the change of manufacturing injury pattern

2014/05/11 POMS-Atlanta, GA, USA P:1/21

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Outline

• Introduction/Motivation

• Method & Material

• Results

• Conclusion

• Contribution / Implication

• Q&A


Introduction/Motivation

Source: Jens Rasmussen & Inge Svedung, (2000) )Proactive Risk Management in a Dynamic Society, pp.169

– Safety is an integral part of production and operation management

– Accident and injury are affected by individual, occupational and organizational factors (Khanzode, 2012)

– Most safety study does not consider the influence of external economic fluctuations



Association between workplace injuries and business cycle indicators, 1976�2007.in US

Source: A. Asfaw et al. / Journal of Safety Research 42 (2011) p.3

• A longitudinal association between the business cycle and workplace injury has been confirmed.

• Injury rate at the workplace increases during economic upturn but decrease during economic downturn.

• Factors such as change of employment, working hour/overtime has been proposed to explain the association


• Industry structure refers to the proportion of various industries that constituted a given industrial sector– Primary industries, e.g. farming, fishing,

animal husbandry

– Secondary industries, e.g. Manufacturing sector and Construction sector

– Tertiary industries, e.g. wholesale and retailing

• The industrial structure affects workplace accident rate nationwide (Boone & van Ours, 2006).


Source: Boone, J., & van Ours, J. C. (2006). Are recessions good for workplace safety? Journal of Health Economics, 25(6), 1069−1093

Contribution of primary, secondary, tertiary industry to GDP, 1978 - 2003 (in % of total GDP)

Source: China Statistical Yearbook, 2003, Table 3-1, p.55.


• By considering both longitudinal time-series fluctuations and cross-sectional change of industrial structure, the study probe into the effect of business cycle and industrial structure on occupational injury pattern in manufacturing sector.


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YearSource of Injury

Injury Pattern

Business Cycle

Industrial Structure


Method & Material

Data sources and terms • Business Cycle

� Gross Domestic Product (GDP; e.g., Davies et al., 2009; Song, He, & Li, 2011) and unemployment rate (e.g., Tarasuk, 1997) are the most widely used as business cycle indicators.

� To demonstrate the economic fluctuations at the manufacturing sector more precisely, the industry-specific GDP and unemployment rate were used as proxy indicators. Data were obtained from the Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS)

• Industry Structure� Based on standard industrial classification (SIC), the sector comprises over

two dozens of specialized industries, such as chemical industry, metal processing industry, and computer and electronic component manufacturing industry

� In Taiwan, these 20+ industries are divided into four major categories by the Ministry of Economic Affairs.


Method & Material

Data sources and terms • Occupational Injury

� The manufacturing sector accounts for more than half of all occupational injuries and some one-third of entire workforce in Taiwan.

� Recorded in the database built by the Council of Labor Affairs (CLA),

� 78,697 occupational injuries were reported in the manufacturing sector during 1996–2011.

• Injury Pattern� The CLA adapted the standards of the accident classification scheme of

the American National Standards Institute, Z.16.2 (ANSI, 1995) adding more classifications to injury severity, accident type, and injury source.

� Accident type refers to the event that results in injury, whereas injury source is the object, substance, exposure or bodily motion that leads to the injury (Lortie, 1999)


Method & Material

Injury Pattern Description Severity:

S1 Death S2 Whole body permanent disabling injury

(hemiplegia and paralysis) S3 Partial permanent disabling injury

(handicapped) S4 Temporary disabling injury (hospital care

for hours or days) Source of Injury

T1 Power machinery (motor and gear) T2 Loading, handling, and hauling machinery

(e.g., cranes and forklifts) T3 Other equipment (e.g., pressure vessels

and furnaces) T4 Construction equipment T5 Chemicals and materials T6 Cargos and goods T7 (Unsafe) environments T8 Others

Data sources and terms • Category and code description of injury severity, accident type, and

source of injuryInjury Pattern Description Accident Type:

R1 Slip or fall from a height or from a different level

R2 Collisions or bump R3 Collapses or hit by falling objects R4 Cuts, pinch, punctures, abrasions, or

caught between objects and clamped R5 Burns, frostbite, and extreme

temperatures R6 Touching hazardous materials R7 Exposure to electrical contact R8 Explosions and fires R9 Projections of fragments or rupture of

objects R10 Improper actions or behaviors R11 Others R12 Traffic accidents


Method & Material

Year1

Year 2�

Year 4 Year 3

Frequency Table

Var1 Var2 Var3 Var4 Var5

Year1Year2�Year3 Year4�

Row profiles Column profiles

Year1

Year 2�

Year 4 Year 3

Var1 Var2

Var3 Var5

Var4

Var1 Var2

Var3 Var5

Var4

Step(1)

Step(2)

Step(3)



Var1 Var2 Var3 Var4 Var5 Var1 Var2 Var3 Var4 Var5

Method • Correspondence analysis (CA)

• a multivariate statistical technique for describing cross-tabular data by converting tables into two-dimensional graphical

• Correspondence analysis involves three stages:

(a) calculating categorical profiles (relative frequencies);

(b) computing distances between points (variables);

(c) locating the n-dimensional space that best fits the points (Campbell, 1983).


GDP(K USD)

Growth Rate(%)

8.174

5.19

Company No.(K)

No. of Emplyees

-4

1

6

11

16

21

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010Year

GDP/GrowthRate/Company

600000

700000

800000

900000

1000000

1100000

1200000

1300000

1400000

1500000

1600000

Employee No

Result

Business Cycle vs. Numbers of Companies and Employees


ResultThe structure and composition of manufacturing sector

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Not Elsewhere Classified(E) Electronics and IT Industries(D)Metal and Mechanical Industries(C)Chemical Industries(B) Livelihood Industries(A)


Result

The Change of Injury Severity

Phase A1

1996-2000

Phase A2

2001-2004

Phase A3

2005-2011

S1 : Death

S2: Whole body permanent disabling

S3: Partial permanent disabling.

S4: Temporary disabling


ResultThe Change of Accident Types

CA map for Year vs Accident Types

Phase B1

1996-2000

Phase B2

2001-2004

Phase A3

2006-2011

R1: Slip or fall

R4: Cuts, pinch, punctures

R6: Touching hazardous materials

R7: Exposure to electrical contact

R8: Explosions and fires

R11: Others

R12: Traffic accidents


ResultThe Change of Injury Sources

Phase C1

1996-1999

Phase B2

2001-2004

Phase A3

2006-2011

T2 : loading and unloading machinery

T1: power machinery.

T7: unsafe environment


ResultThe Effect of Industry Structure on Occupational Injury Pattern

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Metals and Mechanical industries

Typical accident type: Electrical Contact (R8)Typical Injury Source: Loading machinery(T2)

Electronics and IT industries

Typical accident type: Cuts, pinch, punctures (R4)Typical Injury Source: Power machinery(T1)


Finding / Conclusion1. The pattern of occupational injury in the manufacturing

sector changes over time.

2. Occupational injury patterns vary considerably with industry structure and business cycle.

3. The business cycle affects the incidence of workplace injury in manufacturing sector

4. Injury patterns (accident types and injury sources) correlated with industry structure (the composition of specific industries)


Contribution/Implication1. Many studies have attempted to identify accident-related factors,

correlations, and occurrence rules. However, injury related factors and occurrence rules vary according to the longitudinal business cycle and the cross-sectional industrial structure.

2. Because of the influence of socio-economic factors on occupational injury, safety measures should not be implemented without considering not only individual-related, job-related, and organization-related factors (Khanzode et al., 2012); but also contextual factors such as the composition/ attributes of different industries and the cyclical fluctuations in business activity.

3. Knowledge of the etiology, epidemiology and occurrence mechanisms of injuries can be exploited to prevent occupational injuries. We proposed concepts and procedures that can be used to analyze injury etiologies and changes in injury patterns.


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Thanks for your attention & Questions�

Q&A

E-Mail: [email protected].

the change of manufacturing injury pattern

Data & Analytics

injury source

workplace injury

injury rate

injury lortie

occupational injury

terms occupational injury

introductionmotivation

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