemic Functional Grammar because unlike the traditional
grammar the concept of this grammar focuses more on the function of each words
(Halliday & Matthiessen, 1994). Because of this feature, Systemic Functional
Grammar is very useful in revealing what is beyond a sentence and how language
varies depending on the purpose of the users. (Feng, 2013, p.86). Through the
perspective of Systemic Functional Grammar, the meaning lies behind a language
is easier to reveal.
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According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2014), there are three main
functions of language in Systemic Functional Grammar theory, named language
metafunction (p.30). Those are ideational metafunction, interpersonal
metafunction, and textual metafunction. Language as ideational metafunction is
used “to encode our experience of the world and convey a picture of reality; that
is, it makes ideational meaning” (Butt et al, 1998, p.13). Interpersonal meaning
means language makes it possible for us to communicate with other people, to
take roles and to express and understand feeling, attitude, and judgments (T. Bloor
& M. Bloor, 2004, p. 11). Meanwhile, textual metafunction “uses language to
organize our experential, logical, and interpersonal meanings into a coherent, and
in the case of written and spoken language, linear, whole” (Butt et al, 1998, p.14).
Language as ideational metafunction is able to see the ideas or the
experiences of the language users. Transitivity analysis exists as a part of
ideational metafunction to analyze these ideas and experiences. Transitivity
analysis is discussed further in the next section.
3. Transitivity
Transitivity, as part of systemic functional grammar, is related to one of
those language functions. It is to encode our experience of the world and convey a
picture of reality, or as mentioned above, ideational metafunction. “The
grammatical system by which this is achieved is that of transitivity” (Halliday as
cited in Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p. 213). The terms transitivity is usually
recognized as a way to distinguish whether a verb has an object or not. However,
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transitivity here refers to the whole system to analyze the whole clause, not only
the verb (Thompson, 2014, p.92).
There are three categories in transitivity proposed by Halliday and
Matthiessen (2014), namely “a process unfolding through time; the participants
involved in the process; and the circumstance associated withthe process” (p.
220). The first one, process is “the core of the clause from the experiential
perspective: the clause is primarily „about‟ the action, event or state that the
participants are involved in” (Thompson, 2014, p.92). Processes are typically
realized by the verbal group in the clause. The next one is participant realized by
the nominal group as the doer of the action. The last one is circumstance which
function is to illuminate the process in some ways, and is usually realized as the
adverbial group or prepositional phrase (Butt et al, 1998, p.56).
There are six types of process in the transitivity system proposed by
Halliday (Halliday & Matthiessen 2014, p. 213-216). Those are material process,
mental process, relational process, behavioral process, existential process, and
verbal process. The participant types vary depending on the type of process.
Table 1. Types of Process and Participant
Types of
Process Explanation Participants
Material Process of doing and happening
Actor, Goal, Recipient,
Client, Scope
Mental
Process of feeling, thinking,
wanting, and perceiving Senser, Phenomenon
Relational Process of being and having
Carrier, Attribute, Token,
Goal
Behavioral Process of behaving Behaver, Behaviour
Verbal Process of saying
Sayer, Reciever, Verbiage,
Target
Existential Process of existing Existent
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a. Material Process and Its Participants
Material process is the process of doing and happening. “A „material‟
clause construes a quantum of change in the flow of events as taking place
through some input of energy (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.224).
There are two main participant types in material process, namely Actor
and Goal. Actor is the participant to bring the change in the clause (Halliday &
Matthiessen, 2014, p.224). Goal is the participant in which the action of Actor is
directed to. An Actor is always present in a clause even though it might not be
mentioned (Thompson, 2014, p.95). However, a clause without Goal is possible.
A clause with Goal is called as a transitive material clause, while a clause with no
Goal is called as intransitive material clause (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014,
p.225-228). Below are the examples of transitive and intransitive material clauses
with the participants.
Example/
01
Thomas wrote a letter
Actor process: material: transitive Goal
Example/
02
Thomas ran
Actor process: material: intransitive
Actor and Goal are the central or main participants that relate directly to
the verb in material process. Material process, eventually, has other participants
named Scope, Reciever, Client, and Attribute.
Scope is a part of Range category in ergative model. Scope is often
mistaken as Goal since traditionally both refer to direct object. However, Scope is
functionally different from Goal. Goal is affected by the process done by the
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Actor, meanwhile Scope is not affected by the process, and rather be the domain
in over which the process takes place (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.239).
In ergative model, Recipient and Client are considered as the Beneficiary
or the one who is impacted directly by the process. Recipient is realized by the
preposition to, while Client is usually realized by the preposition for. These
participants typically occur with verbs such as give, send, buy, and so forth
(Fontaine, 2013, p.74).
Attribute is originally the participant in relational process. However, it
“enters into „material‟ clauses in a restricted way” (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014,
p.242). This attribute is used to express the result of the Actor or Goal, after a
process has been completed.
b. Mental Process and Its Participants
Mental process is the process of feeling and thinking. Unlike material
process that happens in external world, mental process occurs as the projection of
something that is going on inside the internal world of the mind (Thompson,
2014, p.97). There are four types of mental process based on the types of sensing.
Like, fancy, love, adore, and hate are considered as emotive mental process. Verbs
such as want and wish are categorized as desiderative mental process. Besides,
verbs of thinking such as think, consider and understand are categorized as
cognitive mental process. Meanwhile, the last, perceptive mental process refers to
the verbs of sensing like see, hear, and smell (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014,
p.257).
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The participants in mental process are Senser and Phenomenon. The
Senser is the one who feels, wants, thinks, and senses (Halliday & Matthiessen,
2014, p.249). Senser always present in any types of mental process. The
Phenomenon refers to the thing which is felt, wanted, thought, and sensed. A
Phenomenon can be a person, a concrete object, an abstraction, or even a fact
(Thompson, 2014, p.98). Below is the example of mental process with the Senser
and the Phenomenon.
Example/
03
She knows the answer
Senser process: mental Phenomenon
c. Relational Process and Its Participants
Relational process is the process of being and having. The characteristic of
relational processes is that it gives a particular quality to an object to characterize
or to identify (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.259). The English system operates
with three main types of relation – „intensive‟, „possessive‟ and „circumstantial‟;
and each of these comes in two distinct modes of being – „attributive‟ and
„identifying‟ (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.263). “The key test is reversibility
– identifying clauses are reversible, whereas attributive clauses are not; but each
type also has other typical features that help to distinguish them” (Thompson,
2014, p.104). Below are the examples of clauses with relational processes.
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Table 2. Types of Relational Process and the Examples
attribute identifying
'a' is an attribute of 'x' a' is the identifying of 'x'
intensive Sarah is wise
Sarah is the leader;
'x is a' the leader is Sarah
possessive Peter has a piano
the piano is Peter's;
'x has a' Peter's is the piano
circumstantial the fair is on a Tuesday
tomorrow is the 10th;
'x is at a' the 10th is tomorrow
(Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.265)
The participants in relational process are based on the modes, whether it is
attributive or identifying. In attributive relational process, the participants are
Carrier and Atrribute (Thompson, 2014, p.102). Carrier is the participants that
„carries‟ the attribute or quality in the clause, while Attribute is the participant that
expresses the attribute or quality (Fontaine, 2013 p.76). In identifying relational
process, the participants are Token and Value (Thompson, 2014, p.102). Token
refers to the more spesific embodiment, while Value refers to the more general
category (Thompson, 2014, p.103). As an addition, Beneficiary can also exist in
relational process as the participant who benefits or is impacted by the process.
d. Behavioural Process and Its Participants
Behavioral process is the process of human physiological and
psychological behaviour (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014 p.301). Behavioural
proces is “the least distinct of all the six process types because they have no
clearly defined characteristics of their own; rather, they are partly like the material
and partly like the mental” (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.301). Besides
physiological actions, behavioural process can actually be near mental, such as
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look, watch, and listen, near verbal such as chatter and grumble, or near material
such as sing and dance (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.302).
The participant in this process is Behaver that is similiar to Actor in
material process in the sense that this participant is to a certain extent doing
something (Fontaine, 2013, p.90). Behavioural process typically only has Behaver
as the participant, but in some cases, there is another participant adding
specification to the process named Behaviour (Thompson, 2014, p.109).
Behaviour in ergative model is considered as Range. Below is the example of
behavioural clause.
Example/
04
She laughed a high, embarrased laugh
Behaver process: behavioural Behaviour
e. Verbal Process and Its Participants
Verbal process is the process of saying. The main participant that always
presents in any verbal process is Sayer (Thompson, 2014, p.106). There are other
participants in verbal process, namely Receiver, Target, and Verbiage. Receiver is
the participant to whom the saying is addressed, Target is the participant to whom
the saying is directed at, Verbiage is the message of the verbal process
(Thompson, 2014, p.106-107). Below is the example of clause with verbal process
and Sayer, Receiver, and Verbiage as the participant.
Example/
05
Sinta told me a secret
Sayer process: verbal Receiver Verbiage
f. Existential Process and Its Participants
This process is typically realized by the subject there. Existential process
“essentially expresses the mere existence of an entity without predicating anything
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else of it” (Thompson, 2014, p.110). The only participant in this process is
Existent to show what is existing.
g. Process in Causative Clause and Its Participants
In transitivity analysis, a clause with three different participants like the
example above is possible. This happens in causative clause. Halliday states “but
there is still only one process, that of rolling; so we can still represent it as two
verbal groups in hypotactic relationship” (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.579).
The process relies on the verb in which it creates a meaning. The types of process
applicable in this clause are material, mental, relational, behavioural, and verbal.
Existential process is normally not applicable in this kind of clause.
Example/
07
Mary made John roll the ball
Initiator
pro-:material:
transitive Actor -cess Goal
(Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.579)
In the clause above, Mary is presented as the participant causing a state or
an event to happen. The label of the causer in each process is different. In
material, behavioural, and verbal process, the causer is Initiator; Inducer when the
caused process is mental; Assigner when the process is relational identifying;
Attributor when the process which it happens is in relational attributive
(Thompson, 2014, p.131).
h. Circumstances
A process sometimes needs additional information to specify how the
process works. This additional information is called Circumstance. Circumstances
Example/
06
There are several difficulties
- process: relational existent
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are often not considered as part of the core of the clause and they tend to be seen
as peripheral elements (Fontaine, 2013, p. 79). It is typically realized by adverbial
group or prepositional phrase (Butt et al, 1998, p.56). Below is the table of types
of circumstance, how it works, and the examples of realization of the
circumstances.
Table 3. Types of Circumstance and the Examples
Types of
Circumstance WH-item Examples of Realization
Distance how far? about 10 km
Duration how long? for three days
Frequency how many times? once,twice
Place where? in the library
Time when? on Monday
Means how? by car
Quality how? wisely
Comparison how? what like? like the day before
Degree how much? so much
Reason why? due to the lack of information
Purpose what for? for a better future
Behalf who for? for the sake of my brother
Condition Why in case it is broken
Default in default of agreement
Concession although it is hard
Comitative who/what with? with my girlfriend
Additive who/what else? besides my father
Guise what as? as a santa
Product what into? into pieces
Matter what about? about the movie
Source according to Halliday
Viewpoint in my point of view
(Adapted from Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p.313-314)
4. Characterization
Characterization is the way a character is described by an author.
According to Abrams (1999), a character is interpreted by the reader to have
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certain characteristics such as particular moral, intellectual, and emotional
qualities that are interpreted from the persons sayings, the way to say them, and
what they do to respond (p.32-33). In presenting the characters with the
characteristics, the writer can either use direct telling method directly to the
reader, or indirectly by using the showing method (Pickering & Hoeper, 1981).
The two methods are labelled as direct and indirect method by how the
information is given. If a quality or characteristic is stated directly by the narrator,
it is called as direct or telling method. If the characteristic given needs to be
understood and interpreted by the readers themselves without the narrator
expicitly explains it, it is the indirect or showing method.
a. Telling Method (Direct)
This method is called direct method because the narrators are able to give
informations and characterizations of the character directly to the reader. In this
method, the author puts themselves as the narrator and explains to the readers
about the characters and the characteristics of the characters. The typical
characteristics stated directly by the narrator are names and physical appearance.
It can also be the narrator‟s descriptions on the personality, thoughts, and feelings
of the characters.
b. Showing Method (Indirect)
The narrators in this method are placing themselves outside the story,
allowing the characters to reveal themselves directly to the readers through their
dialogue and their actions. This method includes characterizations from dialogues,
and from the character‟s action.
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This research focuses on the showing method, particulary in the dialogues,
spesifically in the direct speeches said by the step mothers. It is because this
research analyzes the characteristics of the step mother characters. Without the
interference of the narrators, it is argued that the interpreted characteristics of the
step mothers are more authentic.
5. Characteristic
Characters are eqquiped with certain characteristics such as names,
physical appearance, and personality to help developing the plot of the stories.
Abrams (1999) states that a character is interpreted by the readers to have certain
characteristics such as particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities that
are interpreted from the persons sayings, the way to say them, and what they do to
respond (p.32-33).
The characteristics meant to reveal in this research are the morals,
intellectual, and emotional qualities of the step mothers. Morals are defined as
“standards or principles of good behaviour” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s
Dictionary, 2010). Intellect is defined as the ability to think in a logical way and
understanding things, especially at an advanced level (Oxford Advanced
Learner‟s Dictionary, 2010). Emotion is defined as a strong feeling, such as love,
fear, or anger; the part of a person‟s character that consists of feelings” (Oxford
Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2010).
C. Review of Related Backgrounds
Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm are German folklorists and linguists.
They worked together, collecting and publishing German and European fairy tales
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during 19th century. The fairy tales they published are known to be creepy and
gruesome. Their first fairy tales collection was published in 1812 titled Kinder-
und Hausmärchen (Cavendish, 2012). This book becomes very famous and have
been translated into more than 70 languages (Cavendish, 2012).
Grimm‟s Fairy Tales is the seventh edition of Grimm‟s Fairy Tales
published in 1900 in New York by International Collectors Library. The book was
digitized by the Internet Archieve in 2009 and published in
https://archive.org/details/grimmscompletefa00grim. This book is the translated
version of the original Grimm‟s fairy tale book. The translator is however,
unknown. The book has total 211 fairy tales with different story line of each,
including “Cinderella”, “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”, and “Hansel and
Grethel”. The three fairy tales are famous for the presence of the wicked step
mother characters in the story. The following paragraphs summarized the context
of each story. The context is used to define the characteristics of the step mothers.
After her real mother passed away, Cinderella‟s father married to another
woman with two daughters. In her house, the step mother and sisters obliged her
to do house chores from morning to night. When the king held a festival, the step
mother did not allow her to go. The step mother also denied the prince that she
had another daughter when the prince was looking for someone he wanted to
marry to.
Snow White‟s father was a king. Her mother, the queen, died when Snow
White was born. The father then married to another woman. This new queen had a
magical looking glass, and she often asked the looking glass “who is the fairest of
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us all?” , and the mirror always answered Snow White was fairer the than she
was. The step mother tried to kill Snow White by pretending to be an old woman.
The plans were not suceed, instead it made her punished to death by the people in
Snow White‟s wedding.
Hansel and Grethel are planned to be abandoned in the wood because their
father and step mother were poor and running out of food. Hansel and Grether
could survive the first attempt, but not the second. After running away from a
witch in the wood, they could finally come back home, however, her step mother
was passed away already when this happened.
D. Theoretical Framework
The researcher first read the three fairy tales to understand the context of
the stories. The researcher then determined the moral, intellecual, and emotional
qualities or characteristics of the three step mothers based on the context. These
characteristics are strengthen with the following hard data as the linguistic proofs.
The data are the direct speeches of the step mothers in the three fairy tales.
Each data is transformed into clause, which then being categorized based on the
transitivity categories. Based on this transitivity data, stylistics is applied to reveal
the style or pattern of language used by the step mothers. The pattern are then
used as the hard data supporting the characteristics of the characters.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter is divided into three sections. The first is the Object of The
Study that describes the object of this research and what kind of linguistic
elements are considered as the data. The second is the Approach of The Study that
explains the use of approach and the reason lies behind. The third is the Method of
the Study that is divided into two more sections, Data Collection and Data
Analysis. Data Collection shows how the data is collected. Data Analysis shows
the steps of analysing the data collection.
A. Object of the Study
The objects of this research are the step mother characters in three
Grimm‟s fairy tales entitled “Cinderella”, “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”,
and “Hansel and Grethel”. The three fairy tales share the same kind of
characteristics, it is the presence of the wicked step mother character in the story
(Greenspan, 2018). Manggala (2017) states that “Cinderella story plot has been
widely known in the world and reproduced in several cultures” (p.69). Just like
“Cinderella”, “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs” and “Hansel and Grethel”
have also been adapted and developed by many cultures all over the world. As
they are fairy tales, the three stories have been told and retold, from generation to
generation, making the three stories all-time famous. Many literary works such as
novel, short stories, and movies that has been produced adapted from these three
fairy tales.
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The fairy tales are taken from Grimm‟s Fairy Tales book, downloaded
from https://archive.org/details/grimmscompletefa00grim. The book was
originally published in 1900 by International Collectors Library. It was then
digitized by the Internet Archieve in 2009.
The data were the direct speeches said by the step mothers. In the theory
of characterization in the previous chapter, the direct speeches said by the
character were considered as the showing or indirect method. As it was discussed
in the previous discussion, showing method involves the author‟s stepping outside
of the story, allowing the characters to reveal themselves directly through their
dialogue and their actions (Pickering & Hoeper, 1981, p.27). By focusing more on
the direct speech said by the step mother, the characteristic of the characters were
expected to be clearer without any interference from the narrator.
Transitivity analysis was used as a tool to analyze functional grammar in
the data. Since transitivity analysis is applicable to clause, therefore the
grammatical unit used as the data was in a from of clause.
B. Approach of the Study
To be able to analyze the characteristics of the step mothers, an approach
is needed. In this research, stylistics and SFG are used as the approach.
Combining stylistics and SFG results on the language-function-pattern in the step
mother‟s direct speeches. These patterns are analyzed further to support the
characteristics of the step mothers.
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C. Method of the Study
The result of this data is an interpretation or detailed description of a data.
This research, thus, uses descriptive qualitative method. Seixas, Smith, and Milton
(2017) define descriptive qualitative method as “a comprehensive description, one
that seeks to provide a detailed description of the findings more likely to generate
consensus among observers” (p.781). In addition, the result of qualitative
descriptive method is achived by describing the informational contents of the data
that is organized in a logical manner (V. Lambert.& C. Lambert, 2012, p.256).
This method suits this research well since this method “is an approach that is very
useful when researchers want to know, regarding events, who were involved, what
was involved, and where did things take place” (Lambert&Lambert, 2012, p.256).
1. Data Collection
The first step of collecting the data was to read the three fairy tales. The
next step was to understand the story since the final result of the data was
expected to be an interpretation of the data. The third step was to find the direct
speeches said by the step mothers. This research does not apply the sampling
method. It analyzed the whole population, or all of the step mother‟s direct
speeches in the three fairy tales as the data. Then, the last step of the data-
collecting process was to break down the direct speeches into clauses.
2. Data Analysis
The clauses from the data collection were being analyzed using transitivity
analysis in order to see the pattern of the language used. In transitivity analysis,
each clause was broken down into the three categories in the transitivity system,
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namely process, participant, and circumstance. Some of the transitivity analysis
result of the clause were presented with transitivity blocks in the discussion
section. Below are the examples.
SW/28
Are you afraid of poison?
Process: Relational:
Intensive Attributive Carrier Attribute
Circumstance:
Matter
The first block refers to the datum code for each clause. The code (SW)
stands for the fairy tale “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”, (CE) stands for
“Cinderella”, and (HG) stands for “Hansel and Grethel”. Meanwhile, the number
is based on the order of the datum in the fairy tale. The upper blocks next to the
datum code box is for the clause analyzed. In addition, the bottom blocks are for
the categories of each group in transitivity analysis.
HG/11
we will all four starve
Be- Pro-:Behavioural -haver -cess
In some cases, the structures of the clauses are jumbled, making one
transitivity category takes two or more different blocks in a clause. In this case,
the categeries are then separated with dashes, showing that they are actually one
category, but separated because they are in different blocks. In the example above
(HG/11) the participant is actually only one, it is the Behaviour, realized by we all
four, however, since they are in the different blocks, the categories are separated
with dashes. So does the process that takes two blocks while actually they are one
process realized as will starve.
The next step was to count the result of processes, participants, and
circumstances, and gave the percentation to each label. By using qualitative
descriptive method, it did not mean that this step was not important to the
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research. This numeric data would help in the later step. When the data were
presented using a table, both the frequencies (F) and the percentages (%) were
presented. Red highlight shows the highest number and percentation of a label in
the data.
The last step was to interpret the transitivity data into the characteristics of
the step mother based on the moral, intelectual, and emotional qualities. The
results of the analysis were not a closed interpretation no matter how rigorous the
analysis was (Carter & Simpson, 2005). Therefore, any other interpretation
regarding the data, as long as it is logical, was possible.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents the results and discussions of this research in two
sections. Based on the two problems formulated in Chapter I, the first section
discusses the types of transitivity found in the direct speeches said by the step
mothers in Grimm‟s three selected fairy tales, while the second section discusses
the characteristics of the step mothers supported from the transitivity patterns
found in the data
There are 114 data found in the three selected fairy tales. All components
of transitivity system found in the data are presented in the first section in this
chapter. The second section discusses about the step mothers‟ characteristics. The
results on this discussion, however, are not “a closed interpretation no matter how
rigorous is the analysis” (Carter&Simpson, as cited in Manggala, 2017, p.68). It is
possible to have different interpretations toward the step mothers‟ characteristics.
A. Transitivity Patterns Found in The Step Mothers’ Direct Speeches
The transitivity system proposed by Halliday has three components in it.
Those are process, participant, and circumstance. The three components are found
in the step mothers‟ direct speeches in the three fairy tales. The data are presented
in this section.
There are total 114 data from the three selected fairy tales. The six types of
process proposed by Halliday are all found in the data. Those are material process,
relational process, behavioural process, mental process, verbal process, and
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existential process. Material process occurs in 57 clauses with 50% precentage,
followed by relational process by 32,46%, behavioural process by 11,40% mental
process by 4,38%, and the last two processes, verbal process and existential
process with the same percentation 0,87%. The following table shows the sum up
of the data.
Table 4. Summary of Types of Process Found in the Data
CE SW HG Total (100%
= 114 data)
F % F % F % F %
Typ
es o
f P
roce
ss Material 12 10,53% 17 14,92% 28 24,56% 57 50,00%
Relational 8 7,01% 15 13,16% 14 12,29% 37 32,46%
Behavioural 4 3,50% 2 1,75% 6 5, 26% 12 10,52%
Mental 4 3,50% 1 0,87% 1 0,87% 6 5, 26%
Verbal 0 0,00% 0 0,00% 1 0,87% 1 0,87%
Existential 0 0,00% 0 0,00% 1 0,87% 1 0,87%
In the data shown in table 4, it is clear enough that each of the fairy tales
have the same order or ranking of the number and percentation of the processes,
showing that the step mother shares the similiar language style one and another.
The red highlights show that the material process dominating over the other
processes in all three fairy tales. In “Cinderella”, the first dominant process is the
material process by 10,53%, the second is the relational process by 7,01%,
followed by the behavioural and the mental process with the same percentage
3,50%. Verbal process and existential process are not present in “Cinderella”. In
“Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”, material process is still the dominant
process by 14,92%, followed by the relational process by 13,16%, the behavioural
process by 1,75%, and the mental process by 0,87%. In “Hansel and Grethel”,
there are total 51 data found. “Hansel and Grethel” is not only the biggest in
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number compared to the two other fairy tales, but the type of process found in the
data also more varies. All six types of process are found in “Hansel and Grethel”
with material as the dominant process by 24,56%, followed by the relational
process by 12,29%, the behavioural process by 5,26% and mental process, verbal
process, and existential as the three least used process with the same percentation
0,87%.
In the material processes, the participants found are Actor, Goal,
Recipient, Client, Scope, Initiator, and Resultative Attribute. In the mental
processes, there are Senser and Phenomenon as the main participants, and
Inducer. In the relational processes, the participants found are Token, Value,
Carrier, Attribute, and Beneficiary. Behaver and Behaviour are the participants
found in the behavioural processes. In the verbal processes Sayer, Receiver, and
Verbiage are found. In the existential process the participant is Existent.
1. Material Process and Its Patterns
A process is realized through the verbal group in the clause. To be
identified as a material process, a verbal group should “construe a quantum of
change in the flow of events as taking place through some input of energy”
(Halliday&Matthiessen 2014, p.224). Accumulatively, there are 57 data or
50,00% of total 114 data. Material process is ranked first in the three fairy tales
despite the fact that each fairy tale has different ranking of the number of process.
The verbs occur as material process are shown in Table 5 below. Some of
the verbs such as go, pick, come, and fetch are found more than once in the data.
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Table 5. Examples of the Verbs in Material Clauses
Examples of The Verbs
CE go, strew, pick, come, put, cut
SW take, set, put, bring, sell, come, lace, done, comb, die, rid, give, cut
HG
take, make, give, go, leave, find, quit, get, get up, cut, eat, come,
fetch, find, shine,
In the material processes, there are two main participants named Actor and
Goal. Actor is the doer of the process, while Goal is the participant in which the
process is directed. Actor exists in every material process, even though the Actor
may not actually be mentioned in the clause (Thompson, 2014, p.95). Based on
the participant used, material process is categorized into two types, transitive and
intransitive. A clause is identified as transitive material clause if there are both
Actor and Goal. In contrast, intransitive material clause will have only Actor but
not goal in the clause. Summary of the material process types found and are
provided below.
Table 6. Types of Material Process in the Data
100% = 57 data
Types of Material Process
Transitive Intransitive
F % F %
CE 6 10,52% 6 10,52%
SW 14 24,56% 3 5, 26%
HG 15 26,31% 13 22,80%
Total 35 61,40% 22 38,59%
The red highlights show that the transitive material processes are
dominating over the intransitive material processes in the three fairy tales. There
are 35 or 61,40% data identified as transitive material clause, while 22 data or
38,59% are identified as intransitive material clause. The following transitivity
blocks are the examples of transitive and intransitive material clauses. The
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example of transitive material clause found in the data is provided in datum
SW/26, while the example of intransitive material clause found in the data is
provided in datum HG/13.
SW/
26
I can easily get rid of my apples elsewhere
Actor
Pro-:
Material:
Transitive
Circumstance:
Quality -cess Goal
Circumstance:
Place
HG/
13
Get up you lazy bones
Process: Material: Intransitive Actor
In datum SW/26, the clause is considered as transitive material clause as it
has my apples as the Goal of the process getting rid. Meanwhile, the clause in
datum HG/13 is considered as intransitive material clause since it has no Goal.
Table 7. Examples of Actors in the Material Clauses
Examples of Actors
CE
I(step mother), you (Cinderella), you (step mother and her true born
daughters)
SW
I(step mother), you (Snow White), you (huntsman), me (step mother),
Snow White, The Dwarfs
HG
we(step mother and her husband), you(Hansel+Grethel), you(step
mother‟s husband), they(Hansel+Grethel), you lazy bones
(Hansel+Grethel), the tale, the morning sun
Material process might have goal (transitive) or does not have goal
(intransitive). However, Actor always exists in any material process. The
dominant Actors found in the data are different in each fairy tale. In “Cinderella”,
the dominant Actors refer to Cinderella. The example is provided in datum CE/08
below the paragraph. In “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs”, the dominant
Actors are the step mother herself in the story. The example is provided in datum
SW/27. In “Hansel and Grethel” the dominant Actors are mostly realized by the
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pronoun we referring to the step mother character and her husband in the story.
The example is provided in datum HG/07.
CE/
08
if you can pick them all up again in two hours
Actor
Pro-:
Material:
Transitive Goal -cess
Circumstance:
Frequency
Circumstance:
Duration
SW/
27
There, I will give you one
Circumstance Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Recipient Goal
HG/
07
and we will leave them alone
Actor Process: Material: Transitive Goal Circumstance
In transitive material clause, both Actor and Goal are present. Goal is the
participant affected by the process done by the Actor. From table 6, it is shown
that there are total 22 data found as transitive material clause or 38,59% from 57
data. The detail data of the Goals found in the data are presented on the table
below.
Table 8. Examples of Goals in the Material Clauses
Examples of Goals
CE
a dishfulof lentils, them all (lentils), two dishes full of lentils, us (step
mother and her true born daughters), the toe, a piece of your heel
SW
the child (Snow White), her(Snow White), her heart(Snow White‟s heart),
fine wares, you(Snow White), good wares, your hair(Snow White‟s hair),
my apple (step mother‟s apple)
HG
the children(Hansel+Grethel), a fire, a piece of bread,
them(Hansel+Grethel), the way home, the coffins, wood
In the three fairy tales, the Goals mostly refer to other objects such as a
dishful of lentils, my apple, a fire, the coffins, or to step children, Cinderella, Snow
White, Hansel, and Grethel. In “Cinderella” and “Hansel Grethel”, the Goals
mostly refer to other objects while in “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs” the
Goals mostly refer to Snow White.
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As mentioned in the previous chapter, material process does not only have
two participants. It has other participants such as Recipient, Client, Initiator, and
Scope. Those participants are also present in the data. Recipient occurs 3 times,
Client once (1), Initiator once(1), Scope 9 times, and Attribute 2 times.
Table 9. Other Participants Found in the Material Clauses
Realization of Other Participants in the Data
Recipient
me (step mother), you(Snow White),
each of them (Hansel+Grethel)
Client them (Hansel+Grethel)
Initiator you (Snow White)
Scope
to shame, eyes, to death, being the fairest, to life, to sleep, to
cut wood
Attribute nice, clean
Attribute is officially a participant of relational process. However, two
Attributes are found in the material data. In material process, this Attribute is
known better as resultative Attribute. Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) state that
resultative attribute “may be used to construe the resultant qualitative state of the
Actor or Goal after the process has been completed” (p.242). The example of the
data with Attribute is provided below:
CE/
14 if you can pick
two
dishes
full of
lentils
out of the
ashes nice and clean
Actor
Process:
Material:
Transitive Goal Circumstance Attribute Attribute
2. Relational Process and Its Patterns
Relational process is classified into two types of process, attributive and
identifying. Attributive process attaches a quality to an entity, meanwhile
identifying process is a process of “assigning an identity rather than attributing a
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quality” (Fontaine, 2013, p.76). One way to distinguish the two categories is by
checking whether the participants in the clause are reversible. If they are, then the
process is most likely an identifying relational process, if they are not reversible,
then the process is most likely categorized as attributive relational process. In
attributive relational process, the participants are Carrier and Attribute. Carrier is
the one given a quality to, while Attribute refers to the quality. In identifying
relational process, the participants are Token and Value. Value is the more general
participant, while the more spesific participant is Token (Thompson, 2014, 103).
Relational process can also be categorized into three other categories based on the
relation of the participants. The categories mentioned are intensive, possessive,
and circumstantial (Halliday&Matthiessen, 2014 p. 263). Intensive is a category
of defining an entity to a quality. Possesive is a category of ownership.
Circumstantial is a category of defining an entity with a prepositional group. By
the categories explained, relational process has total six categories. Intensive
attributive, possesive attributive, circumstantial attributive, intensive identifying,
possesive identifying, and circumstantial identifying. The data of the relational
processes in the the step mother‟s director characters in the three fairy tales are
presented in the table below.
Table 10. Types of Relational Process in the Data
100%
=37
data
Intensive Possessive Circumstantial
Attributive Identifying Attributive Identifying Attributive Identifying
F % F % F % F % F % F %
CE 5 13,51% 0 0,00% 3 8,10% 0 0,00% 0 0,00% 0 0,00%
SW 3 8,10% 10 27,02% 2 5,40% 0 0,00% 0 0,00% 0 0,00%
HG 7 18,91% 3 8,10% 1 1,75% 1 1,75% 2 5,40% 0 0,00%
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There are total 37 clauses found with relational process. The relational
processes are realized by is, are, be, and have. The red highlights show the
dominant types of the relational processes in each fairy tale. Although the
dominant types are different in each fairy tale, it is shown that the data in the three
fairy mostly use the intensive type. Clauses in “Cinderella” (the example is in
datum CE/27) and in “Hansel and Grethel” (the example is in datum HG/38)
mostly use intensive attributive relational process. In “Snow White and The Seven
Dwarfs”, intensive identifying relational process is dominant compared to the
other relational process types (the example is in datum SW/01).
CE/
27
She is much too dirty
Carrier
Process: Relational:
Intensive Attributive Circumstance Circumstance Attribute
HG/
38
You are fool
Carrier Process: Relational: Intensive Attributive Attribute
SW/
01
who is fairest of us all?
Token
Process: Relational: Intensive
Identifying Value Circumstance
The main participants of the relational processes are Carrier, Attribute,
Token, and Value. From the 37 data found with relational process, Carrier appears
23 times in the data, and Atribute appears 24 times in the data. Token and Value
appears 14 times in the data.
There is one supporting participant found in the data named Beneficiary.
Beneficiary is the participant affected directly by the process. It is similiar to
Recipient and Client in material process. It appears twice (2) in the data, 1 in
“Cinderella” and 1 in “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”.
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In the three fairy tales, the Carriers are mostly the children, i.e. Cinderella,
Snow White, Hansel, and Grethel. These Carriers are mostly attached to negative
Attribute such as no dress, no proper clothes, and fool. The examples of the
Carriers and the Attributes are provided in Table 11 and Table 12 below.
Table 11. Examples of Carriers Found in the Relational Clauses
Examples of Carriers
CE
you(Cinderella), you(step mother‟s true born daughters), she(Cinderella),
that, all of this
SW you(Snow White), I(step mother), it
HG
you(Hansel+Grethel), you(step mother‟s husband), we(step mother+her
husband+Hansel+Grethel), the children(Hansel+Grethel), that, everything
Table 12. Examples of Attributes Found in the Relational Clauses
Examples of Attributes
CE no dress, no shoes, no proper clothes, not possible, no good, dirty, queen
SW what a figure, my own life, afraid, the red side, the white one
HG
fool, for dinner, ready, finished up, only half a loaf, off, no pigeon, tired,
ready to go home
Identifying relational process occurs 10 times in the data or 27,02% of 37
data total. The participants in identifying relational process are Token and Value.
The data found with Tokens and Values are mostly found in “Snow White and
The Seven Dwarfs” in intensive type. Mostly, the Tokens in “Snow White and
The Seven Dwarfs” are realized as who and the Values are realized as the fairest.
Token and Value does not exist in “Cinderella” since it only has attributive
process. In “Hansel and Grethel” the Tokens and Values mostly explain about
things around the event takes place. The Tokens and Values in “Hansel and
Grethel” data are the intensive type.
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3. Behavioural Process and Its Patterns
Human physical and physiological behaviours are categorized as
behavioural process in transitivity analyis. Behavioural process is the least distinct
process among others since it has no clear definition but partly material and partly
mental (Halliday&Matthiessen, 2014, p.301). In the three fairy tales, behavioural
process ranked third with total 13 data, equal to 11,40% from 114 total data. The
examples of the verbs found in the behavioural processes found are presented in
the table 13 below.
Table 13. Examples of the Verbs in the Behavioural Clauses
Example of Verbs
CE dance, laughed
SW think, look
HG starve, lie-down, rest, sleep, sit
In datum HG/21, the process lie-down is realized as behavioural. Halliday
(2014) states that behavioural process is a process of physiological human
behaviour that sometimes can be rather near mental, or near material (p.301).
According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2014), to lie down is considered as near
material (p.302).
HG/
21
Now [you] lie-down by the fire
Circumstance Behaver Process: Behavioural Circumstance
Behavioural process has one main participant named Behaver. Behaver
occurs 13 times in the data. The Behavers mostly refer to Cinderella, Snow White,
Hansel, and Grethel in the data of the three fairy tales. HG/21 is the exampleof the
data with Hansel and Grethel as the Behaver.
HG
/21
Now [you] lie-down by the fire
Circumstance: Time Behaver Process: Behavioural Circumstance: Place
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However, in “Cinderella”, there is one Behaver realized as people while
the daughter or Cinderella become the Circumstance. The actual data are
presented below.
CE/12
You would be laughed at [by people]
-stance
Process:
Behavioural
Circum-:
Matter Behaver
4. Mental Process and Its Patterns
A Mental process refers to the process going on in the internal world of the
mind (Thompson, 2014, p.97). Mental process, in fact occur 6 times or 5,26%
from total 114 data. It occurs 4 times or 3,50% in “Cinderella”, once (1) or 0,87%
in “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”, and once (1) or 0,87% in “Hansel and
Grethel”.
There are four sub-categories in mental process, namely desiderative,
perceptive, cognitive, and emotive. Among these four types of mental process,
emotive type does not occur in the data.
In “Cinderella”, there are 2 clauses identified as desiderative mental
process, 1 clause identified as cognitive mental process, and 1 identified as
perceptive mental process. There is 1 clause in “Snow White and The Seven
Dwarfs”, and 1 clause in “Hansel and Grethel” identified as cognitive mental
process.
The verbs realized are want (desiderative), know (cognitive), thought
(cognitive) and see (perceptive). Datum CE/01 below is the example of clauses
with desiderative mental process, the next, datum CE/28 is the data of perceptive
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mental clause found in the data, and the last datum, HG/29 presents the example
of cognitive mental clauses in the data.
CE/
01
You,
Cinderella,
in all your
dust and dirt you want
to go to the
festival!
Sense-
Circumstance:
Quality -er
Process: Mental:
Desiderative Phenomenon
CE/
28
I could not let her be seen [by him]
Inducer Pro-: Mental: Perceptive Phenomenon -cess Senser
HG/
29
We thought you were never coming home again
Senser
Process: Mental:
Cognitive Phenomenon
SW/
16
But now I will think of
something that
will be her ruin
Circumstance: time Senser Process: Mental: Cognitive Phenomenon
The main participant for mental process is Senser as the one who is feeling
the process. In “Cinderella”, the Sensers of the 2 desiderative and 1 cognitive
mental processes are Cinderella. The Senser of the 1 perceptive mental clause in
“Cinderella” refers to the prince in the story. Datum CE/01 shows the example of
Cinderella as a Senser, while datum CE/28 shows the prince as the Senser. In
“Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs” and “Hansel and Grethel” the cognitive
mental processes found, have step mother as the Senser. The actual data are
presented in datum HG/29 and datum SW/16.
The next participant after Senser in mental clause is Phenomenon.
Phenomenon can be a person, a concrete object, an abstraction, and so on
(Thompson, 2014, p.98). The Phenomenons in the “Cinderella” data are realized
as to go to the festival, to dance, how to dance, and her refers to Cinderella. These
Phenomenons are contextually related to the festival as a prestigious event in
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“Cinderella”. The Phenomenon realized in “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”
is something that will be her ruin. In “Hansel and Grethel” data, the Phenomenon
is you were never coming home again. The Phenomenon occurs in “Hansel and
Grethel” have you that refers to Hansel and Grethel in the story.
Another participant occurs in the data named Inducer, making the clause
has three participants. Inducer is the participant in a causation clause. Causation
clause is marked by verbs such as make, compel, get, have and let
(Halliday&Matthiessen, 2014, p.579). In datum CE/28, the process realized is let-
be seen. Thus this clause is considered as perceptive mental data. The Inducer is I
refers to the step mother as the speaker. The Phenomenon is Cinderella as the
object of the process seeing done by the prince in the story. While the prince is
being the Senser.
5. Verbal Process and Its Patterns
Verbal process is a process of saying. This process is able to project the
inner world of consciousness and make it accessible to the receiver of the message
(Butt et al, 1998, p.50). Unlike the previous processes that occur in all three fairy
tales, this process only occurs once (1) or 0,87% of total 114 data in “Hansel and
Grethel”. The process is realized by the verb tell in the data.
HG/
01
I will tell you what, husband
Sayer Process: Verbal Rece- Verbiage -iver
Sayer is the main participant or the doer of the process of saying in verbal
process. In datum HG/01, the Sayer is I refers to the step mother as the speaker.
Reciever and Verbiage are also found in the same datum. However, no target
exists in the data. The reciever is the husband of the step mother. The Verbiage is
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what, refers to the step mother‟s saying that comes after. Contextually what here
refers to the step mother‟s plan to abandon her step children, Hansel and Grethel.
6. Existential Process and Its Patterns
Existential process is a process of showing that something does exist. It
has only one participant named Existent. The Existential process occurs only once
(1) or total 0,87% from 114 data. This process is found in “Hansel and Grethel”
and realized by no other way to manage as the Existent. The actualization of the
data is presented below.
HG/
37
There is no other way to manage
Process: Existential Existent
7. Circumstances and Its Patterns
Circumstance is realized through the adverbial groups and the
prepositional phrases in the clause (Butt et al, 1998, p.56). Circumstance exist in a
clause to give additional information to the process. The summary of
circumstances found in the data is presented below. In “Cinderella”, the most used
circumstance is reason with total 5 occurences or 6,02%. In “Snow White and The
Seven Dwarfs” the most used circumstance is time with 5 occurences or 6,02%. In
“Hansel and Grethel”, the most used circumstances are place and time with each
10 occurences or 12,04%. Accumulatively, the most used circumstance are
circumstance of place with 19,27%.
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Table 14. Summary of Types of Circumstance Found in the Data
Types of
Circumstance
CE SW HG
Total (100%
=83 data)
F % F % F % F %
Distance 0 0,00% 0 0,00% 1 1,20% 1 1,20%
Duration 1 1,20% 0 0,00% 1 1,20% 2 2,42%
Frequency 3 3,61% 4 4,81% 5 6,02% 12 14,45%
Place 2 2,42% 4 4,81% 10 12,04% 16 19,27%
Time 0 0,00% 5 6,02% 10 12,04% 15 18,07%
Means 3 3,61% 0 0,00% 0 0,00% 3 3,61%
Quality 2 2,42% 2 2,42% 0 0,00% 4 4,81%
Comparison 0 0,00% 5 6,02% 0 0,00% 5 6,02%
Degree 2 2,42% 0 0,00% 0 0,00% 2 2,42%
Reason 5 6,02% 0 0,00% 2 2,42% 7 8,43%
Purpose 0 0,00% 2 2,42% 1 1,20% 3 3,61%
Condition 4 4,81% 0 0,00% 0 0,00% 4 4,81%
Concession 0 0,00% 1 1,20% 0 0,00% 1 1,20%
Comitative 3 3,61% 0 0,00% 1 1,20% 4 4,81%
Product 0 0,00% 1 1,20% 0 0,00% 1 1,20%
Matter 1 1,20% 2 2,42% 0 0,00% 3 3,61%
a. Distance
The circumstance of distance is found once (1) or 1,20% of total 83 data of
circumstance. It occurs in “Hansel and Grethel”. This circumstance explain the
process take in the clause, showing how far is the process of taking them. The data
is provided below.
HG/
35
We will take them farther
Actor Process: Material Goal
Circumstance:
Distance
b. Duration
This type of circumstance occurs twice (2) or 2,42% in the data. One (1) in
“Cinderella” and one (1) other in “Hansel and Grethel”.
CE/
08
if you can pick them all up in two hours
Actor
Pro-:
Material Goal -cess
Circumstance:
Duration
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The clause presented above is actually a dependent clause from if you can
pick them all up again in two hours, you may go with us. Contextually, this action
of picking lentils is done by Cinderella as her step mother strews a dishful of
lentils to make her pick them up. The use of duration is very helping for the step
mother to limit the time of the process of picking, thus it affects the result of the
saying you may go with us too.
c. Frequency
Frequency is ranked three in the data with total 12 data or 14,45% in
percentage. Frequencies found 3,61% in “Cinderella”, 4,81% in “Snow White and
The Seven Dwarfs” and 6,02% in “Hansel and Grethel. In SW/33, again explains
that the process of bringing Snow White to life again is not possible to do one
more time. Below is the actualization of the data of clauses with frequency
circumstance.
SW/
33
the dwarfs will not be able to bring you to life again
Actor Process: Material Goal Scope
Circumstance:
Frequency
d. Place
Circumstance of place is ranked one among the other circumstances.
Circumstance of place occurs 16 times, or about 19,27%. It occurs twice (2) in
“Cinderella”, 4 times in “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”, and 5 times in
“Hansel and Grethel”. The example of the data is provided below.
HG/
02
We will take
the
children into the forest
where it is the
thickest
Actor Process:Material Goal
Circumstance:
Place
Circumstance:
Place
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In datum HG/02, circumstance of place helps to construe the real intention
of the step mother as the Actor to Hansel and Grethel as the Goal. It is to take the
children into the forest where it is the thickest.
e. Time
Circumstance of time is found in “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”
and in “Hansel and Grethel”, but not in “Cinderella”. This circumstance also
considered dominant among the other circumstances. It is found 15 times or
18,07% in the data. This circumstance helps to spesify the time of a process
happening. Below is the example.
HG/21
Now [you] lie-down by the fire
Circumstance:
Time Behaver
Process:
Behavioural
Circumstance:
Place
f. Means
Circumstance of means answers to the question of „with what?‟ or „by
what?‟ This circumstance occurs three times in total 83 data or 3,63% of
circumstances. Below is the example of the clause with means circumstance.
CE/
22
for
when you are
Queen, you will never
have to
go on foot
Circumstance:
Condition Actor
Pro-:
Material:
Circumstance:
Frequency -cess
Circumstance:
Means
g. Quality
The circumstance of quality is found twice (2) in “Cinderella” and twice
(2) in “Hansel and Grethel”. In CE/01, the quality in all your dust and dirt is used
to emphasize the quality of the main character, thus it makes a contrasting effect
with the process want to go to the festival.
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CE/
01
You,
Cinderella,
in all your dust
and dirt you want
to go to the
festival!
Sense-
Circumstance:
Quality -er
Process:
Mental Phenomenon
h. Comparison
Despite the fact that it contributes 6.02% data of circumstance, the
circumstance of comparison occurs only in “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs.”
The realization of comparison circumstance are all same in the 7 data since the
same clause occurs 7 times in the fairy tale. Of us all is the circumstance of
comparison found in the five data. This shows that being fair compare to all or
anybody else is important to the speaker.
SW/
01
who is fairest of us all?
Token Process: Relational Value
Circumstance:
Comparison
i. Degree
The circumstance of degree found twice (2) or 2,42% in the data. It
happened that the two data are in the same clause found in “Cinderella”. Much
and too actually has the same meaning. However, it is put together, making the
degree of dirty as the attribute attached to it much stronger.
CE/
27
She is much too dirty
Carrier
Process:
Relational
Circumstance:
Degree
Circumstance:
Degree Attribute
j. Reason
Circumstance of reason shows the reason of why a process happened
(Halliday&Matthiessen, 2004, p.270). For example, in the clause provided below,
having no proper clothes and cannot dance is the reason why the process cannot
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come happens. This kind of circumstance appears 5 times in “Cinderella” and
twice (2) in “Hansel and Grethel”.
CE/
17
you cannot come with us
for you have no propper
clothes and cannot dance
Actor Process: Material
Circumstance:
Comitative Circumstance: Reason
k. Purpose
Similiar to the previous circumstance, the circumstance of purpose show
how a process needs to be done in order to reach a goal. In the example provided
below, taking out the child is needed to be done in order to I refer to the step
mother to set eyes on the child no more. This circumstance occurs in “Snow
White and The Seven Dwarfs” twice (2) and in Hansel and Grethel once, equal to
3,62 of total 83 data.
SW/
03 [you] Take
the
child out into the woods
so that I may set
eyes on her no
more
Actor Pro- Material Goal -cess
circumstance:
Place
circumstance:
Purpose
l. Condition
This circumstance occurs 4 times in “Cinderella” equal to 4,81% of total
83 data. Circumstance of condition adds a certain requirements in order an event
to happen. In the example below the process is to go. Contextually go here means
going to a festival told in the story. The step mother forbids Cinderella to go,
however, she will allow her to go under one condition, that is to pick the lentils up
again in two hours.
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CE/
07
if you can pick them all
up again in two hours you may go with us
Circumstance:
Condition Actor
Process: Material:
Intransitive
Circumstance:
Comitative
m. Concession
Circumstance of concession occurs once (1) or about 1,20 in percentage of
total 83 data in “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”. In contrast with
circumstance of condition, circumstance of concession will force an event to
happen even though there is a consequence to it.
SW/
24
Snow-
white shall die though it should cost my own life
Actor Process:Material Circumstance: Concession
The example provided above is taken from “Snow White and The Seven
Dwarfs”. The Actor, Snow White, is being attached to the process of die. This for
sure brings a consequence to the step mother, however, she is willing to take the
consequence. It is seen from the circumstance though it should cost my own life.
n. Comitative
Comitative as circumstance occurs 3 times in “Cinderella”and once (1) in
Hansel and Grethel. Comitative answers to the question of „with whom?‟ The
example of the data is provided below. Alone is considered as comitative since it
might be interpreted as with no one or with no companiment.
HG/
07
and [we] (will) leave them Alone
Actor Process: Material Goal
Circumstance:
Commitative
o. Product
Product answers to the question of „what into?‟ after a process is done. In
the example below, the process is realized by cut. Product as a circumstance
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allows the process cut to have the detail of the result. This circumstance occurs
once in “Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs”.
SW/
30
I will cut the apple in two pieces
Actor Process: Material Goal Circumstance: Product
p. Matter
Matter allows a process to have a detail context or situation. In the
example below, you is not a Behaviour, rather it is a circumstance of matter,
marked by at as a preposition.
CE/
12 You would be laughed at
[by
people]
-stance Process: Behavioural Circum-: Matter Behaver
B. The Step Mothers’ Characteristics
The pattern of transitivity found in the three fairy tales have been
explained in the previous section. By understanding the context of the fairy tales,
the characteristics of the step mothers are defined. This section presents the
interpretation of the characteristics of the step mothers along with the transitivity
pattern underlying the interpretation as the supporting hard data.
1. Domineering
The three step mothers show domineering behaviour towards others in the
three fairy tales. Domineering means “trying to control other people without
considering their opinions or feelings” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary,
2010). This characteristic is shown from the material process used in the data. The
linguistic data are provided below.
CE/08
if you can pick them all up again in two hours
Actor
Pro-: Material:
Transitive Goal -cess
Circumstance:
Frequency
Circumstance:
Duration
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SW/03
[you] Take
the
child out into the woods
so that I may set
eyes on her no more
Actor
Pro- Material:
Transitive Goal
-
cess
circumstance:
Place
circumstance:
Purpose
HG/02
We will take
the
children early in the morning into the forest
Actor
Process:Material:
Transitive Goal
Circumstance:
Time
Circumstance:
Place
In material process, the doer of the process named Actor. In datum CE/08,
the Actor is you refers to Cinderella, in datum SW/03, the Actor is you refer to the
huntsman in the story, and in HG/02, the Actor is we refers to the step mother and
her husband. Even though in HG/02 the Actor is we refers to the step mother and
her husband, it is still fair to say that the Actors in three data provided above
always require other characters to do the process. Thompson (2014) states that
material process involves physical actions (p.95). The fact that the step mothers as
the sayers of the utterances put others as the doer of the physical actions, shows
how the step mothers are domineering to another characters in the story.
2. Cruel
Besides being domineering, another characteristic can be shown from the
use of material process is being Cruel. Cruel means “having a desire to cause pain
and suffering” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2010). The cruelty of the
step mothers is seen from the processes or the actions, the Goal or someone or
something affected by the process, and the Actor or the doer of the process. The
linguistic data are provided in the following tables and paragraphs.
CE
/21
[you] cut
the
toe off
for when you are queen, you
will never have to go on foot.
Actor Pro-: Material: Transitive Goal -cess Circumstance: Reason
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In datum CE/21, the process cut off is done to the Goal the toe. This
process is done by the Actor you refers to the true born daughter of Cinderella‟s
step mother, and based on the command of the step mother as the speaker. To cut
off a toe will unquestionably cause pain and suffering to the person who do it. It
shows how the step mother is being cruel even to her own true born daughter.
SW/24
Snow-white shall die though it should cost my own life
Actor
Process:Material:
Intransitive Circumstance: Concession
In datum SW/24, the process is shall die. The verb die is intransitive.
Thus, rather than affecting the Goal, this process affects the Actor, Snow White.
This shows how the step mother is eagerly wanting Snow White to die. It is even
more obvious with the concession circumstance though it should cost my own life.
The step mother as the speaker is willingly pay the price, her own life, to take
Snow White‟s life.
HG/07
and [we] will leave them alone
Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Goal Circumstance: Commitative
Leaving Hansel and Grethel alone might not be seen as a form of cruelty at
first (datum HG/07). However by knowing the context, that this process is done in
purpose, to abandon the kids, the process leave here is purposively done by the
step mother to cause suffering and pain to both Hansel and Grethel. The Actor is
we refers to Hansel and Grethel‟s step mother, and her husband, showing that, she
knows that she cannot be alone and thus she needs her husband‟s help in order to
be suceed in doing this cruel deed.
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3. Selfish
Another characteristic depicted by the step mothers is being Selfish.
Selfish means “caring about yourself rather than about other people (Oxford
Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2010).
This interpretation uses the same data that are used to support the cruelty
of the step mothers. In CE/21, the Goal of the process cut off is the toe of the step
mother‟s true born daughter. In HG/07, the process of leaving is done to the Goal
them refers to Hansel and Grethel. Meanwhile, in SW/24, the Goal does not exist,
thus the process die refers to Cinderella as the Actor.
The processes might show how the step mothers are interpreted as being
cruel, but focusing on the participants in which they are affected by the processes,
it is seen that the step mothers only care about themselves. The fact that they are
able to do such cruelty without considering the consequences to the Goals or the
participants affected shows that they only care about themselves and their goals,
and not others.
4. Crafty
Crafty can be defined as “clever at getting what you want, especially by
indirect or dishonest method” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2010).
From the linguistic data below, the step mothers can be interpreted as someone
crafty.
In order be able to reach their goal, the step mothers need to do something.
In the three following data, the processes are realized by have strewed, will give,
and will give. While all the Actors refer to the step mothers themselves.
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52
CE/
06
I have strewed
a dishful of
lentils in the ashes
Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Goal Circumstances: Place
Cinderella is depicted longing to go to the festival. The step mother does
not like this idea since if Cinderella goes to the festival, the prince could probably
choose Cinderella rather than her true born daughter to get married to. Then, the
action of strewing a dishful of lentils in the ashes is done by the step mother as the
Actor. It might appear to be useless. However, this action is purposively done by
the step mother just to make Cinderella pick up the lentils later. This action is
done to make Cinderella not able to go to the festival. This complexity of thought
shows that the step mother is smart enough to get what she wanted.
SW/
27
There, I will give you one
Circumstance:
Place Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Recipient Goal
HG/
05
and we will give each of them a piece of bread
Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Recipient Goal
The action of giving the Recipient something in SW/27 and HG/05 seems
like it is a good deed. However, when further analyzed, it is seen that these two
actions are just a dishonest method in order to them getting their purpose fulfilled.
Snow White‟s step mother‟s goal is to be the fairest. In order to get this done, she
tries to murder Snow White. She then disguise herself as a peasant woman and
give one, a poisoned-apple to Snow White (datum SW/27). The action of giving
bread to the Recipient each of them, refers to Hansel and Grethel, is also a trick,
considering that the step mother has purposively abandon Hansel and Grethel.
This action is done to make Hansel and Grether gain the trust of their step mother
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53
and would obey her to go to the forest, letting them being abandoned. That
eventually makes the step mother‟s goal achieved. This clever, but dishonest
action is actually a way to achieve the step mothers‟ goal.
5. Manipulative
The step mothers are interpreted to be manipulative in the stories.
Manipulative means “skilful at influencing somebody or forcing somebody to do
what you want, often in an unfair way (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary,
2010). This characteristic is shown from the use of relational clauses, mental
clauses, behavioural clauses, and circumstance of quality.
The examples of the interpretation of the step mother being manipulative
from the relational clauses are provided in datum CE/04, datum SW/10, and
datum HG/10. In the three data, the Carrier is you. In CE/04, the you refers to
Cinderella, in SW/10 the you refers to Snow White, and in HG/10, the you refers
to the step mother‟s husband. In the mental clause in datum CE/01, the senser is
you refers to Cinderella. Meanwhile in the behavioural clause in datum CE/12, the
Behaver refers to the people in the festival, while Cinderella is identified as the
circumstance of matter.
A quality of someone is never been something absolute. It is rather
something relative, depends on whose perspective it is from. In being
manipulative, the step mothers attached some sort of qualities to define the
Carriers and Senser, as if what are said are absolutely true. If the Carriers and the
Sensers believe that what the step mothers said are true, it can make them
question themselves, feel bad about themselves, and start being obedient to the
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54
step mothers as they think the step mothers are being true. This can be an effective
way for the step mothers to manipulate them and start making them do what they
want.
CE/01
You,
Cinderella,
in all your
dust and dirt you want
to go to the
festival!
Sense-
Circumstance:
Quality -er
Process: Mental:
Desiderative Phenomenon
CE/04
[you] have no dress and no shoes
Carrier
Process: Relational:
Possessive Attributive Attribute
Attribute
If Cinderella as the Senser and Carrier believe to the circumstance of
quality in all your dust and dirt, and the Attributes no dress and no shoes, she will
start questioning whether she is worthy enough to want to go to the festival. This
might lead to her not going to the festival without the step mother even try.
SW/10
What a figure you are child
Attribute Ca-
Process: Relational:
Intensive Attributive -rrier
In SW/10, if Snow White believe to the compliment given by her step
mother, she will probably be lulled, thinking that the step mother, disguised as a
peasant woman, is a nice person after all. If it happens, which it is, it will lead
Snow White to just accept everything done or given by the step mother, including
the poisoned apple.
HG/10
you are fool
Carrier
Process: Relational: Intensive
Attributive Attribute
In HG/10, the quality fool is attached to the stepmother‟s husband.
Contextually, this happens after the husband said that he is not going to follow her
wife‟s plan to abandon their children, Hansel and Grethel in the forest. This
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
55
manipulation that the husband is a fool can make the husband questioning himself
again, whether he is really fool. If the husband believes this as a true fact, it is
easier for the step mother to ask her husband to follow her plan on abandoning
their children in the forest.
Behavioural processes can also be used to manipulate someone in order to
get what is wanted. The example is provided below.
CE/12
You would be laughed at [by people]
-stance
Process:
Behavioural
Circum-:
Matter Behaver
To laugh, is a physiological behaviour that is coming naturally and not
controled by the Behaver. This process of laughing is rather controlled by the
circumstance around the Behaver, thus, the process of laughing happens. The
circumstance that makes someone laughs is usually a joke or anything funny
enough to be laughed at. Datum CE/12 shows that people as the Behaver would
do the process of laughing with you as the circumstance of matter. CE/09,
Cinderella, you have no proper clothes, and CE/10 you do not know how to dance
explain the quality of Cinderella that is considered funny, and make people as the
Behaver laugh. This manipulation is used by the step mother, so that Cinderella
will not go to the festival.
6. Ambitious
The word ambitious itself comes from the word ambition means
“something that you want to do or achieve very much” (Oxford Advanced
Learner‟s Dictionary, 2010). Having ambition, and being ambitious about it is
depicted by the combination of the use of relational and material process.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
56
The ambitions of the step mothers are seen through the use of relational
procesess found. This is because relational process is a process of attaching
quality to something, showing what kind of quality want to be achieved by the
step mothers.
While material processes show how the step mother are ambitious to reach
their goal. Ambitious means “needing a lot of effort, money, or time to succeed”
(Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2010). The efforts are shown from the
use of material process as a process of doing.
CE/26
when you are queen
Carrier
Process: Relational: Intensive
Attributive Attribute
CE/24
[you] cut
a piece of your
heel
for when you are queen,
you will never have to
go on foot.
Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Goal Circumstance: Reason
Queen is the Attribute of the intensive attributive relational process in
CE/26. This process is considered as attributive rather than identifying because
the participant queen does not have any spesification. Thus queen is not a Value,
but an Attribute. The Attributes in the clauses show what kind of attribute or
quality want to achieved by the step mother. By the queen being an Attribute,
rather than a Value, it shows that the goal is actually to be a queen, it does not
matter what kind of queen it is, as long as it is being a queen.
The clause when you are queen is said twice (CE/23 and CE/26). The
Attribute in both processes are same, it is queen. However, the Carrier attached to
this attribute are different even though both are realized by you. The Carrier in
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57
CE/23 refers to one of the step mother‟s true born daughter, and in CE/26, the
Carrier you refers to the other true born daughter. The Carrier changes, but the
Attribute queen does not. It shows how the Attribute queen is more important than
the Carriers, referring the step mother‟s true born daughters. The step mother is
eagerly projecting one of her decendants to be a queen, no matter which one it is.
While relational processes shows the ambition of the step mother, material
processes shows the effort that needs to be done in order to realize the ambition.
In CE/24, the process of cutting a piece of heel needs to be done in order to realize
the ambition to make her descendant to be queen. Seeing how cruel it is, yet the
step mother still ask her true born daughter to do it shows that the step mother is
really ambitious in making one of her descendants to be a queen.
SW/01
Looking-
glass
upon the
wall who is fairest of us all?
Token
Process: Relational:
Intensive Identifying Value
Circumstance:
Comparison
SW/05
You must put her to death
Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Goal Scope
SW/
27
There, I will give You one
Circumstance:
place Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Recipient Goal
The identical clauses looking glass upon the wall, who is fairest of us all
appear 7 times in the data of utterances said by Snow White‟s step mother. Unlike
the previous example, this data are not intensive attributive relational clauses,
rather, they are the identifying relational type. In SW/01, the process is intensive
identifying clause. The Value uses superlative –est in the fairest, showing the
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spesification of fair, meaning the most fair. The Value, fairest refers to a spesific
person, shows from the Token who. The fact that these utterances are said 7 times
by Snow White‟s step mother, showing how being that one and only fairest of all
is very important to the step mother as the speaker.
Having the ambition to be the one and only fairest, one will drive someone
that is fairer than her out. To Snow White‟s step mother, driving this someone
fairer than her out means killing this person too. In the story, Snow White, her
own step daughter is the one fairer than her. The efforts done by the step mother
to kill Snow White are shown from the use of the material processes in the “Snow
White and The Seven Dwarfs” data. This process can be done by the step mother
herself like in datum SW/27, or done by others by the order of the step mother
like in datum SW/05. Even though the Actors might be different, but the
processes are always about killing Snow White because Snow White is seen as the
„intruder‟ who takes her title as the fairest.
HG/02
We will take
the
children
early in the
morning into the forest
where it is the
thickest
Actor
Process:
Material:
Transitive Goal
Circumstance:
Time
Circumstance:
Place
Circumstance:
Place
The Attribute half a loaf is possessed by the Carrier we in HG/32.
However, the circumstance only, makes a significant change to the situation. The
urgent situation is clearer with the circumstance only. By this situation, we as the
HG/32
We have only half a loaf
Carrier
Process: Relational: Possessive
Attributive
Circumstance:
Much Attribute
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Carrier, refers to the step mother and her husband are eager in surviving life with
only half a loaf.
Their ambition to survive life with only half a loaf then makes them do an
action about it. Rather than trying to survive together as a family, the step mother
encourage and manipulate her husband to abandon their kids in the forest by using
we instead of I as the Actors (datum HG/02). The Goal refers to Hansel and
Grethel occur 6 times in the data, showing how ambitious the step mother is to
abandon her kids.
7. Superior
Superior means “showing by your behaviour that you think you are better
than others” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2010). This charateristic is
shown from the material processes, the behavioural processes, the mental
processes, and the verbal processes. The use of circumstance also put a significant
change to this characteristic.
CE/07
if you can pick them all
up again in two hours you may go with us
Circumstance:
Condition Actor
Process: Material:
Intransitive
Circumstance:
Comitative
In CE/07, the utterance is said by Cinderella‟s step mother and her true
born daughters to Cinderella. The process may go and the circumstance with us or
with the step mother and her true born daughters can only happen under a certain
circumstance, that is if you (Cinderella) can pick them al (the lentils) up again in
two hours. This shows how the accompaniment of the step mother and her true
born daughters to go with Cinderella as the Actor is nearly impossible without a
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
60
certain condition. Showing how us is very exclusive and superior towards the
Cinderella as the Actor.
SW/03
[you] Take
the
child out into the woods
so that I may set
eyes on her no
more
Actor
Pro-
Material:
Transitive Goal -cess
circumstance:
Place
circumstance:
Purpose
Datum SW/03 has been explained as the sign of the step mother being
domineering. This action also shows the superiority of the step mother. It is even
more obvious with the use of circumstance of purpose. In SW/03, the Actor is
you, refers to the huntsman, to do the action of taking the child out. However, the
circumstance of purpose is showing that I, refers to the step mother is the one who
will get the advantage of it. This shows how the step mother is domineering and
being superior to the Actor you or the hunstman.
CE/12
You would be laughed at [by people]
-stance
Process:
Behavioural
Circum-:
Matter Behaver
Datum CE/12 has been presented as the example of the step mother being
manipulative. The circumstance is at you in the process, refers to Cinderella. It
shows the step mother‟s superiority because the circumstance only include you
and not the step mother herself, showing how she thinks that she is better than
Cinderella since she is not being laughed at.
CE/03
You
that have no
dress and no
shoes want to dance
Senser
Circumstance:
Quality
Process: Mental:
Desiderative Phenomenon
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In datum CE/03 the Senser is you refers to Cinderella, the process is want
and the Phenomenon is to dance. The process of wanting to dance is being
contrasted to the quality have no dress and no shoes. The step mother is
manipulating Cinderella by seemingly contrasting the two things. However, here,
the step mother only put Cinderella as the Senser, and does not include herself in
it, showing how she is feeling superior toward Cinderella.
HG/01
I will tell you what, husband
Sayer Process: Verbal Rece- Verbiage -iver
When someone wants to use the verbal process tell, it is usually be let me
tell you rather than I will tell you. It is because the word let is causative word and
thus let me tell you will have me as Sayer, and you as both the Initiator and the
information Reciever. You being presented as both Initiator and Reciever in the
clause showing that you have the authority both to let the conversation happen,
and also to get the information from the conversation. However in HG/01, the
clause starts with I will tell you. There is no Initiator in that clause. Thus, the
Sayer I shows that the step mother does not give the authority to her husband as a
Reciever to either allow or deny the conversation happening. It shows that the step
mother is forcing the information to her husband. In this case, it is not actually an
information, but rather a command. It is seen from the utterances that comes after.
We will take the children early in the morning into the forest, where it is thickest
(datum HG/02), we will make them a fire (datum HG/04), and we will give each of
them a piece of bread (datum HG/05) then we will go to our work and leave them
alone (datum HG/06), we shall be quit of them (datum HG/09). The step mother
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62
does not give the permission of her husband to allow or deny the conversation
because she wants her husband to agree to help her doing the things she said.
Material process and relational process are the two dominant processes
found in the data of the three step mothers‟ utterances. Both processes contributes
the most in the interpretation of the step mothers‟ characteristics. The behavioural
processes, the mental processes, and the verbal processes also contribute in
showing the characteristics of the step mothers. Existential process does not imply
any characteristic of the step mothers since it occurs only once from total 114
data. Some of the circumstances also contributes in the interpretation of the
characteristics of the step mothers.
The different data in each step mother‟s utterances shows that they
presents themselves using different kind of styles. However, they still share
similiar characteristics, shown by the availibility of material process, relational
process, behavioural process, and mental process in each of the step mother‟s
direct speeches
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
This research is based on the study of style or stylistics. The direct
speeches of the step mothers in “Cinderella”, “Snow White and The Seven
Dwarfs”, and “Hansel and Grethel” fairy tales are analyzed using transitivity
analysis as a part of Systemic Functional Grammar in order to see the style of
language used by the step mothers.
As the result, material process and relational process are the dominant
processes used by the step mothers in “Cinderella”, “Snow White and The Seven
Dwarfs”, and “Hansel and Grethel”. The material processes contribute 50,00% of
the total data, while the relational processes contribut 32,46% of the total data.
The next processes are behavioural process (10,52%), mental process (5,26%),
verbal process(0,87%), and existential process(0,87%). Circumstance of quality,
circumstance of condition, and circumstance of matter also play a great role in
interpreting the characteristics of the step mothers.
Although each of the step mothers have different styles in portraying
themselves, they share similiar characteristics such as being domineering, being
cruel, being selfish, being crafty, being manipulative, being ambitious, and beng
superior. These characteristics are mostly supported by the material clauses, and
relational clauses as they are the two dominant processes in the data.
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1
Transitivity Analysis on the Step Mother’s Direct Speech in “Cinderella”
Fairy Tale
CE/01
You, Cinderella,
in all your dust and
dirt you want
to go to the
festival!
Sense-
Circumstance:
Quality -er
Process: Mental:
Desiderative Phenomenon
CE/02
[you] to go to the festival
Actor Process: Material: Intransitive Circumstance: Place
CE/03
You that have no dress and no shoes want to dance
Senser Circumstance: Quality
Process: Mental:
Desiderative Phenomenon
CE/04
[you] have no dress and no shoes
Carrier
Process: Relational: Possessive
Attributive Attribute
Attribute
CE/05
[you] to dance
Behaver Process: Behavioural
CE/06
I have strewed a dishful of lentils in the ashes
Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Goal Circumstance: Place
CE/07
if you can pick them all
up again in two hours you may go with us
Circumstance: Condition Actor
Process:
Material:
Intransitive Circumstance: Comitative
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
68
CE/08
if you can pick
them
all up again in two hours
Actor
Pro-: Material:
Transitive Goal
-
cess
Circumstance:
Frequency
Circumstance:
Duration
CE/09
Cinderella,
you, have no proper clothes
Carrier Process: Relational: Possessive Attributive Attribute
CE/10
you do not know how to dance
Senser Process: Mental: Cognitive phenomenon
CE/11
how [you] to dance
Behaver Process: Behavioural
CE/12
You would be laughed at [by people]
-stance
Process:
Behavioural
Circum-:
Matter Behaver
CE/13
if you can pick two
dishful of lentils, out
of the ashes, nice
and clean you shall go with us
for that is not
possible
Circumstance:
Condition Actor
Process:
Material:
Intransitive
Circumstance:
Comitative
Circumstance:
Reason
CE/14
if you can pick
two
dishes
full of
lentils
out of the
ashes nice and clean
Actor
Process:
Material:
Transitive Goal
Circumstance:
Means Attribute Attribute
CE/15
for that is
not
possible
Carrier Process: Relational: Intensive Attributive Attribute
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
69
CE/16
all of this is no good to you
Carrier
Process: Relational: Intensive
Attributive Attribute Beneficiary
CE/17
you cannot come with us
for you have no propper
clothes and cannot dance
Actor
Process: Material:
Intransitive Circumstance: Comitative Circumstance: Reason
CE/18
for you have no proper clothes
Carrier Process: Relational, Possessive Attributive Attribute
CE/19
and [you] cannot dance
Behaver Process: Behavioural
CE/20
for you have no proper
clothes, and cannot dance you would put us to shame
Circumstance: Reason Actor
Process:
Material:Transitive Goal Scope
CE/21
[you] cut the toe off
for when you are queen,
you will never have to go
on foot.
Actor
Pro-: Material:
Transitive Goal -cess Circumstance: Reason
CE/22
for
when you are
Queen, you will never
have
to go on foot
Circumstance:
Condition Actor
Pro-:
Material:
Intransitive
Circumstance:
Frequency -cess
Circumstance:
Means
CE/23
when you are queen
Carrier Process: Relational: Intensive Attributive Attribute
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70
CE/24
[you] cut
a piece of
your heel
for when you are queen, you will
never have to go on foot.
Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Goal Circumstance: Reason
CE/25
for
when you are
Queen, you will never
have
to go on foot
Circumstance:
Condition Actor
Pro-:
Material:
Intransitive
Circumstance:
Frequency
-
cess
Circumstance:
Means
CE/26
when you are queen
Carrier Process: Relational: Intensive Attributive Attribute
CE/27
She is much too dirty
Carrier
Process: Relational,
Intensive Attributive
Circumstance:
Degree
Circumstance:
Degree Attribute
CE/28
I could not let her be seen [by him]
Inducer Pro-: Mental: Perceptive Phenomenon -cess Senser
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Appendix 2
Transitivity Analysis on the Step Mother’s direct speeches in “Snow White
and The Seven Dwarfs” Fairy Tale
SW/01
Looking-
glass upon
the wall who is fairest of us all?
Token
Process: Relational:
Intensive Identifying Value
Circumstance:
Comparison
SW/02
Looking-
glass upon
the wall who is fairest of us all?
Token
Process: Relational:
Intensive Identifying Value
Circumstance:
Comparison
SW/03
[you] Take
the
child out into the woods
so that I may set eyes
on her no more
Actor
Pro- Material:
Transitive Goal -cess
circumstance:
Place
circumstance:
Purpose
SW/04
so
that I may set eyes on her no more
Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Scope Goal
Circumstance:
Frequency
SW/05
You must put her to death
Actor Process: Material: Transitive Goal Scope
SW/06
and [you] must bring me
her
heart for a token
Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Recipient goal Circumstance: Purpose
SW/07
Looking-
glass upon
the wall who is fairest of us all?
Token
Process: Relational:
Intensive Identifying Value
Circumstance:
Comparison
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SW/08
Fine wares to sell! [by me]
Goal Process: Material: Transitive Actor
SW/09
Fine wares to sell! [by me]
Goal Process: Material: Transitive Actor
SW/10
What a figure you are child
Attribute Ca- Process: Relational: Intensive Attributive -rrier
SW/11
[you] come
Actor Process: Material: Intransitive
SW/12
and [you] let me lace you properly for once
Initiator
Pro-:
Material:
Transitive Actor
-
cess Goal
Circumstance:
Quality
Circumstance:
Frequency
SW/13
Now you have done being the fairest
Circumstance: time Actor
Process: Material:
Intransitive Scope
SW/14
[you] being the fairest
Token Process: Relational: Intensive Identifying Value
SW/15
Looking-
glass against
the wall who is fairest of us all?
Token
Process: Relational:
Intensive Identifying Value
Circumstance:
Comparison
SW/16
But now I will think of
something that will
be her ruin
Circumstance: time Senser
Process: Mental:
Cognitive Phenomenon
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SW/17
[something] will be her ruin
Token Process: Relational: Intensive Identifying Value
SW/18
Good wares to sell! [by me]
Goal Process: Material: Transitive Actor
SW/19
Good wares to sell! [by me]
Goal Process: Material: Transitive Actor
SW/20
But you are not forbidden to look
Behaver Process: Behavioural
SW/21
Now for once your hair
shall be properly
combed [by me]
Circumstance:
Time
Circumstance:
Frequency Goal
Process: Material:
Transitive Actor
SW/22
Now,
you
paragon of
beauty this is
the end of
you
Circumstance:
time Token
Process: Relational: Intensive
Identifying Value
SW/23
Looking
glass against
the wall who is fairest of us all?
Token
Process: Relational:
Intensive Identifying Value
Circumstance:
Comparison
SW/24
Snow-
white shall die though it should cost my own life
Actor
Process:Material:
Intransitive Circumstance: Concession
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SW/25
though it should cost me
my own
life
Carrier
Process: Relational: Intensive
Attributive Beneficiary Attribute
SW/26
I can easily
get rid
of
my
apples elsewhere
Actor
Pro-: Material:
Transitive
Circumstance:
Quality -cess Goal
Circumstance:
place
SW/27
There, I will give you one
Circumstance: place Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Recipient Goal
SW/28
Are you afraid of poison
Process: Relational: Intensive
Attributive Carrier Attribute
Circumstance:
Matter
SW/29
[you] look here
Behaver Process: Behavioural Circumstance: place
SW/30
I will cut
the
apple in two pieces
Actor Process: Material: Transitive Goal Circumstance: Product
SW/31
You shall have the red side
Carrier Process: Relational: Possessive Attributive Attribute
SW/32
I will have the white one
Carrier
Process: Relational: Possessive
Attributive Attribute
SW/33
this time
the
dwarfs
will not be able to
bring you to life again
Circumstance:
Time Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Goal Scope
Circumstance:
Frequency
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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SW/34
Looking
glass against
the wall who is fairest of us all?
Token
Process: Relational: Intensive
Identifying Value
Circumstance:
Comparison
SW/35
Looking
glass upon
the wall who is fairest of us all?
Token
Process: Relational: Intensive
Identifying Value
Circumstance:
Comparison
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Appendix 3
Transitivity Analysis on the Step Mother: Direct Speeches in “Hansel and
Grethel” Fairy Tale
HG/01
I will tell you what, husband
Sayer Process: Verbal Rece- Verbiage -iver
HG/02
We will take
the
children
early in the
morning into the forest
where it is the
thickest
Actor
Process:
Material:
Transitive Goal
Circumstance:
Time
Circumstance:
Place
Circumstance:
Place
HG/03
where it is
the
thickest
Token Process: Relational: Intensive Identifying Value
HG/04
we will make them a fire
Actor Process: Material: Transitive Client Goal
HG/05
and we will give
each of
them
a piece of
bread
Actor Process: Material: Transitive Recipient Goal
HG/06
then we will go to our work
Actor
Process: Material:
Intransitive Circumstance: Place
HG/07
and [we] will leave them alone
Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Goal Circumstance: Commitative
HG/08
they will never find the way home again
Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Goal
Circumstance:
Frequency
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HG/09
and we shall be quit of them
Actor Process: Material: Transitive Goal
HG/10
you are fool
Carrier Process: Relational: Intensive Attributive Attribute
HG/11
Then we will all four starve
Be- Pro-:Behavioural -haver -cess
HG/12
you had better get the coffins ready
Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Goal Resultative Attribute
HG/13
Get up you lazy bones
Process: Material: Intransitive Actor
HG/14
We are going into the forest to cut wood
Actor
Process: Material:
Intransitive Circumstance: Place Scope
HG/15
[we] to cut wood
Actor Process: Material: Transitive Goal
HG/16
That is for dinner
Carrier Process: Relational: Circumstantial Attributive Attribute
HG/17
and you must not eat it before then
for you will get no
more
Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Goal
Circumstance:
Time
Circumstance:
Frequency
HG/18
for you will get no more.
Actor
Process: Material:
Intransitive Circumstance: Frequency
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HG/19
That is not your kitten
but the sunshine on the
chimney pot
Token
Process: Relational:
Possessive Identifying Value Circumstance: Reason
HG/20
but [that] [is] the sunshine on the chimney pot
Token
Process: Relational:
Intensive Identifying Value Circumstance: Place
HG/21
Now [you] lie-down by the fire
Circumstance: Time Behaver
Process:
Behavioural Circumstance: Place
HG/22
and rest yourself you, children
Process: Behavioural Behaviour Behaver
HG/23
and we will go
Actor Process: Material: Intransitive
HG/24
and [we] will cut wood
Actor Process: Material: Transitive Goal
HG/25
and when we are ready we will come
Circumstance: Time Actor
Process: Material:
Intransitive
HG/26
and when we are ready [we] will fetch you
Circumstance: Time Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Goal
HG/27
we are ready
Carrier Process: Relational: Intensive Attributive Attribute
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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HG/28
You,
naughty
children why did you sleep so long in the wood
Circum
stance:
Reason
Pro-:
Behavioural Behaver -cess
Circum
stance:
Duration
Circumstance:
Place
HG/29
We thought you were never coming home again
Senser Process: Mental: Cognitive Phenomenon
HG/30
You were never coming home again!
Actor
Process: Material:
Intransitive Scope Circumstance: Frequency
HG/31
Everything is finished up
Carrier Process: Relational: Intensive Attributive Attribute
HG/32
We have only half a loaf
Carrier Process: Relational: Possessive Attributive Attribute
HG/33
and after that the tale comes to an end
Circumstance: Time Actor
Process: Material:
Intransitive Scope
HG/34
The children must be off
Carrier Process: Relational: Circumstantial Attributive Attribute
HG/35
We will take them farther into the wood this time
so that they
shall not be
able to find
the way
back again
Actor
Process:
Material:
Transitive Goal
Circum
stance:
Distance
Circum
stance:
Place
Circum
stance:
Time
Circum
stance:
Purpose
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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HG/36
so that they shall not be able to find
the
way
back again
Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Goal
Circumstance:
Frequency
HG/37
There is no other way to manage
Process: Existential Existent
HG/38
You are fool
Carrier Process: Relational: Intensive Attributive Attribute
HG/39
That is no pigeon
Carrier Process: Relational: Intensive Attributive Attribute
HG/40
but [that] [is]
the morning sun shining on the
chimney pot
Token
Process: Relational:
Intensive Identifying Value
HG/41
the morning sun shining on the chimney pot
Actor
Process: Material:
Intransitive Circumstance: Place
HG/42
Sit still there
you,
children
Process: Behavioural Circumstance: Place Behaver
HG/43
and when you are tired you can go to sleep
Circumstance: Time Actor
Process: Material:
Intransitive Scope
HG/44
and when you are tired
Carrier
Process: Relational: Intensive
Attributive Attribute
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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HG/45
[you] to sleep
Behaver Process: Behavioural
HG/46
We are going into the forest
to cut
wood
Actor
Pro-: Material:
Intransitive Circumstance: Place -cess
HG/47
[we] to cut wood
Actor Process: Material: Transitive Goal
HG/48
and in the evening
when we are ready to
go home, we will come
Circumstance: Time Circumstance: Time Actor
Process:
Material:
Intransitive
HG/49
when we are ready to go home, [we] will fetch you
Circumstance: Time Actor
Process: Material:
Transitive Goal
HG/50
when we are ready to go home
Carrier
Process: Relational: Intensive
Attributive Attribute
HG/51
[we] to go home
Actor Process: Material: Intransitive Scope
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI