The Changing The Changing paradigms: Thomas paradigms: Thomas Clarke and Stewart Clarke and Stewart

cleggcleggBook presentationBook presentation

The Changing The Changing paradigms: Thomas paradigms: Thomas Clarke and Stewart Clarke and Stewart

cleggcleggBook presentationBook presentation

B.V.L.NarayanaB.V.L.NarayanaSPTM/RSC BRCSPTM/RSC BRC

Structure of presentation

• Introduction• Definitions and concepts• Why paradigms• Nature and organization of scientific

knowledge—Thomas Kuhn• Trends in changes in business

environment• Changing paradigms in 21st century• Conclusion

Introduction

• Book on – Critical shifts in management science– Fast changing business environment-

necessitating collation and synthesizing of knowledge on management

– Projection of likely shifts in 21st century– Uses PARADIGMS as the central concept

• Authors – Stewart clegg-Director –CforM, UTS-

sociologist– Thomas Clarke-Prof OF Mgmt ,UTS

Definitions

• Paradigm– Linguistics- pattern, exemplar, class of

objects with similarities– Philosophical or theoretical framework

• Directs how knowledge is to be generated

– Kuhn (1992-1996)• Set of practices that define a scientific discipline—

generate a body of knowledge• This defines the understanding of nature of world

and nature of processes in it• Is not clearly definable—but examples can be

shown; learning by doing

Paradigm

• Is an organizing principle-based on beliefs which are non verifiable—a-priori accepted

• Helps answer questions of – What is truth—epistemology– What is reality –ontology– Determines methodology –to generate knowledge

• Debates generated– knowledge –true—belief-justification—mental states

• Evidentialism vs. Reliabilism• Internal vs external• Relativism vs objectivity--reality• Constructivism vs Positivism—methods• Apriori vs posterior• Synthesis vs analysis

Paradigms• Kuhn –The structure of scientific

revolutions (1962)– Three phases in paradigms generation and

shift• Pre paradigm phase• Normal science• Paradigm wars and shift

– Incommensurability of paradigms– Scientific knowledge growth is episodic– Driven by exemplar books, ideas

• Eg newtonian mechanics– wave theory of matter• Certainty in business environment –ranging

uncertainty—determinism – indeterminism• Collectivism – individualism—rise of Protestantism• local to global to global local

Debates

• Are multiple paradigms– Necessary– Are they constructive– Can they coexist

• Is there a paradigm shift occurring?– New debates

• Domination vs voice– ideas –critical theory– Gender –feminism– Time –modernism—post modernism– Practice-Prescription vs description– Technology –Content vs process– Research methods – variance vs processual– Pioneers vs first followers

Paradigms Characteristic

Positivism Interpretivism

Belief/values Truth is objective Truth is subjective

Disposition Avoid uncertainty Tolerate uncertainty

Knowledge creation

Prove or disprove apriori hypotheses

Construct knowledge out of shared meanings

Methods Inductive , quantitative

Deductive , qualitative

Contexts Large , global Small, local

Strategies Competitive Collaborative

Tools , methods Surveys, variance analysis

Cases, causal analysis

Decision making Synaptic, rational Incremental, political

Theories in management

Industrial economics, competitive strategy, strategic groups, TCE

Behavioral economics, RBV, Resource dependency

Control systems Markets , impersonal Hierarchies, clans, emotional

Practice orientation

Prediction, prescriptive

Understanding, reason, descriptive

Changing paradigms

• Paradigm– Means of understanding the world—basis for

informed action– Shift from accepted beliefs to frames of reference—

lenses– From perceptions to changing realities– Implications

• Multiple competing paradigms• Multiple suggested solutions and concepts• Appearance of Fads—fragmentation of knowledge—

confusing practioners• Requires synthesizing– to facilitate practice

Identifiable trends• Business environment

– arrival of the knowledge based information economy,

– Presence of constant innovation, – Unpredictable and discontinuous change,– Rapid loss and demise of organizations

unable to adapt,– Globalization and global connections, – Ability to sustain organizational capabilities

and – Need for developing network and

reciprocity of relationships.

Projected shiftsCHARACTERISTIC FROM TO EMERGING THEMES

PARADIGMS Classical, neo-classical- orthodoxy

Multiple changing paradigms

Capital –knowledge, fixed to flexible, short term to long term, centralization to decentralization, Representation to participation, national to global, institutional help to self help, hierarchy to networking, competition to collaboration, all in one to one in all; directioning to cooption

GLOBALIZATION--context Local/national -international

Globalization Convergence of markets, adaptation to local contexts—global thinking acting locally

DIGITALISATION—technological drivers

Manual, analogue, stand alone

Electronic, digital networks

Personal to work group computing, islands to integrated systems, internal to inter-enterprise

STRATEGY—creative plans Strategic planning, rational strategy

Strategic thinking, innovation, core competency

Disintermediation—all in one, disintegration—virtual structure, convergence, multi dimensionality, heterogeneity—across contexts

ORGANISATION—design and practices

Hierarchy, Taylorism

Intelligent , networked rationality

Flat, virtual, markets, collaborations, inter-linkages, flexibility and speed of decision making, process orientation; Flexible working systems

STAKE HOLDERS—interests and indicators

Share holders, financial indicators

Stake holders, non financial parameters

Multiple, changing and balancing of multiple interests

SUSTAINABILITY-future outlook

Profit, growth, control

Sustainable enterprise

Survival, adaptation and sustainable-internally and externally

Implications

• Indian railways– What is our role in the government?– What business are we in?—customers

requirements vs capabilities

• Railway staff college– What is our role with respect to IR’s role– What is our core activity?

PARADIGM

BELIEFSVALUES

IDEASAPPLICATION

DISCIPLINE—BODY OF

KNOWLEDGE

PRACTICE

THANK YOU

ANY QUESTIONS